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Des travaux récents ont démontré que le saunage fut l’une des activités les plus importantes et durables mises en œuvre au sein des secteurs côtiers des deux rives de la Manche, et ce depuis la Préhistoire récente. Ces vestiges archéologiques permettent de reconstituer l’organisation des systèmes de production et de l’économie salicoles sur la longue durée. L’archéologie révèle l’importance croissante qu’acquiert le saunage au moins à partir de l’âge du Fer, jusqu’à devenir l’un des éléments clefs de l’exploitation du littoral, en particulier des estuaires. L’histoire de l’économie salicole s’y traduit par une évolution conjointe des sites de production et des circuits de distribution. Quatre « âges du sel » peuvent ainsi être identifiés depuis l’âge du Bronze jusqu’à l’époque moderne sur les rives de la Manche, correspondant chacun à un système économique spécifique, peu ou prou indépendant des cadres politico-événementiels. Recent work has shown that salt-making was one of the most important and long-lasting activities carried out in coastal areas on both sides of the Channel since recent prehistory. Archaeological remains have made it possible to reconstruct the organisation of the production systems and the salt industry economy over the long term. Archaeology reveals the growing importance of salt-making, at least from the Iron Age onwards, until it became one of the key elements in the exploitation of the coastline, particularly the estuaries. The history of the salt economy is reflected in the joint evolution of production sites and distribution channels. Four "salt ages" can thus be identified from the Bronze Age to the Early modern period on the shores of the Channel, each corresponding to a specific economic system, more or less independent of political-eventual frameworks. Trabajos recientes han demostrado que la producción de sal constituyó una de las actividades más importantes y duraderas que se establecieron en los sectores costeros de las dos riberas de la Mancha, y ello desde la Prehistoria reciente. Estos vestigios arqueológicos han permitido reconstituir la organización de los sistemas de producción y de la economía salineras en el largo plazo. La arqueología ha mostrado la importancia creciente que fue adquiriendo la producción de sal, al menos a partir de la Edad del Hierro, hasta convertirse en uno de los elementos clave de la explotación del litoral y, en particular, de los estuarios. La historia de la economía salinera se ha manifestado por una evolución conjunta de los sitios de producción y de los circuitos de distribución. Así, en las riberas de la Mancha se han identificado cuatro « edades de la sal », desde la Edad del Bronce hasta los Tiempos Modernos, donde cada una de ellas corresponde a un sistema económico específico, más o menos independiente de los marcos político-cronológicos.

International audience; The tourism of the Cape Verde Islands is rapidly expanding, in particular thanks to the attendance of the island of Sal, at thenorth of the archipelago. This island presents an important tourism potential, thanks to its natural heritage : volcanism, white sandbeaches, picturesque landscapes. This development leads to a more and more intense use of the natural resources of the Island,in particular energy and water resources. The salt works of Pedra Lume is one of the most important site of the island. Through itshistoric and current development, it illustrates the various phases of the economic development which knew the island of Sal sincealmost six centuries.; Le tourisme du Cap-Vert est en plein essor, notamment grâce à la fréquentation de l’Île de Sal, au nord de l’archipel. Cetteîle présente un potentiel touristique important, grâce à son patrimoine naturel : volcanisme, plages de sable blanc, paysagespittoresques. Ce développement entraîne un usage de plus en plus intense des ressources naturelles de l’île, notammenténergétique et hydrique. La saline de Pedra Lume est un des points d’orgue de ce développement touristique. Au travers de samise en valeur historique et actuelle, elle illustre les différentes phases de développement économique qu’a connu l’Île de Saldepuis près de six siècles.; O turismo de Cabo Verde está crescendo, especialmente graças à freqüentação da Ilha do Sal, na parte norte do arquipélago.Esta ilha tem um importante potencial turístico graças ao seu património natural: vulcanismo, praia de areia branca, paisagenspitorescas. Este desenvolvimento leva a um uso cada vez mais intenso dos recursos naturais da Ilha, em particular energia e água.Sal de Pedra Lume é um dos destaques deste desenvolvimento turístico. Através do seu desenvolvimento histórico e atual, ilustraas diferentes fases do desenvolvimento econômico que tem sido a ilha de Sal por quase seis séculos.

Dry eye is defined by a tear film instability resulting in variable but systematic fluctuations in the quality of vision. Variability in optical quality can be demonstrated using a double pass aberrometer such as the OQAS (Optical Quality Analyzing System, Visiometrics). The goal of this work is to compare fluctuations in objective quality of vision measured by OQAS between treatment with normal saline eye drops and treatment with carmellose 0.5% and hyaluronic acid 0.1% (Optive Fusion [OF], Allergan) in patients with moderate dry eye syndrome. Optical quality was measured by evaluating the variations in the Optical Scattering Index (OSI) over 20seconds using the OQAS. Inclusion criteria were dry eye syndrome with an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score>23 treated only with artificial tears. The patients were their own controls: OF in one eye and normal saline in the fellow eye. The choice of the subject eye and control eye was determined in a randomized fashion. OSI variations were measured in each eye before instillation, 5minutes and 2hours after instillation. The primary endpoint was OSI fluctuation over 20seconds of measurement. Secondary endpoints were the number of blinks and patient's preference (preferred eye). Preliminary results were obtained on 19 patients. Average OSDI score was 36.8. Visual acuity was 10/10 with no significant difference between the two eyes. Prior to instillation, there was no significant difference between "normal saline" and "OF" eyes in terms of OSI, OSI variability or number of blinks. In the normal saline eye, there was no significant variation in mean OSI, OSI variability, OSI slope, or number of blinks. However, in the "OF" eye, there was a significant variation between initial and 2-hour OSI variability (0.363 versus 0.204; P

Un petit dossier de pièces inédites en provenance du fonds de l’abbaye de Saint-Martin de Troarn permet de retracer et commenter divers aspects de l’exploitation et de la topographie des salines de l’estuaire de la Dives du xiie au xive siècle, ultime chapitre dans l’histoire de cette activité attestée depuis le début de l’Âge du Fer et disparue localement au cours du xve siècle. Ces quelques données inédites constituent l’un des rares témoignages sur l’histoire salicole normande qui ait échappé à la sagacité de Lucien Musset et dont la matière peut être rapportée aux sources britanniques. A small collection of unpublished documents from the archives of Saint-Martin de Troarn allows us to explore and discuss various aspects of the exploitation and topography of the saltworks of the Dives estuary from the 12th to the 14th century. This period forms the last chapter in the history of saltworks which began in the Iron Age and disappeared from the area in the 15th century. These unpublished documents constitute one of the scarce testimonies to the Norman saltwork industry, which can be traced back to British sources, but had escaped Lucien Musset's attention.

L 'Artemia communément appelée crevette des marais salants est une espèce cosmopolite qui colonise les milieux aquatiques salés et hyper salés, Les nauplii d'Artemia représentent un maillon trophique indispensable pour nourrir plus de 80% des alevins des poissons et des larves de crustacés. Cette importance est due à la disponibilité, à la simplicité et à la valeur nutritionnelle par rapport à d'autres aliments. Dans le présent travail, nous avons procédé à une caractérisation d'Artemia des deux salines de l'ouest algérien (Relizane et Bethioua), afin d'estimer son potentiel pour des applications en aquaculture. En effet, l'étude de la composition biochimique des cystes basée essentiellement sur le dosage des protéines et lipides montre que les cystes d'Artemia de Relizane est comparables aux souches actuellement commercialisé dans le monde. Dunaliella sauna est une espèce unique de micro algues qui a évolué pour vivre dans des conditions environnementales extrêmes. Elle est considérée comme une extrêmophile. Dunaliella sauna, avec les diatomées présentes dans les parties plus douces, l'un des principaux éléments de la production primaire des marais salantes. Ce phytoplancton est un aliment de choix pour les larves du zooplancton marin et tous particulièrement pour celle de l'Anémia sauna. Mots clés: Ariemia, Nauplii, Saline, Aquaculture,Dunaliella sauna ABSTRACT: Arlemia collectively called shrimp of saltems is a cosmopolitan specieswhich colonizes thesalty aquatic circles and hyper salty. The nauplius of Artemia represents a link essential trophique to feed more than 80 % of the alevins of fishes and larvas of shellfish. This importance is due to the availability, to the simplicity and to the nutritional value compared with other food. In the present work, we proceeded to a characterization of Algerian western Artemia of both saltworks (Relizane and Bethioua), in order to estimate its potential for applications in aquaculture. lndeed, the study of the biochemicai composition of cystes based essentiaily on the dosage of proteins and lipids watch that Artemia Reiizane's cystes is comparable to the strains currently marketed around the world. Dunaliella sauna is a unique species of microalgae seaweeds which evoived to live in extreme environmental conditions. It is considered as an extrêmophile. Dunaliella sauna is one of the main elements of the primary production of swamps sealants. This phytoplankton is a food choice for the larvas of the marine and ail particularly for that of the Anémia sauna. Key words: Artemia, Nauplii, Saline, Aquaculture,Dunaliella sauna

The saltern of Sfax is a thalasso haline environment (salt medium supplied with sea water) plankton-rich despite the high salinity and the high light intensity. This richness is due to its physico-chemical characteristics. The STATICO analysis shows that nitrogen and phosphorus can influence the distribution of the phytoplankton in addition to salinity that dominates in this peculiar medium. Basing on this parameter, we could group the species according to their salt tolerance. To better understand the behavior of the phytoplankton, three autotrophic species Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) Cylindrotheca closterium (diatom) and Phormidiumversicolor (Cyanophycea) were isolated, identified and grown in batch in artificialseawater in the presence of three NaCI concentrations and under three irradiations. Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. The photosynthetic apparatus of the Chlorophyceae and the cyanobacteriumwas less affected than the diatom’s one that was irreversibly altered under high illumination and the highest salinity ; the antioxidant activity was only detected in cells grown under the highest irradiance and the synthesis of carotenoid pigments, that are non-enzymatic antioxidants,was strongly activated especially in D.salina. Salinity and light inter-reacted on the physiology of the three species that possess resistance mechanisms to stresses more or less effective, resulting in different resistance to environmental stresses depending on species., La saline de Sfax est un environnement thalasso halin (milieu salé alimenté par de l’eau de mer) riche en plancton malgré la contrainte du sel et l’intensité lumineuse élevée. Cette richesse est due à ses facteurs physico-chimiques particuliers. L’analyse STATICO a mis en évidence que l’azote et le phosphore peuvent influencer la distribution du phytoplancton en plus de la salinité qui domine dans ce milieu particulier. En se basant sur ce dernier paramètre, nous avons pu regrouper les espèces selon leur tolérance au sel. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement du phytoplancton, trois espèces autotrophes Dunaliella salina (Chlorophycée), Cylindrotheca closterium (diatomée) et Phormidium versicolor Cyanophycée) ont été isolées, identifiées puis cultivées en batch dans de l’eau de mer artificielle sous trois niveaux d’éclairement et en présence de trois concentrations en NaCl. La croissance, l’activité photosynthétique ainsi que l’activité enzymatique anti-oxydante ont été mesurées. L’appareil photosynthétique de la Chlorophycée et de la cyanobactérie est moins affecté que celui de la diatomée qui est irréversiblement altéré aux forts éclairements et à la plus forte salinité; l’activité antioxydante n’a été détectée que sous l’éclairement le plus élevé et la synthèse des pigments caroténoïdes, qui sont des anti-oxydants non enzymatiques, est fortement activée surtout chez D.salina. La salinité et le niveau d’éclairement inter-réagissent sur la physiologie des trois espèces qui possèdent des mécanismes de résistance aux stress plus ou moins efficaces, d’où des résistances différentes aux contraintes du milieu selon les espèces.

The Making of a new man, in art and culture, emerged against the figure of the intellectual with its humanism, tolerance and compassion towards the class enemy. In 1931, the Moscow Art Theatre is attacked for its excessively moderate repertory and is forced to stage the proletarian playwright Alexander Afinogenov whose play Fear (Strakh) (1931) is a perfect manual for rebuilding scientific and artistic circles : Professor Borodin, defeated by the arguments of the Bolshevik Klara, after being arrested, questioned, and released on condition that he renounces his work publicly, says at the end : "I accept your conditions". Delighted with the success of the performance which places him among the most famous playwrights, Afinogenov would continue to propose his plays to Soviet theatres. But for him, too, history is moving forward. Suddenly he becomes a pariah. Through the notebooks he kept during the period of ostracism (April 1937-January 1938), one can follow the moods of a communist who remained believing, despite the difficulties, in the cause of socialism. Afinogenov' s diary shows biased thinking and writing, and self-censorship due to the birth of a new mentality. Disgrace is the test from the party (Providence) to test his faith. The man will be reborn purified after this initiation ritual., Autant-Mathieu Marie-Christine. La mission rééducatrice des écrivains prolétariens au sein du vieux Théâtre d'Art. In: Revue Russe n°39, 2012. La Fabrique du ‘soviétique’ dans les arts et la culture.Construire/Déconstruire l’homme nouveau (avant 1953) pp. 91-104.

The salt concession of Melecey has been authorized in 1843 on September 29th, a few times after the denationalization of the salt works in 1841. The factory itself worked from 1850 to 1873. During all this time the extraction was not really important. The whole production was hardly reaching 20 000 tons. Originally, the factory has been programmed to work exclusively with coal. Down in the mine, salt was directly worked with stoping method. Wood was used after the failure of all the different coal mines opened in the surrounding area. Geologically, the salt layers belong to the iridescent marls. The ore deposit is made up of 3 rock salt layers 8 meters thick together. This ore, about 130 m beneath the surface, has been exploited from 1850 to 1862 by underground mining and produced 10 000 quintals per year. From 1863 to 1871, salt has been naturally dissolved with draining water and pumped. The factory produced 8000 quintals per year. At the time it stopped in March 1872, the main draining shaft was in pitiful conditions. This study shows the cause of decline of this industry and its importance thorough the industrial landscape. The Melecey salt factory is therefore the last XIXth century building still intact as a relic of past industrialisation in the area of Haute-Saône (France). It also shows a full expanding activity dependent on several technological innovations both concerning ore mining and dressing., La concession de sel de Melecey fut accordée le 29 septembre 1843 peu de temps après la dénationalisation des salines en 1841 et exploitée de 1850 à 1873. L'extraction ne fut guère active, la production totale atteignant difficilement 20 000 tonnes. Programmée à l'origine pour fonctionner au charbon de terre, la mine de sel de Melecey fut l'une des rares salines à être exploitée de manière directe par abattage. À Melecey, le sel appartient à l'étage des marnes irisées. Le gîte se compose de 3 couches de sel gemme d'une épaisseur totale de 8 m situées à une profondeur moyenne de 130 m. Il fut exploité de 1850 à 1862 par voie d'abattage souterrain et fournit en moyenne pendant cette période 10 000 quintaux par an. De 1863 à 1871, l'exploitation eut lieu par dissolution et fournit environ 8 000 quintaux. Elle fut arrêtée au mois de mars 1872 en grande partie par suite du mauvais état de l'ancien puits d'extraction transformé en puits d'épuisement. L'étude montre les causes du déclin de cette fabrique et son importance dans le paysage industriel de l'époque. La saline de Melecey constitue néanmoins le dernier bâtiment encore intact du XIXe siècle témoignant d'une activité en pleine expansion tributaire de plusieurs innovations techniques qui affectèrent aussi bien l'extraction du sel que sa préparation

International audience; The salt concession of Melecey has been authorized in 1843 on September 29th, a few times after the denationalization of the salt works in 1841. The factory itself worked from 1850 to 1873. During all this time the extraction was not really important. The whole production was hardly reaching 20 000 tons. Originally, the factory has been programmed to work exclusively with coal. Down in the mine, salt was directly worked with stoping method. Wood was used after the failure of all the different coal mines opened in the surrounding area. Geologically, the salt layers belong to the iridescent marls. The ore deposit is made up of 3 rock salt layers 8 meters thick together. This ore, about 130 m beneath the surface, has been exploited from 1850 to 1862 by underground mining and produced 10 000 quintals per year. From 1863 to 1871, salt has been naturally dissolved with draining water and pumped. The factory produced 8000 quintals per year. At the time it stopped in March 1872, the main draining shaft was in pitiful conditions. This study shows the cause of decline of this industry and its importance thorough the industrial landscape. The Melecey salt factory is therefore the last XIXth century building still intact as a relic of past industrialisation in the area of Haute-Saône (France). It also shows a full expanding activity dependent on several technological innovations both concerning ore mining and dressing.; La concession de sel de Melecey fut accordée le 29 septembre 1843 peu de temps après la dénationalisation des salines en 1841 et exploitée de 1850 à 1873. L'extraction ne fut guère active, la production totale atteignant difficilement 20 000 tonnes. Programmée à l'origine pour fonctionner au charbon de terre, la mine de sel de Melecey fut l'une des rares salines à être exploitée de manière directe par abattage. À Melecey, le sel appartient à l'étage des marnes irisées. Le gîte se compose de 3 couches de sel gemme d'une épaisseur totale de 8 m situées à une profondeur moyenne de 130 m. Il fut exploité de 1850 à 1862 par voie d'abattage souterrain et fournit en moyenne pendant cette période 10 000 quintaux par an. De 1863 à 1871, l'exploitation eut lieu par dissolution et fournit environ 8 000 quintaux. Elle fut arrêtée au mois de mars 1872 en grande partie par suite du mauvais état de l'ancien puits d'extraction transformé en puits d'épuisement. L'étude montre les causes du déclin de cette fabrique et son importance dans le paysage industriel de l'époque. La saline de Melecey constitue néanmoins le dernier bâtiment encore intact du XIXe siècle témoignant d'une activité en pleine expansion tributaire de plusieurs innovations techniques qui affectèrent aussi bien l'extraction du sel que sa préparation

Mendoça Dir.

The novel synthetic growth hormone-releasing heptapeptide GHRP-1 is reported to be more potent than growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in eliciting GH release in vivo in rats and man. However, in ovine pituitary cells in primary culture in a perifusion system, GHRP-1 was 10-fold less active than GHRH. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of GHRP-1 in sheep in vivo. Ovine GH release stimulated by either GHRP-1 or GHRH(1-29)NH2, in eight pre-ruminant lambs, was determined. GHRP-1 was administered at doses of 1.2, 2.4 and 6 nmole/kg by i.v. bolus, and GHRH(1-29)NH2 at 0.3 nmole/kg. Mean+/-s.e.m. peak GH levels in the plasma after injection of saline, 1.2, 2.4, 6 nmole/kg GHRP-1 and 0.3 nmole/kg GHRH were 2.2+/-0.9, 9.3+/-2.5, 8.8+/-2.4, 35.1+/-5.8 and 51.6+/-10.5 ng/mL, respectively. As spontaneous 20 ng/mL peaks were observed, only peaks above this level can be considered as significant. The highest dose of GHRP-1 (6 nmole/kg) elicited oGH release, but its action was surpassed by GHRH 0.3 nmole/kg. Furthermore GHRP-1 and GHRH appear to behave inversely when response amplitudes are considered. Animals exhibiting a strong reaction to GHRH-1, show a correspondingly weak reaction to GHRH and vice-versa. This may reflect differences in intracellular mechanisms at the pituitary level. Our data support the results in vitro that in sheep GHRP-1 is a weaker stimulant of GH secretion than GHRH.

The aim of this study was to develop a method for perfusing isolated trout livers that would make it possible to study hepatic metabolism in the whole organ. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) subjected to different fasting periods of 24, 48 or 96 h were used in all the experiments. A non-recirculating system was applied at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The perfusion medium was a specific saline solution for salmonids oxygenated by a multi-bulb glass oxygenator. Viability assays included the measurement of oxygen consumption, lactate dehydrogenase activity and liver metabolic capacity. In addition, a histological study was carried out. Our results showed that the metabolic capacity of the liver survived throughout the perfusion process and that the functioning of this organ changed depending on the length of the fasting period to which the animal had been submitted. The method described here was shown to be suitable for studying the intermediate metabolism of fish.

Histoire des salines sahariennes. L'évolution des caravanes de Taoudeni (Mali) et de Bilma (Niger). Le sel saharien resiste au sel industriel de "la Baleine". (Résumé d'auteur)

Food intake enhances the release of intestinal cholecystokinin (CCK) in the pig but the contribution of individual nutrients to the CCK response has not yet been established in this species. Six hogs (mean weight 50 kg) were fitted with a duodenal fistula for instillation of nutrients and with portal (PV) and carotid (CA) catheters for blood sampling. After a 24-h fast, the animals received 1,000 ml of isotonic solution containing 440 kcal of carbohydrate (starch hydrolysate), or of protein (casein hydrolysate) or fat (Intralipid) or a control saline solution by 60-min intraduodenal perfusion after a 60-min control period during which the animals received saline. Portal and peripheral blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for CCK radioimmunoassay. Intraduodenal perfusion of fat provoked a sharp increase in CCK-Like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) in PV (peak 76.6 +/- 12.2 pM from basal 10.8 +/- 1.2 pM) and in peripheral blood (peak 46.7 +/- 8.4 pM from basal 9.1 +/- 1.0 pM). The protein hydrolysate induced a transient increase in plasma CCK-LI during the first 30 min of intestinal perfusion (PV: peak 40.1 +/- 5.0 pM from basal 11.9 +/- 1.4 pM; CA: 31.8 +/- 4.0 pM from basal 8.5 +/- 0.8 pM). The transient effect of proteins on CCK release might reflect the consequence of somatostatin release from intestinal stores. Starch hydrolysate promptly raised plasma CCK-LI level to a plateau value (PV: 52.5 +/- 13.1 pM from basal 11.9 +/- 1.4 pM; CA: 35.4 +/- 8.0 from basal 8.5 +/- 0.8 pM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The influence of various technical procedures and diluent media upon human spermatozoa has been tested in vitro. The percentage and velocity of motile spermatozoa were measured objectively using laser Doppler velocimetry. Vitality was determined by fluorescent staining. Centrifugation of semen (diluted 1 : 1 with Tyrode) at forces of 500, 800, 1 800 and 2 500 X g resulted in almost complete sedimentation of the spermatozoa. After resuspension in Tyrode's, spermatozoal motility was not changed significantly. The percentages of motile spermatozoa (measured at 37 degrees C) in Tyrode's and B2 medium remained the same as those in seminal plasma throughout an 8-hr period of incubation at 20 degrees C, while those in Locke's and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were significantly lower. The instantaneous modal velocities (Vc) of spermatozoa (also measured at 37 degrees C) in Locks's, Tyrode's and B2 were all significantly increased as compared to those observed in seminal plasma during incubation at 20 degrees C; spermatozoa in PBS showed a significantly reduced velocity compared to seminal plasma, but the difference was not significant. However, the rates of decline of the percentage of motile spermatozoa and of their velocities were indistinguishable in all four synthetic media and in the seminal plasma. No significant change in vitality was observed in any medium during the 8-hr incubation period at 20 degrees C. When spermatozoa were incubated at 37 degrees C, rapid declines in both percentage motile and in velocity were observed with incubation periods lasting more than 4-h. Subjecting the spermatozoa to a temperature of 4 degrees C for 1-h did not significantly change either of the motility parameters (measured at 37 degrees C), although prolonged exposure to 4 degrees C did greatly reduce their motility and velocity percentages. The decline in vitality was slow and uniform during incubation at either 4, 20 or 37 degrees C over periods of up to 10-hr, the best survival apparently being obtained at 20 degrees C and the worst at 4 degrees C, although there were no significant temperature differences at any time.