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Abstract Background The honey bee reference genome, HAv3.1, was produced from a commercial line sample that was thought to have a largely dominant Apis mellifera ligustica genetic background. Apis mellifera mellifera, often referred to as the black bee, has a separate evolutionary history and is the original type in western and northern Europe. Growing interest in this subspecies for conservation and non-professional apicultural practices, together with the necessity of deciphering genome backgrounds in hybrids, triggered the necessity for a specific genome assembly. Moreover, having several high-quality genomes is becoming key for taking structural variations into account in pangenome analyses. Results Pacific Bioscience technology long reads were produced from a single haploid black bee drone. Scaffolding contigs into chromosomes was done using a high-density genetic map. This allowed for re-estimation of the recombination rate, which was over-estimated in some previous studies due to mis-assemblies, which resulted in spurious inversions in the older reference genomes. The sequence continuity obtained was very high and the only limit towards continuous chromosome-wide sequences seemed to be due to tandem repeat arrays that were usually longer than 10 kb and that belonged to two main families, the 371 and 91 bp repeats, causing problems in the assembly process due to high internal sequence similarity. Our assembly was used together with the reference genome to genotype two structural variants by a pangenome graph approach with Graphtyper2. Genotypes obtained were either correct or missing, when compared to an approach based on sequencing depth analysis, and genotyping rates were 89 and 76% for the two variants. Conclusions Our new assembly for the Apis mellifera mellifera honey bee subspecies demonstrates the utility of multiple high-quality genomes for the genotyping of structural variants, with a test case on two insertions and deletions. It will therefore be an invaluable resource for future studies, for instance by including structural variants in GWAS. Having used a single haploid drone for sequencing allowed a refined analysis of very large tandem repeat arrays, raising the question of their function in the genome. High quality genome assemblies for multiple subspecies such as presented here, are crucial for emerging projects using pangenomes.

Educational sciences, digital studies and youth studies and sociology have shown that digital and youth cultures and stakes are strongly interconnected. Videos featuring games, such as tutorials, competitions or presentations, have increased in number on social and digital platforms in recent years and are very popular among young people. Young people often consume them and invest time in them during their leisure. However, this consumption and re-appropriation is difficult to capture for researchers, especially when it is carried out by rural young population, who do not experience digital autonomy and mobility. This article debates the methodology developed to conduct the research on these practices and population, and to understand them as young people's actual behaviours.

At the Confluence of Theater and Performance: an In-Between to Re-Explore in Times of Crisis The research workshop on new performative forms led by Patrice Pavis in November 2019 and organized by the Institute of Theatrical and Multimedia Research of the University of Arts in Târgu-Mureș gave rise to a number of theoretical questionings. The objective was to offer the participants/actors an opportunity for systematized reflections taking as object this type of artistic forms and practices. The sponsorship of this eminent researcher in the performing arts, a specialist in the question of staging and its analysis, brought rigor and methodology to the whole thanks to the use of his reading grids and other conceptual tools. If certain epistemological ruptures and proposed illuminations could be seized on the moment in all clarity, it is afterwards that influences on my own field of research appeared and unquestionably an enrichment in the apprehension of the complexity of the phenomenon could emerge.

The macroseismic and instrumental observations accumulated by the Bureau Central Sismologique Français and other national agencies over the last 100 years show that the northwestern part of metropolitan France is affected by an apparently diffuse and moderate intraplate seismicity. Far from any plate boundary, well-documented inherited structures, such as the Armorican shear zone network, the Sillon Houiller, and the normal faults related to the Atlantic ocean margin, likely exert significant control on the regional seismicity pattern. However, in the absence of a clearly measurable strain field, processes other than far-field tectonic stress loading such as erosion, gravitational potential energy, and/or hydraulic loadings can co-exist, but their respective influence on the current seismicity is debated and remains to be fully addressed. Reliable detection/location of low-to-moderate magnitude events is one of the most important challenges in the near future to better understand the processes that control this intraplate seismicity. As shown here for a limited region, this issue can be achieved positively, thanks to the new Résif-Epos network, in conjunction with sophisticated algorithms for both earthquakes’ detection and discrimination.

Quand plusieurs études par comparaison de groupes (intervention et témoin) portent sur une même intervention en milieu scolaire, la synthèse de leurs résultats permet d’évaluer l’effet de cette intervention et de répondre aux attentes des praticiens, mais aussi d’orienter les recherches futures. C’est dans ce but que sont réalisées des synthèses quantitatives ou encore des méta-analyses. Pour chacune des études sélectionnées, une taille d’effet est calculée, qui est le g de Hedges (différence standardisée des moyennes des deux groupes) quand la variable à expliquer est un score post-test. La taille d’effet globale est alors estimée en suivant dans la plupart des cas le modèle des effets aléatoires. Enfin, pour conclure quant à l’intérêt de l’intervention, les tailles d’effet sont traduites en nombre de mois de progrès. Un exemple numérique est proposé pour faciliter la compréhension des modèles analytiques mis en oeuvre dans une méta-analyse pour les cas les plus simples.

(English abstract at the end) La dialyse à domicile est reconnue comme étant la technique la moins coûteuse. Pourtant, elle est la moins choisie en France. Pourquoi la France se montre-t-elle frileuse quant au choix de cette technique ? Nous nous centrons, dans cet article, sur les aspects psychologiques de la prise en charge, par les conjoints, des patients hémodialysés à domicile. A ce sujet, les études sont contradictoires, certaines rapportent un mal-être des couples, tandis que d’autres mettent en évidence une meilleure qualité de vie pour les deux partenaires. Après avoir émis une critique concernant la méthodologie utilisée dans certains travaux qui évacuent la part subjective et certains éléments cliniques qualitatifs pourtant essentiels pour comprendre le phénomène, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que trois niveaux imbriqués méritent d’être pris en compte, jusqu’à être décisifs dans le choix de la dialyse : la dynamique psychologique de chacun des partenaires, la dynamique du couple et l’investissement psychologique du domicile. Nous concluons sur l’idée selon laquelle l’intégration du conjoint dans la prise en charge du malade peut être un atout pour les suites du traitement, sous réserve de certaines conditions : premièrement, une évaluation de la dynamique psychique du couple afin de limiter les échecs thérapeutiques et la souffrance psychologique ; deuxièmement, une sensibilisation des médecins et des soignants à ces questions, car le couple peut développer une relation d’autant plus pathologique que le traitement se fait à huit clos ; enfin, l’ouverture d’un espace de parole afin que les couples puissent exprimer leurs difficultés et être rassurés. Abstract Home dialysis is recognized as the least expensive technique. Yet it is the least chosen in France. Why is France being cautious about the choice of this technique? In this article, we focus on the psychological aspects of spousal management of home hemodialysis patients. In this regard, the studies are contradictory, some report a discomfort in couples, while others highlight a better quality of life for both partners. After criticizing the methodology used in some of the works that remove the subjective and some qualitative clinical elements that are essential to understanding the phenomenon, we hypothesized that three nested levels deserve to be taken into account, up to to be decisive in the choice of dialysis: the psychological dynamics of each partner, the dynamics of the couple and the psychological investment of the home. We conclude on the idea that the integration of the spouse in the care of the patient can be an asset for the continuation of treatment, subject to certain conditions: first, an assessment of the psychic dynamics of the couple to limit the therapeutic failures and psychological suffering; secondly, raising the awareness of doctors and caregivers about these issues, because the couple can develop a relationship which is all the more pathological as the treatment is done in camera; finally, the opening of a space of speech so that couples can express their difficulties and be reassured. Cette revue est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

O artigo coloca em perspectiva uma pesquisa de cerca de dez anos, cruzando um olhar sobre textos dramáticos que contêm representações do corpo, e o estudo de formas cênicas atuais nas quais a presença do corpo é evidente. Considerando que é impossível limitar o teatro ao texto, afirmamos que também é impossível evitá-lo. A primeira parte do artigo coloca em perspectiva uma análise textual de um corpus de textos contemporâneos europeus que apresentam diversas representações corporais. A segunda parte questiona o aspecto carnal das palavras, pois a fala é uma materialidade tangível, portadora de uma originalidade particular. A terceira parte trata das performances emergentes nas cenas europeias nas quais o corpo assume completamente sua densidade e sua força.

This article presents a research for decade making cross the look on the expanding dramatic text of physical representations and the examination of current scenic forms where the presence of the body is undeniable. If it is impossible to limit the theater to the text, our position is that it is also impossible to escape it. The first part puts in perspective a textual analysis of a corpus of revealing contemporary texts a number of physical representations. The second part questions the flesh of the words because the word is a tangible materiality, a carrier of a particular originality. The third part is dedicated to the forms emerging performances on the European stages where the body acquires all its density and its strength.

Cet article présente un modèle socioéconomique innovant mis en place en périphérie d’une zone à haute biodiversité : la Réserve de Faune du Dja (RFD), au Cameroun. Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la RFD sont depuis toujours utilisés par les populations locales pour des mets ou remèdes traditionnels. L’objectif de ce projet collaboratif associatif/privé a été de structurer les filières PFNL, afin que les populations bénéficiaires, en particulier les femmes, puissent en tirer les revenus nécessaires à leur développement. Grâce à cette alternative au braconnage, les communautés locales trouvent un intérêt économique à protéger et gérer durablement la forêt.

Using sociological works and two series of studies that we have carried out this article will attempt to define what a small town is. The small towns, in the case of France, are communes (towns) having a limited number of inhabitants. But they are not only that. Under the pressure of exogenic forces, they unrelentingly try to maintain what remains proper to them: their local culture. They thus put forward their territory and history by means of local social groups and reconstruct codes - which are not accessible to everyone.

Cette publication étudie la séparation de l'eau émulsionnée dans un kérosène par passage à travers un milieu granulaire. Les propriétés physico-chimiques du matériau coalesceur (nature et état de surface) sont considérées. L'efficacité de séparation est étudiée en fonction ; - de la mouillabilité; - de la granulométrie; - de l'état de surface du matériau ; - de la vitesse de passage de l'émulsion; - de la hauteur de lit. L'analyse qualitative et quantitative de la rétention de l'eau dans le lit permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de coalescence. This article examines the séparation of emulsified water in kerosene by passing it through a granular medium. The physico-chemical properties of the coolescing material, i. e. nature and surface state, are considered. Separation efficiency is analyzed as a fonction of : - wettability; - grain size ; - surface state of the material ; - emulsion pass-through rate; - height of the bed. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of water retention in the bed gives a better understanding of the coalescence mechanisms.

On présente les résultats d'un travail de recherche entrepris pour des aspects de la diagenèse des roches carbonatées : la cimentation cal le rôle est capital pour la conservation ou le colmatage de la porosit de ce type de sédiments. Après une synthèse bibliographique des connaissances actuelles sur et la cimentation du CaC03 en milieu naturel et en laboratoire, on a mentalement l'influence des ions étrangers et de la matière organique sur germination et la croissance des carbonates de calcium. Les principaux résultats obtenus peuvent se résumer comme suit a) En ce qui concerne les ions étrangers. Leur action se traduit en général par une augmentation du temps de germination et une réduction de la vitesse de croissance des cristaux de CaCO3; l'apparition de faciès particuliers pour certains des minéraux formés ; l'inhibition des transformations d'une variété en une autre. On obtient un classement par ordre d'efficacité croissante action à peu près nulle: K+, CI-; action modérée : Bat+, Na+, AI3+, Cul+, Sr2+, SO2 , P0;-; action dominante de Mg'+. b) Pour les matières organiques. Seules l'acide citrique et, dans une moindre mesure, l'acide tartrique, ont une influence notable, d'ailleurs analogue à celle des ions étrangers en ce qui concerne les cinétiques de germination et de croissance du CaCO. L'adsorption de certains de ces produits se traduit en outre par des faciès particuliers des minéraux formés et éventuellement par l'inhibition des transformations d'une variété en une autre. This article gives the results of a research project undertaken to study one of the aspects of the diagénesis of carbonate rocks, 1. e. calcite cementing, which plays a capital role in preserving or plugging up the original porosity of such sediments.After making a bibliographic synthesis of what is now known about the origin and cementation of CaC03 in a natural environment and in the laboratory, the article experimentally examines the influence of foreign ions and organic matter on the ger-mination and growth of calcium carbonates.The main results obtained can be summed up as follows:a) Concerning Foreign Ions.Their action generally results in:- an increase in germination time and a reduction in the growth rate of CaC03 crystals:- the appearance of special facies for some of the minerals formed: - the inhibition of transformation from one variety ta another.A classification by order of increasing efficiency is obtained: - approximately zero action: K+, CI-;- moderate action: Bot+, Na+, A13+, Cul+, Sr 2+, S04-, P04- . - dominant action of Mg'+.b) For Organic Matter.Citric acid and, ta a lesser extent, tartaric acid are the only ones ta have an appre ciable influence, moreover an influence which is similar to thot of foreign ions with regard ta kinetics of CaCO3 germination and growth.The adsorption of some of these products also results in special facies of the minerals formed and eventually in the inhibition of transformations from one variety ta another

A l'occasion d'une étude sur les séparations eau-hydrocarbures par flottation, nous avons été amenés à étudier expérimentalement les coalescences bulle-goutte, goutte-goutte et bulle-bulle dans le système triphasique eau-air-kérosène. Les 4 montages expérimentaux décrits nous ont permis d'étudier les aspects statiques (structure du complexe bulle-goutte qui se forme) et dynamiques (temps de coalescence moyens bulle-goutte, goutte-goutte et bulle-bulle) et d'étudier l'influence de composés transférables d'une phase à l'autre sur ces temps de coalescence moyens. Du point de vue statique, la configuration stable du complexe bulle d'air-goutte de kérosène correspond à la formation à l'interface eau-air d'un film d'hydrocarbure qui entoure la bulle d'air, Par contre, la fixation d'une bulle d'air à la périphérie d'une goutte de kérosène, selon la disposition classique dans la flottation des solides, ne s'observe ici que rarement et toujours de façon transitoire. D'un point de vue cinétique on observe que : - les coalescences bulle-bulle ou goutte-goutte sont toujours favorisées (les temps de coalescence moyens diminuent) lorsqu'on introduit dans la phase gaz ou dans l'une des phases liquides un composé transférable dans l'autre phase liquide; - les coalescences bulle-goutte sont favorisées par la présence dans la phase gaz d'un composé transférable dans la phase continue aqueuse ou par la présence dans la phase dispersée liquide d'un composé transférable dans la phase continue aqueuse; - les coalescences bulle-goutte sont défavorisées par la présence dans la phase continue aqueuse d'un composé transférable sur les gouttes constituant la phase dispersée liquide. During a study of water-hydrocarbon separations by flotation, we were led to make an experimental examination of bubble-drop, drop-drop and bubble-bubble coalescences in a three-phase water-air-kerosene system. The four experimental arrangements described enabled us to investigate the static aspects (structure of the bubble-drop complex formed) and dynamic aspects (average bubble-drop, drop-drop and bubble-bubble coalescence times) as well as the influence of compounds transferable from one phase to the other in these average coalescence times. From the static point of view, the stable configuration of the air-bubble/drop of kerosene complex corresponds to the formation of a hydrocarbon film surrounding the air bubble at the water-air interface. However, the fixing of an air bubble on the periphery of a drop of kerosene, according to the conventional pattern in the flotation of solids, is found only rarely here and always in a transitory way. From the kinetic point of view, we found that:(a) Bubble-bubble or drop-drop coalescences are always favored (the average coalescence times decrease) when a compound transferable into the other liquid phase is introduced into the gas phase or one of the liquid phases. (b) Bubble-drop coalescences are favored by the presence in the gas phase of a compound transferable to the continuous aqueous phase or by the presence in the dispersed liquid phase of a compound transferable to the continuous aqueous phase. (c) Bubble-drop coalescences are disfavored by the presence in the continuous aqueous phase of a compound transferable onto the drops making up the dispersed liquid phase.

Cette étude a permis la modélisation par l'analyse dimensionnelle de la productivité d'un tambour déshuileur. L'inventaire a priori des différentes variables ou grandeurs physiques susceptibles de conditionner la productivité d'un tambour met en évidence 14 variables indépendantes faisant intervenir les 3 grandeurs fondamentales faisant apparaître ainsi 11 invariants de similitude. L'étude expérimentale qui suit, permet de différencier les variables sans influence notable sur la productivité du tambour, des variables clés. A l'issue de cette étude ne restent plus que 6 variables ayant une influence notable sur le fonctionnement du tambour. L'analyse dimensionnelle effectuée sur cet ensemble réduit de variables oriente vers la recherche d'un modèle à 3 invariants de similitude. This research has resulted in the modeling of the productivity of a deoiling drum by dimensional analysis. The list, a priori, of the different variables or physical magnitudes capable of governing the productivity of a drum shows 14 independent variables involving the three fundamental magnitudes, thus revealing 11 similarity invariants. This experimental study differentiates the variables not having any appreciable influence on the productivity of the drum from the key variables. Upon completion of this study, only six variables remained that have an appreciable influence on the operating of the drum. The dimensional analysis made on this reduced set of variables guided research on a model with three similarity invariants of the type.

Au cours de cette étude est analysée l'influence de l'énergie de surface d'un tambour déshuileur sur son efficacité et sa sélectivité de relevage. Quatre tambours en acier inoxydable, en polychlorure de vinyle, en polypropylène et en dérivé fluorocarboné de tensions critiques de mouillage différentes sont testés comparativement en fonction de l'histoire de leur expositionvis-à-vis de phases hydrocarbure (kérosène) et eau. Les essais réalisés montrent que seuls les tambours en dérivé fluorocarboné de très faible tension critique de mouillage s'avèrent intéressants pour des utilisations industrielles. En effet, ils présentent un comportement indépendant de l'histoire de leur exposition ce qui les rend très faciles à utiliser, sans précautions particulières, du fait de leur très grande sélectivité vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures. Par contre, les autres tambours, qui présentent des contributions polaires non négligeables à leur énergie de surface, ont des comportements vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures fonction de l'histoire de leur exposition et ne s'avèrent pas sélectifs vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures à récupérer. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of the surface energy of a deoiling drum on its gathering efficiency and selectivity. The project consists in testing drums having the same size but made of materials having different surface energies so as to evaluate the influence of this key parameter that had previously been poorly analyzed. Four materials were chosen : stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and a fluorocarbon derivative. These materials are representative, a priori, of the behavior of most materials because of the position of their critical wetting tension (gamma c) compared to the superficial tension values of water (72 dyn/cm) and the hydrocarbon phases to be gathered (25 to 35 dyn/cm) (Fig. 1). It should be noted that the fluorocarbon derivative drum tested was patented by our laboratory and is currently marketed by Société Elf. To simulate industrial conditions of the use of deoiling drums, we chose a tangential rotation speed of 0. 24 m/s, appreciably corresponding to the rotation speed of Elf drums. Likewise, the pollution sequences performed in the laboratory were examined to simulate the different working conditions of an industrial drum. Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 show the volumes of kerosine and water gathered for each of the four drums as a function of time, together with the cumulative volumes of kerosine added to the test tank (Fig. 2) to simulate sequential pollution. The experimental results obtained reveal the different types of behavior by deoiling drums according to the nature of the material making them up :1) If all the drums tested were first immersed in and imbibed by the kerosine phase before being immersed in water, they were able to recover the polluting kerosine phase under excellent conditions. No appreciable difference in behavior was found among the different materials (Fig. 17). 2) At the end of the recovery of the initial pollution, with the drums rotating in water, three different types of behavior could be seen as a function of time. The steel drum immediately forms a very large film of water over its entire surface area (Fig. 5). The PVC and polypropylene drums are not immediately covered by water after the disappearance of the kerosine film. However, after several hours, a slight rise in the water film can be seen in preferential areas of the drums. This dynamic phenomenon increased in time, and after 24 hours of operating the entire surface area of the drums was covered by a homogeneous water film (Figs. 6c and 7c). Only the fluorocarbon-derivative drum, after having entirely recovered the hydrocarbon phase, was not covered by water after 24 hours. It thus proves to be very advantageous from the industrial standpoint since it is highly selective with regard to hydrocarbons. 3) After this conditioning phase in water during 24 hours, recovery of the second pollution phase led to two very different behaviors between the steel drum and the three plastic drums. The stainless-steel drum continued, despite the presence of a layer of 3 cm of kerosine on the surface, to bring up the same amount of water. On the contrary, the three other drums immediately raised a very large film of kerosine. To conclude, these tests reveal three types of extreme behaviors that are representative, a priori, of the materials as a whole. Materials with high surface energy of the metal type cannot raise a hydrocarbon phase under good conditions unless they are previously wetted hence conditioned by this hydrocarbon phase. Such materials are thus of little interest for the continuous specific recovery of hydrocarbon phases. Materials with low surface energy such as plastics can be classified in two groups :- Standard plastics with a critical wetting tension of greater than 30 dyn/cm, and which often have appreciable polar contributions to the surface energy to be recovered without prior conditioning of the drum by a hydrocarbon phase. However, after prolonged contact with water, such drums take up large amount of water. In effect, they are suitable only for sequential operating under the control of an operator. - On the other hand, drums made of fluorocarbon derivatives with very low critical wetting tension proved to be highly selective with regard to hydrocarbons, and above all they do not take up water. Such drums marketed on a large scale by Société Elf thus lend themselves to continuous autonomous operations.

Une réponse possible au problème de la déstabilisation par démixtion des mélanges supercarburant-alcools est l'abaissement de leur teneur en eau par adsorption physique. La forte affinité pour l'eau des résines échangeuses d'ions de type polystyrène sulfonate permet d'envisager leur utilisation dans ce cas spécifique d'application. Le principal intérêt de ce nouveau matériau adsorbant est de pouvoir se régénérer avec des calories de bas niveau (100-120°C). Nous avons donc étudié, du point de vue capacité d'adsorption et cinétique d'adsorption, le comportement de cet adsorbant et comparé ses performances à celles d'adsorbants plus classiques tels que le silicagel, l'alumine et le tamis moléculaire 3 Å. Les formes ioniques de la résine mises en oeuvre sont les formes : K+, Na+ et Mg2+. Sur le plan de la capacité totale d'adsorption, la résine, quelle que soit sa forme ionique, présente des performances supérieures à celles de l'alumine et du silicagel. Seule la forme Mg2+ adsorbe autant d'eau que le tamis moléculaire. L'efficacité de la résine est sensible à la nature de l'alcool du mélange considéré et augmente selon la séquence méthanol < éthanol < tertiobutanol. Du point de vue cinétique, c'est la résine sous forme K+ qui donne les meilleurs résultats ; sa vitesse d'adsorption est près de dix fois supérieure à celle du tamis moléculaire, viennent ensuite la résine sous forme Na+, l'alumine, la résine sous forme Mg2+ et le tamis moléculaire. La résine sous forme K+, qui réalise le meilleur compromis capacité-vitesse d'adsorption, s'avère donc être un adsorbant efficace de l'eau présente dans les mélanges supercarburant-alcools. Cette aptitude est confirmée lors de sa mise en oeuvre en lit fixe, où elle s'avère nettement plus efficace que le tamis moléculaire. Toutefois, son efficacité est limitée à des mélanges renfermant moins de 10% en volume de composés oxygénés. A possible answer to the problem of destabilization by the segregation of premium-fuel/alcohol blends lies in decreasing their water content by physical adsorption. The strong affinity of water for ion-exchange resins of the polystyrene sulfonate type suggests their use for this specific application. The main advantage of this newadsorbent material is that it can be regenerated with low-level heat (100-120°C). We thus investigated the behavior of this adsorbent from the standpoint of its adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics. Its performances were compared to those of more conventional adsorbents, such as silicagel, alumina and a 3Å molecular sieve. The ionic forms of the resin used are in the form of K+, Na+ and Mg2+. From the standpoint of total adsorption capacity, resin, whatever its ionic form may be, has better performances then alumina and silicagel. Only the Mg2+ form adsorbs as much water as a molecular sieve. The effectiveness of resin is sensitive to the nature of the alcohol in the blend considered and increases via the methanol < ethanol < tert-butanol sequence. From the kinetic standpoint, resin in the K+ form is the one that gives the best results. Its adsorption rate is nearly ten times higher than that of a molecular sieve. Then come resin in the Na+ form, alumina, resin in the Mg2+ form and the molecular sieve. Resin in the K+ form, which achieves the best compromise between adsorption capacity and rate, thus proves to be an effective adsorbent of water present in premium-fuel/alcohol blends. This ability is confirmed when it is implemented in a fixed bed, where it is much more effective than a molecular sieve. However, its effectiveness is limited to blends containing less than 10% volume of oxygenated compounds.

Une solution technique et économique a été mise au point pour traiter les pieds de bacsprovenant de la démixtion de mélanges méthanol - supercarburant au contact de traces d'eau. Le procédé consiste à provoquer une deuxième démixtion par addition d'eau à la phase à traiter. Les hydrocarbures ainsi relargués sont séparés parfaitement en utilisant un coalesceur à résines oléophiles. Il est ainsi possible de récupérer et de recycler la quasi-totalité des hydrocarbures contenus dans lespieds de bacs . L'effluent aqueux résiduel chargé en alcool peut, soit être recyclé, soit traité par la station de traitement d'eaux de la raffinerie. A technical and economic solution has been developed for processing bottoms of storage tankscoming from the demixing of methanol/premium-gasoline blends in contact with traces of water. The process consists in producing a second demixing by the addition of water to the phase to be processed. The hydrocarbons thus salted out are effectively separated by an oleophilic-resin coalescer. In this way almost all of the hydrocarbons contained in the bottoms of storage tankscan be recovered and recycled. The residual aqueous effluent containing alcohol can either be recycled or processed by the waste-water treatment station of the refinery.

This text proposes to examine two hypotheses concerning some blockings relative to an efficient administration of environmental issues. The first one results from an always long-lived faith in the myth of the progress, belief that technical progress could solve all problems. The second sends back to the preservation even in the recollection of territories so national as local worried especially of protecting their privileges on the environment and their resources.

A small town has a low population density, and possesses a specific territorial dynamics, shaped around a selective collective memory. Questioning the life experience of those concerned, particularity the young, one finds that this collective memory is not devoid of problems. Not only does it generate a particular attitude of withdrawal, but it also feeds a distinction between « people from here » and « people from elsewhere », « us » vs. « them ». Maintaining a highly selective collective memory builds an insider identity, keeping the outside at a distance, or throwing distance out.

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