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Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) are frequent and dangerous in the surgical ward. They represent an obsession for the surgeon. The objectives were to determine the frequency of ISOs and risk factors, to identify the germs and to study their sensitivity to different antibiotics. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, performed at the general surgery department of the Bocar Sidy Sall University Hospital Center (Kati CHU) from January 2015 to December 2018. Results: During this period of study we recorded 55 cases of ISO out of 650 operated patients with a frequency of 8.46%. 450 patients were operated on the cold operating program (69.23%) and 200 patients on emergency (30.77%). The average age was 39, the sex ratio was 2.66. Among the 55 cases of ISO, 60% of these patients were operated in emergency and 40% in the operating program. The most common strains found were Escherichia coli (E. coli) in 38.3% of cases, Staphylococcus aureus in 23.4% and Klebsiella pneumonia in 13.3%. Hemoglobin levels were normal in 70% of cases. 4 of our patients or 7.27% were diabetic. We did not have any cases of obesity. Of the 55 cases of ISO, 66% were of class 3 and 4 of Altemeier, 59% were of ASA score 2 and ASA 3, 55% were of score 2 of NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System), 5.45% were NNISS score 3 or 3 cases and these 3 cases developed ISO. The ISOs were parietal in 49 cases, ie 89%. The recovered germs were 100% sensitive to imipenem. The most informative interventions of the ISOs were peritonitis 25 cases (45.45%), intestinal occlusions 12 cases (21.82%), appendicular abscess 8 cases (14.55%). We had 2 death cases, 3.64%, the average hospital stay was 13 days. Conclusion: Escherichia coli was the common germ found in the ISO in general surgery at Kati BSS Hospital. The usual resistance to antibiotics must provoke effective preventive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a technique allowing for intraoperative histologic assessment of surgical margin of malignant tumors. This study aims to highlight the role of MMS in the achievement of radical healing of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in our patients. We conducted a study of 29 patients with basal cell carcinoma of the face over a period of 5 years. The median age of patients was 45.8 years (12-80). The sex-ratio M/F was 1.23. One-stage surgical procedure was sufficient to obtain complete resection in 51% of cases. Three-stage surgical procedure was needed in 14% of the cases. The mean duration of one-stage surgical procedure was 1 hour. No complications were reported in the postoperative period and sequelae were simple. The aesthetic and functional result was satisfactory. No recurrence was noted. BCC accounts for approximately 80% of all skin cancers. The decision to use MMS to treat BCC is based on three variables: the seat and the size of the tumor, its histological appearance with the identification of resection margin and its recurrent nature. MMS is currently the most effective method in the treatment of BCC and allows maximum healthy tissue preservation. It is a safe and repeatable surgical procedure based on team work and adapted to the treatment of patients with BCC who are at high risk of recidivism. The aesthetic and functional results are satisfactory. Recurrence rate at 5 years is 10 times lower than with the other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L’antibioprophylaxie en chirurgie carcinologique ORL diminue l’incidence des infections du site opératoire (ISO). Toutefois, dans certaines chirurgies à risque, réalisées sur des terrains favorisants, avec persistance d’un ensemencement salivaire postopératoire, la question du choix entre antibioprophylaxie et antibiothérapie curative se pose. Nous avons mené une démarche pluridisciplinaire visant à un consensus local en adéquation avec les bonnes pratiques. Pour cela, une revue systématique de la littérature selon les recommandations PRISMA a été réalisée pour répondre aux questions des indications respectives de l’antibioprophylaxie et de l’antibiothérapie curative, de la durée optimale de l’antibioprophylaxie et de la nature de l’antibioprophylaxie en chirurgie carcinologique ORL. À l’issue de ce travail, il apparaît que les patients bénéficiant d’une procédure carcinologique ORL de classe Altemeier 2 à 3 doivent bénéficier d’une antibioprophylaxie peropératoire restreinte aux 24 premières heures postopératoires. Il n’a pas été démontré de bénéfice à sa prolongation au-delà de ces 24heures. Les associations de molécules à privilégier sont « amoxicilline+acide clavulanique » et « clindamycine+gentamicine ». Toutefois, le niveau de preuve concernant les chirurgies les plus délabrantes à haut risque d’ISO apparaît inférieur à celui concernant les chirurgies carcinologiques cantonnées au pharynx ou au larynx, rendant souhaitable la réalisation de nouvelles études randomisées de forte puissance chez ces patients. Il convient enfin de rappeler que l’antibioprophylaxie doit s’intégrer dans un ensemble de mesures préventives des ISO comportant une prise en charge générale du patient, des mesures d’hygiène peropératoires et une surveillance postopératoire attentive des signes d’ISO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Introduction: Association of surgical treatment combined to frozen section biopsies appears to be one of the most appropriate therapeutic solution for the treatment of skin carcinomas. We report our experience on 269 tumors assessed with frozen sections. Our goal was to first study the benefit of a one-time surgical approach, then to better target the tumors eligible for this examination and finally to number the difference between frozen section and final histology studies. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 269 tumors, operated on an outpatient basis with frozen section followed later by a final histology study. All being performed by the same team of surgeons and pathologist. Only previously biopsied and diagnosed basal cell or squamous cell tumors were included. The recorded data were: location of tumor; histological type; involved margins; number of cuts; differences between frozen section and final histological studies, which conduct to a two-time surgical approach; number of tumors for which frozen section was impossible during surgery and that lead to a two-time surgical approach; type of reconstruction; number of recurrence. Results: The follow up was 48 months (26.6 to 78.1). Histogical analyses were carried on basal cell carcinoma (92%), squamous cell carcinoma (8%) with a topographic distribution mainly in face and neck (72%). Of the 269 tumors excised, 207 representing 77% had a sufficient safety margin, 62 representing 23% had at least one invaded bank that required further surgical resection. We found seven cases of two-time surgical approach. In three cases, it was secondary to medical decision because of a technical difficulty of histologists. In one case, histological diagnosis can’t be obtained by frozen section study. In three cases, we found a difference between frozen section and final study. Conclusion: The benefit provided by the frozen section takes its value in the treatment of face and neck tumors, whose optimal margins are sometimes difficult to obtain and minimal scar ransom necessary. A one-time surgery was made possible to us thanks to this fast examination. The low rate of second surgery and recurrence allows us to demonstrate the reliability of this technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Subject: Skin, the main organ of the human body, is equipped with own biomechanical characteristics, highly variable depending on intra-individual factors (location, weight status, dermatological diseases…) and interindividual (age, sex…). Despite some recent cutometric studies, our review of the literature shows that there is no currently reliable analytical model representing the biomechanical behavior of the skin. Yet, this is a central issue in dermatology surgery, especially in the treatment of skin tumors, for the proper observance of surgical margins. Patients and methods: We studied prospectively on 75 resection specimens (about 71 patient (s)), for the treatment of skin lesions tumor suspicious or known malignant or benign. Room dimensions were measured before and 5minutes after excision, leading us to calculate a ratio of retraction of the skin surface. This retraction was correlated with age, gender, tumor type, and anatomic location of the site of excision. Results: The power of retraction of the skin varies significantly by region of the body. It is maximum in the upper limb (hand excluded) and in the cervical region. At the cephalic region, skin of the ear and periorbital skin have capacities of important early retraction. Unlike the lower limb (foot excluded), the back skin of the nose and face appear to be a minimum of shrinkage. Age also seems to change on that capacity shrinkage, sex would have no influence. Conclusion: Our study confirms the variations in the ability of skin retraction based on a number of factors. In dermato-oncology, that power retraction could cause significant differences between clinical surgical margins and final pathologist margins. We believe it must be taken into account by the couple surgeon–pathologist, especially in the context of invasive and/or recurrent tumors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To assess the efficiency of single-shot ropivacaine wound infiltration during cesarean section for postoperative pain relief, using a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Patients and methods: One hundred consecutive patients with planned cesarean section were enrolled between September 2007 and May 2008 and randomized into two groups: single-shot wound infiltration of 20mL of ropivacaine 7.5mg/mL (Group R; n =56) or single-shot wound infiltration of 20mL of saline solution (group T; n =44). The primary goal of this study was the double-blinded evaluation of the postoperative pain after coughing and leg raise using the 100-mm visual analog scales (VAS) during the first 48 postoperative hours after cesarean delivery. The secondary goals were the occurrence of nausea and vomiting and the morphine consumption. Results: Numerical pain rating scale for pain evaluation was significantly lower (P <0.05) in the ropivacaine group than in the control group at M0, M20, M40, M60, H2 and H4. But, at H8, H12 and H24, no significant difference for VAS was noted between the two groups. The occurrence of nausea and vomiting and the total morphine consumption were not significantly different between the two groups during the first 48 postoperative hours. Discussion and conclusion: Single-shot ropivacaine wound infiltration during planned cesarean section is a simple and safe procedure that provides effective reduction of post-partum pain within the first 4hours. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Several peripheral nerve block techniques (PNB) are performed for hand surgery. Their tolerance by patients or their efficacy are poorly described. We evaluated them for blocks at the wrist and at the brachial canal. Patients and methods: Cohort of outpatients undergoing open carpal tunnel release under PNB with arm tourniquet. Various anaesthetic protocols existed in our staff. The primary end points were a moderate to severe pain (greater than 3/10 on a numerical rating scale) felt during needle puncture, nerve stimulation, mepivacaine injection, at the surgical site (intraoperatively) or at the arm tourniquet, an intraoperative lidocaine supplementation, the occurrence of vasovagal events. For each primary end point, a logistic regression analyzed: the effects of gender, age, operated side, Emla® application, sedation before PNB (midazolam-sufentanil), wrist or brachial canal approach, musculocutaneous or radial block were using. Results: Between January 2007 and June 2010, 551 consecutive patients were analyzed. Puncture pain, mepivacaine injection pain, pain tourniquet and vasovagal events were associated with wrist block (P =0.003, relative risk=1.86; P <0.001, RR=4.22; P <0.001, RR=4.52; P =0.035, RR=6.40). An intraoperative pain greater than 3/10 at the surgical site, or a supplementation by the surgeon were associated with the absence of musculocutaneous block (P =0.013, RR=2.44; P =0.013, RR=2.51). Discussion: Wrist blocks are less tolerated than brachial canal blocks. The musculocutaneous nerve might often participate in the palm sensitive innervation. For open carpal tunnel release, median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves blocks at the brachial canal should be preferred. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: The implementation of the check-list “Safe surgery saves live” (CL) has proven effective to reduce morbidity and perioperative mortality. Since 1st January 2010 it is a requirement of the HAS as part of the process of certification of hospitals. The CL has been established on all the operating rooms of our hospital after the onset of a near accident. Methods: The CL has been computerized to facilitate its adoption by professionals. An internal benchmarking was immediately implemented to allow each surgical specialty to benchmark themselves with other teams. We conducted an audit concerning the CL and periodic assessments in order to learn more precisely concerning the expectations and feelings of medical and nursing teams. Results: Nearly 40 000 CL were collected in the patient record. The completeness of information of some items seems to reflect the difficulty for professionals to realize the difference between traceability and information sharing within the team on the implementation of a protocol. This audit has confirmed the difficulty in sharing information orally. Conclusions: The CL is involved in developing a safety culture in the operating room and led to the establishment of a risk mapping in the operating room and the recovery room and participation in the program error prevention procedure and surgical site through international program “High 5s” whose purpose is to improve the safety of care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Surgical drapes are a physical barrier between the surgical team''s sterile working space (the operating field) and the non-sterile environment of the anaesthesia team and the nursing team within the operating theatre. Once the patient''s position has been checked and the skin preparation has been done, they are put in place. They are usually opaque, leaving visible just the areas where the surgical and anaesthesia teams will be working. When the patient''s position is changed perioperatively, malpositions may be unnoticed and cause complications. Using a transparent head drape allows one to check the position of the head and upper limbs at all times, thus reducing the risk of complications. It is a simple, easy, economic, non-restrictive method which will produce an improvement in the quality of patient care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Skin graft is the most common and simple procedure to cover superficial defect. Skin of variable thickness and size is completely detached from its origin (donor site) to cover a defect (recipient site). This simple procedure is the result of a long and eventful technical and theoretical evolvement. The aim of this article is to retrace the history of skin grafting, from its discovery until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Goal: The results of reduction mammoplasty and mastopexy demonstrate a great variety of shapes derived from the particularities inherent to each technique. More precisely, it has become apparent to us that the usage of an abnormally long vertical scar leads to a suboptimal final shape of the breast due to the excessive projection compared to its height. Although our clientele continually asks to minimize scars, we have noticed a resurgence in the literature of vertical incision mammoplasty techniques albeit with a scar of an excessive length. The multitude of publications leads to an evident and consistent conclusion: breasts reconstructed with an overly long vertical incision all suffer the same deformity characterized by a banana or squash-shaped breast. Methods: We studied the totality of publications on vertical incision technique mammoplasty from the last 15 years and realised they all presented the same problem: an abnormally low height/projection ratio. These numbers have been confronted by the golden ratio established by the first author (2005) . Results: The breast''s golden ratio developed by Moufarrège is optimal at a number close to, or superior to 2. Results between 2 and 1.5 are acceptable. All height/projection ratios inferior to 1.5 correspond to suboptimal breast shapes. Furthermore, the totality of results in the vertical scar mammoplasty technique which displayed unsatisfying results had a height/projection ratio inferior to 1.5. Conclusion: Those who promote the vertical incision have the greatest drive to encourage other plastic surgeons to abandon the traditional mutilating boat anchor scar. Nevertheless, they should always remember the deforming effect caused by exaggerated vertical incisions which may be avoided by transforming it into an inverted T with short horizontal branches, a small price to pay to obtain a superior aesthetic result. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Localisation of endometriosis on the sciatic nerve is exceptional. We report the case of a patient presenting an endometriotic nodule of the left ischio-rectal excavation, with an extension contiguous to the sciatic nerve, responsible of invalidating sciatalgia. Two laparoscopies did not allow to localise the lesion. Finally the endometriotic nodule was treated by a direct access of the left ischio-rectal excavation through a pararectal incision. In this article we discuss the means to localise such lesion and the surgical approach to propose. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Radial access for coronary intervention has gained popularity due to a low rate of access site bleeding complications and the possibility for early discharge. The preferential access site for peripheral intervention remains femoral, via antegrade or retrograde puncture. Not all peripheral lesions are suitable for transradial intervention due to the distance between the access site and the lesion location. This technique requires a precise strategy planning and knowledge of the available devices. We describe accessible sites from radial approach and the techniques to be used. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) are frequent and dangerous in the surgical ward. They represent an obsession for the surgeon. The objectives were to determine the frequency of ISOs and risk factors, to identify the germs and to study their sensitivity to different antibiotics., Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, performed at the general surgery department of the Bocar Sidy Sall University Hospital Center (Kati CHU) from January 2015 to December 2018., Results: During this period of study we recorded 55 cases of ISO out of 650 operated patients with a frequency of 8.46%. 450 patients were operated on the cold operating program (69.23%) and 200 patients on emergency (30.77%). The average age was 39, the sex ratio was 2.66. Among the 55 cases of ISO, 60% of these patients were operated in emergency and 40% in the operating program. The most common strains found were Escherichia coli (E. coli) in 38.3% of cases, Staphylococcus aureus in 23.4% and Klebsiella pneumonia in 13.3%. Hemoglobin levels were normal in 70% of cases. 4 of our patients or 7.27% were diabetic. We did not have any cases of obesity. Of the 55 cases of ISO, 66% were of class 3 and 4 of Altemeier, 59% were of ASA score 2 and ASA 3, 55% were of score 2 of NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System), 5.45% were NNISS score 3 or 3 cases and these 3 cases developed ISO. The ISOs were parietal in 49 cases, ie 89%. The recovered germs were 100% sensitive to imipenem. The most informative interventions of the ISOs were peritonitis 25 cases (45.45%), intestinal occlusions 12 cases (21.82%), appendicular abscess 8 cases (14.55%). We had 2 death cases, 3.64%, the average hospital stay was 13 days., Conclusion: Escherichia coli was the common germ found in the ISO in general surgery at Kati BSS Hospital. The usual resistance to antibiotics must provoke effective preventive actions., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Abstract: Objective: To determine the incidence of surgical-site infections (SSI) following varicose vein surgery in the vascular surgery ward of a French teaching hospital. Patients and methods: A prospective surveillance of SSI was conducted during one year, with a 30-day postoperative follow-up. SSI cases were identified by using the definitions of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, USA). Data acquisition and analysis were performed with the Epi-Info 6.04 software (CDC). Results: Three quarters of the 408 included interventions were characterized by a NNIS score equal to 0. All patients underwent a hair removing practice before intervention. Hair removing methods were very heterogeneous and often not in accordance with national recommendations (e.g. mechanic shaving for 44.6% of patients). The incidence of SSI was 1.2% (95% confidence interval=[0.2–2.2]). All infections were identified after hospital discharge. Four infected patients out of five presented obesity or excess weight, and two patients had diabetes mellitus. The mean age of infected patients was significantly higher than non-infected ones (70.4 years versus 52.0; p <0.01). All SSI had consequences like rehospitalization, reintervention, or antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion: According to our results, SSI following varicose vein surgery are scarce and mainly concerned high-risk patients. However, in an aim of prevention, it seems necessary to homogenize hair removing methods in this ward. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]