Search

Transcription factors (TFs) harboring broad-complex, tramtrack, and bric-a-brac (BTB) domains play important roles in development and disease. These BTB domains are thought to recruit transcriptional modulators to target DNA regions. However, a systematic molecular understanding of the mechanism of action of this TF family is lacking. Here, we identify the zinc finger BTB-TF Zbtb2 from a genetic screen for regulators of exit from pluripotency and demonstrate that its absence perturbs embryonic stem cell differentiation and the gene expression dynamics underlying peri-implantation development. We show that ZBTB2 binds the chromatin remodeler Ep400 to mediate downstream transcription. Independently, the BTB domain directly interacts with nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase and histone chaperone histone regulator A. Nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase recruitment is a common feature of BTB TFs, and based on phylogenetic analysis, we propose that this is a conserved evolutionary property. Binding to UBN2, in contrast, is specific to ZBTB2 and requires a C-terminal extension of the BTB domain. Taken together, this study identifies a BTB-domain TF that recruits chromatin modifiers and a histone chaperone during a developmental cell state transition and defines unique and shared molecular functions of the BTB-domain TF family. journal article research support, non-u.s. gov't 2021 08 2021 07 13 imported

Lorsqu’une intervention de secours est nécessaire, localiser précisément et rapidement le site sur lequel envoyer les équipes est primordial. La littérature montre que des outils de géovisualisation constituent des solutions pertinentes pour supporter des processus d’analyse d’informations dans des contextes variés. Nous nous intéressons ici au raisonnement du secouriste réceptionnant un appel à l’aide et visons des solutions conceptuelles et logicielles dédiées à la tâche de détermination de la localisation de la victime, plus particulièrement dans le contexte du secours en montagne. Nous avons formalisé le raisonnement du secouriste et les informations sur lesquelles il ou elle s’appuie à l’aide d’une ontologie. L’Ontologie d’Alerte Choucas structure les concepts exploités par le secouriste qui élabore des hypothèses de localisation probable de la victime à partir d’informations (telles qu’une position relative, un temps de marche, une direction) fournies lors d’un échange verbal. Dans notre approche, l’ontologie est en outre exploitée pour dériver les composants d’interface d’un prototype de géovisualisation facilitant le raisonnement du secouriste. Ces composants sont une aide à la saisie des informations, en fournissant une restitution cartographique adaptée, et contribuent à construire et à affiner la zone de localisation. Notre approche présente une chaine de traitements originale, menant de la représentation des connaissances à la génération automatisée d’une interface fonctionnelle d’aide au raisonnement visant à localiser des victimes en montagne.

The vacuole of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays an important role in nutrient storage. Arginine, in particular, accumulates in the vacuole of nitrogen-replete cells and is mobilized to the cytosol under nitrogen starvation. The arginine import and export systems involved remain poorly characterized, however. Furthermore, how their activity is coordinated by nitrogen remains unknown. Here we characterize Vsb1 as a novel vacuolar membrane protein of the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) transporter superfamily which, in nitrogen-replete cells, is essential to active uptake and storage of arginine into the vacuole. A shift to nitrogen starvation causes apparent inhibition of Vsb1-dependent activity and mobilization of stored vacuolar arginine to the cytosol. We further show that this arginine export involves Ypq2, a vacuolar protein homologous to the human lysosomal cationic amino acid exporter PQLC2 and whose activity is detected only in nitrogen-starved cells. Our study unravels the main arginine import and export systems of the yeast vacuole and suggests that they are inversely regulated by nitrogen., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; Analysing the dynamics of urban areas or metropolises, delineating their functional areas and comparing their spatio-temporal patterns is often limited by the lack of open relational data (on links between entities) and the absence until recently of dedicated analysis and geo-visualization frameworks. Beyond the questions of opening (geo)digital data, we propose a panorama of a geoweb, the process of creating maps in the context of the Web 2.0, specific to flows and networks. The insights provided on current mapping practices reveal three main families of web applications, as well as the needs of a small but dynamic community to freely analyze its own data sets.; L'analyse de la dynamique des aires urbaines ou des métropoles, la délimitation de leurs aires fonctionnelles et la comparaison spatio-temporelle de leurs motifs est souvent freinée par l'insuffisance de données relationnelles (portant sur des liens entre des entités) ouvertes et l'absence jusque récemment de dispositifs d'analyse et de géo-visualisation dédiés. Au-delà des questions d'ouverture des données (géo)numériques, nous proposons un panorama du geoweb, le processus de création de cartes dans le contexte du web 2.0, spécifique aux flux et réseaux localisés. L'éclairage ainsi apporté sur les pratiques cartographiques actuelles révèle trois grandes familles d'applications web ainsi que les besoins d'une communauté, restreinte mais dynamique, d'analyser librement ses propres jeux de données.

Background The vast majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complain about fatigue. They also report fatigue as one of their most debilitating symptoms. Yet, in clinical practice, fatigue is only rarely assessed and remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to validate the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and assess the impact of disease activity on fatigue in SLE. Methods A cross-sectional single-center study of patients was included in the Swiss SLE Cohort Study. The FAS and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) were administered to SLE patients and controls with primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) and healthy volunteers (HV) attending our clinic. Disease activity in SLE was captured at the same time as patient-reported outcomes using the SLE Disease Activity Index score with the Safety of Estrogens in SLE National Assessment modification (SELENA-SLEDAI) and the physician’s global assessment. We explored the internal consistency, reproducibility, construct validity, and convergence of the FAS, in comparison to the vitality subscale (VT) of the SF-36. We examined the association of FAS with demographics, disease type, SLE disease activity, and clinical features. Results Of the 73 SLE subjects, 89% were women and 77% were Caucasians. The median age was 43 years, and 23 (32%) patients had active SLE. Demographics in pSS and HV were similar. Within the SLE group, FAS displayed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93), unidimensionality, and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.90). FAS and VT correlated well. The total FAS was highest in active SLE and pSS and higher in non-active SLE compared to HV. Conclusion The FAS is a promising tool to measure fatigue in SLE. Patients with SLE display a significantly higher level of fatigue than HV, which is even more pronounced in active disease and comparable to fatigue levels measured in pSS.

Background Schizophrenia is associated with severe cognitive deficits, particularly episodic memory deficits, that interfere with patients’ socio-professional functioning. Retrieval practice (also known as testing effect) is a well-established episodic memory strategy that involves taking an initial memory test on a previously learned material. Testing later produces robust long-term memory improvements in comparison to the restudy of the same material both in healthy subjects and in some clinical populations with memory deficits. While retrieval practice might represent a relevant cognitive remediation strategy in patients with schizophrenia, studies using optimal procedures to explore the benefits of retrieval practice in this population are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the benefits of retrieval practice in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Nineteen stabilised outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-5 criteria) and 20 healthy controls first studied a list of 60 word-pairs (30 pairs with weak semantic association and 30 non associated pairs). Half the pairs were studied again (restudy condition), while only the first word of the pair was presented and the subject had to recall the second word for the other half (retrieval practice condition). The final memory test consisted in a cued-recall which took place 2 days later. Statistical analyses were performed using Bayesian methods. Results Cognitive performances were globally altered in patients. However, in both groups, memory performances for word-pairs were significantly better after retrieval practice than after restudy (56.1% vs 35.7%, respectively, Pr(RP > RS) > 0.999), and when a weak semantic association was present (64.7% vs 27.1%, respectively; Pr(weak > no) > 0.999). Moreover, the positive effect of RP was observed in all patients but one. Conclusions Our study is the first to demonstrate that retrieval practice efficiently improves episodic memory in comparison to restudy in patients with schizophrenia. This learning strategy should therefore be considered as a useful tool for cognitive remediation programs. In this perspective, future studies might explore retrieval practice using more ecological material.

International audience; Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) is a global health issue. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare plasmids coding for resistance to ESC isolated from 16 avian commensal and 17 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains obtained respectively at slaughterhouse or from diseased broilers in 2010–2012. Plasmid DNA was used to transform E. coli DH5alpha, and the resistances of the transformants were determined. The sequences of the ESC-resistance plasmids prepared from transformants were obtained by Illumina (33 plasmids) or PacBio (1 plasmid). Results showed that 29 of these plasmids contained the bla CTX-M-1 gene and belonged to the IncI1/ST3 type, with 27 and 20 of them carrying the sul2 or tet(A) genes respectively. Despite their diverse origins, several plasmids showed very high percentages of identity. None of the bla CTX-M-1-containing plas-mid contained APEC virulence genes, although some of them were detected in the parental strains. Three plasmids had the bla CMY-2 gene, but no other resistance gene. They belonged to IncB/O/K/Z-like or IncFIA/FIB replicon types. The bla CMY-2 IncFIA/FIB plasmid was obtained from a strain isolated from a diseased broiler and also containing a bla CTX-M-1 IncI1/ST3 plasmid. Importantly APEC virulence genes (sitA-D, iucA-D, iutA, hlyF, ompT, etsA-C, iss, iroB-E, iroN, cvaA-C and cvi) were detected on the bla CMY-2 plasmid. In conclusion , our results show the dominance and high similarity of bla CTX-M-1 IncI1/ST3 plasmids, and the worrying presence of APEC virulence genes on a bla CMY-2 plasmid.

International audience; BACKGROUND:In the context of the national Cancer Plans of France that have changed the healthcare landscape, it has become necessary to better document and assess the related actions, and to promote research and understanding. The national cancer cohort, an exhaustive population-based cohort, was set up on the basis of the National Health Data System (SNDS) by the French National Cancer Institute.OBJECTIVES:The aim is to describe the French national cancer cohort.METHODS:All people living in France (67 million population) with universal insurance coverage and diagnosed, treated or followed up for a cancer, such as survivors, are included and will be followed up for 25 years. It contains all healthcare consumptions and reimbursements (i.e. hospitalization, outpatient care, medication…) since 2010. Every year, around 650 000 new cases are included.RESULTS:From 2010 to 2015, 6.2 million subjects have been included. Most subjects were entered in 2010, in 2015 it concerned 0.6 million. In 2015, the median age was 65 [54-76]; 51% were women. The primary cancer organ could be attributed with certitude to 87% of the people. The most frequent locations were skin (16%), breast (15%), prostate (12%), colon-rectum (11%) and lung (9%). In 2015, 40% of included subjects underwent surgery for cancer, 16% chemotherapy at hospital and 11% at least one session of radiotherapy.CONCLUSION:Based on SNDS, the cancer cohort has been designed to study cancer care use in the short-, medium- and long-term, and evaluate healthcare and public health policies.

Students’ approaches to learning are central to the process of learning. Previous research has revealed that influencing students’ approaches towards deep learning is a complex process and seems much more difficult than expected, even in student-activating learning environments. There is evidence that learning approaches are impacted not only by the learning environment, but also by how students perceive it. However the nature of the links between the environment itself, the way in which it is perceived by students and students’ learning approaches is poorly understood. This study aimed at investigating the relationships between students’ perception of their educational context and learning approaches in three learning environments differing by their teaching formats (lecture or problem-based-learning PBL) and integration level of the curriculum (traditional or integrated). We tested the hypothesis that a PBL format and an integrated curriculum are associated to deeper approaches to learning and that this is mediated by student perception. The study sample was constituted of 1394 medical students trained respectively in a traditional lecture-based (n = 295), in an integrated lecture-based (n = 612) and in an integrated PBL-based (n = 487) curricula. They completed a survey including the Dundee-Ready-Educational-Environment-Measure (students’ perceptions of the educational environment) and the Revised-Study-Process-Questionnaire (learning approaches). Data were analysed by path analysis. The model showed that the learning environment was related to students’ learning approaches by two paths, one direct and one mediated via students’ perception of their educational context. In the lecture-based curricula students’ used deeper approaches when it was integrated and both paths were cumulative. In the PBL-based curriculum students’ did not use deeper approaches than with lectures, due to opposite effects of both paths. This study suggested that an integrated lecture-based curriculum was as effective as a PBL curriculum in promoting students’ deep learning approaches, reinforcing the importance of integrating the curriculum before choosing the teaching format.

Bizumic et al. (2013) have recently shown that attitudes towards peace and war reflect two distinct constructs rather than two poles of a single dimension. We present an attempt at validating the French version of their 16-item Attitudes toward Peace and War Scale (APWS) on five distinct (mainly Belgian) French-speaking samples (total N = 808). Confirmatory factor and criterion validity analyses confirmed that attitudes toward peace and war, although negatively related, are distinct in terms of their antecedents and consequences. On the one hand, antecedents of attitudes toward peace included egalitarian ideological beliefs and empathic concern for others, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-peace behaviors. On the other hand, antecedents of attitudes toward war included national identification and authoritarian ideological beliefs, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-war behaviors. Furthermore, both attitudes toward peace and war were, respectively, negatively and positively related to (a right-wing) political orientation. Unexpectedly however, attitudes toward war were positively related to nonegalitarian ideological beliefs and were not related to personal distress. Scores on the translated scale were unrelated to socially desirable responding. In terms of known-groups validity, men had, respectively, more and less positive attitudes toward war and peace than women. Finally, based on exploratory factor analyses, the inclusion of some items for the factorial structure of the measure is questioned and a shortened form of the measure is validated. Overall, these findings are in line with Bizumic et al. and suggest that attitudes toward peace and war also reflect two distinct constructs in a French-speaking population., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Micronemes and rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles that deploy their contents at the apical tip of apicomplexan parasites in a regulated manner. The secretory proteins participate in motility, invasion, and egress and are subjected to proteolytic maturation prior to organellar storage and discharge. Here we establish that Toxoplasma gondii aspartyl protease 3 (ASP3) resides in the endosomal-like compartment and is crucially associated to rhoptry discharge during invasion and to host cell plasma membrane lysis during egress. A comparison of the N-terminome, by terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates between wild type and ASP3 depleted parasites identified microneme and rhoptry proteins as repertoire of ASP3 substrates. The role of ASP3 as a maturase for previously described and newly identified secretory proteins is confirmed in vivo and in vitro. An antimalarial compound based on a hydroxyethylamine scaffold interrupts the lytic cycle of T. gondii at submicromolar concentration by targeting ASP3.

Seismic noise interferometry allows the continuous and real-time measurement of relative seismic velocity through a volcanic edifice. Because seismic velocity is sensitive to the pressurization state of the system, this method is an exciting new monitoring tool at active volcanoes. Despite the potential of this tool, no studies have yet comprehensively compared velocity to other geophysical observables on a short-term time scale at a volcano over a significant length of time. We use volcanic tremor (~0.3 to 1.0 Hz) at Kīlauea as a passive source for interferometry to measure relative velocity changes with time. By cross-correlating the vertical component of day-long seismic records between ~230 station pairs, we extract coherent and temporally consistent coda wave signals with time lags of up to 120 s. Our resulting time series of relative velocity shows a remarkable correlation between relative velocity and the radial tilt record measured at Kīlauea summit, consistently correlating on a time scale of days to weeks for almost the entire study period (June 2011 to November 2015). As the summit continually deforms in deflation-inflation events, the velocity decreases and increases, respectively. Modeling of strain at Kīlauea suggests that, during inflation of the shallow magma reservoir (1 to 2 km below the surface), most of the edifice is dominated by compression—hence closing cracks and producing faster velocities—and vice versa. The excellent correlation between relative velocity and deformation in this study provides an opportunity to understand better the mechanisms causing seismic velocity changes at volcanoes, and therefore realize the potential of passive interferometry as a monitoring tool., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Cette étude est une analyse épidémiologique rétrospective du recours aux services de santé du nord de la Franche-Comté en raison d’une brûlure durant l’année 2014 (114 patients). L’âge moyen était de 26 ans (8 mois-81 ans), 1/3 des brûlures ont touché des enfants de moins de 15 ans. Les brûlures, plus fréquentes l’été, surviennent principalement autour de l’heure des repas, les jours « sans école », à domicile, avec un liquide chaud. Elles sont peu étendues (4,81% de la SCT) et souvent superficielles. Elles nécessitent un passage dans un Service d’Accueil des Urgences dans 88,59% des cas, suivi d’un transfert en CTB (Lyon plus que Nancy ou Metz) dans 12,28% des cas.

Convenience, taste, and prices are the main determinants of food choices. Complying with dietary recommendations therefore imposes a “taste cost” on consumers, potentially hindering adoption of those recommendations. The study presents and applies a new methodology, based on economic theory, to quantify this taste cost and assess the health and welfare effects of different dietary recommendations. Then, by comparison of those effects, we identify socially desirable recommendations that are most compatible with consumer preferences (i.e., that best balance health benefits against”taste cost”) and should be prioritized for promotion. The methodology proceeds in three-steps: first, an economic-behavioral model simulates how whole diets would change if consumers complied with dietary recommendations; second, an epidemiological model estimates the number of deaths avoided (DA) due to the dietary change; third, an efficiency analysis weighs the health benefits against the taste and policy costs of each recommendation. The empirical model is calibrated using French data.We find that recommendations to reduce consumption of red meat and soft-drinks, or raise consumption of milk products and fish/seafood impose relatively moderate taste costs. By comparison, recommendations related to F&V consumption and, to a lesser extent, butter/cream/cheese, snacks, and all meats impose larger taste costs on consumers. The F&V recommendation is the costliest for consumers to comply with, but it also reduces diet-related mortality the most, so that a large budget could be allocated to promoting F&V consumption while keeping this policy cost-beneficial. We conclude that promotion of most dietary recommendations improves social welfare. Our framework complements the programming models available in nutrition and public health: those models are best used to identify dietary targets, following which our framework identifies costbeneficial ways of moving towards those targets.

National audience; A wide range of species can be sown as cover crops during fallow periods to provide vari- ous ecosystem services. Plant establishment is a key stage, especially when sowing occurs in summer with high soil temperatures and low water availability. The aim of this study was to determine the response of germination to temperature and water potential for diverse cover crop species. Based on these characteristics, we developed contrasting functional groups that group species with the same germination ability, which may be useful to adapt species choice to climatic sowing conditions. Germination of 36 different species from six botanical families was measured in the laboratory at eight temperatures ranging from 4.5 – 43°C and at four water potentials. Final germination percentages, germination rate, cardinal temperatures, base temperature and base water potential were calculated for each species. Optimal temperatures varied from 21.3 – 37.2°C, maximum temperatures at which the spe- cies could germinate varied from 27.7 – 43.0°C and base water potentials varied from -0.1 to -2.6 MPa. Most cover crops were adapted to summer sowing with a relatively high mean optimal temperature for germination, but some Fabaceae species were more sensitive to high temperatures. Species mainly from Poaceae and Brassicaceae were the most resistant to water deficit and germinated under a low base water potential. Species were classified, independent of family, according to their ability to germinate under a range of temperatures and according to their base water potential in order to group species by func- tional germination groups. These groups may help in choosing the most adapted cover crop species to sow based on climatic conditions in order to favor plant establishment and the services provided by cover crops during fallow periods. Our data can also be useful as ger- mination parameters in crop models to simulate the emergence of cover crops under differ- ent pedoclimatic conditions and crop management practices.

Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to stress during intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomeres in young adulthood, and a correlation between telomere length in early life and lifespan has been suggested. However, empirical studies evaluating these phenomena have not been performed, and the mechanism of stress-induced telomere shortening remains unknown. Since the level of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in peripheral blood cells is increased by various psychological stresses, the effect of TNF-α administration to pregnant mice on telomere length in adulthood was examined in the present study. In utero TNF-α treatment-induced telomere shortening in adult mice. Telomere shortening was observed in certain tissues such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and was detected at specific age ranges during adulthood. Telomere shortening was not observed in mice lacking the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF7, which contributes to heterochromatin formation in the absence of stress. The present study identified the conditions under which in utero TNF-α treatment induces telomere shortening in adulthood.

Background Previous studies suggested that the presence of ADHD in children and young adolescents may affect the development of personality. Whether or not the persistence of ADHD in adult life is associated with distinct personality patterns is still matter for debate. To address this issue, we compared the profiles of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) that assesses personality dimensions in 119 adults ADHD and 403 controls. Methods ANCOVA were used to examine group differences (controls vs. ADHD and ADHD inattentive type vs. ADHD combined + hyperactive/impulsive types) in Temperaments and Characters. Partial correlation coefficients were used to assess correlation between TCI and expression and severity of symptoms of ADHD. Results High novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA) and self-transcendence (ST) scores as well as low self-directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (C) scores were associated with ADHD diagnosis. Low SD was the strongest personality trait associated with adult ADHD. Cases with the ADHD inattentive type showed higher HA and lower SD scores compared to the combined and hyperactive/impulsive types. High HA scores correlated with inattention symptoms whereas high NS and ST scores were related to hyperactive symptoms. Finally low SD and high NS were associated with increased ADHD severity. Conclusions Distinct temperaments were associated with inattentive versus hyperactive/impulsive symptoms supporting the heterogeneous nature of the disorder.

In social insects, the evolutionary stability of cooperation depends on the privileged relationships between individuals of the social group, which is facilitated by the recognition of relatives. Nestmate recognition is based on genetically determined cues and/or environmentally derived chemical components present on the cuticle of individuals. Here, we studied nestmate recognition in the ant Pheidole pallidula, a species where both single-queen (monogyne) and multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies co-occur in the same population. We combined geographical, genetic and chemical analyses to disentangle the factors influencing the level of intraspecific aggressiveness. We show that encounters between workers from neighbouring colonies (i.e. nests less than 5 m away) are on average less aggressive than those between workers from more distant colonies. Aggressive behaviour is associated with the level of genetic difference: workers from monogyne colonies are more aggressive than workers from polygyne colonies, and the intensity of aggressiveness is positively associated with the genetic distance between colonies. Since the genetic distance is correlated with the spatial distance between pairs of colonies, the lower level of aggression toward neighbours may result from their higher relatedness. In contrast, the analysis of overall cuticular hydrocarbon profiles shows that aggressive behaviour is associated neither with the chemical diversity of colonies, nor with the chemical distances between them. When considering methyl-branched alkanes only, however, chemical distances differed between monogyne and polygyne colonies and were significantly associated with aggressiveness. Altogether, these results show that the social structure of colonies and the genetic distances between colonies are two major factors influencing the intensity of agonistic behaviours in the ant P. pallidula., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Trente cinq revues concernant la prise en charge chirurgicale de la main brûlée de l’enfant sont indexées dans Pub- Med. Elles portent sur l’indication de la cicatrisation dirigée versus chirurgie, les techniques et délais d’instauration des traitements par excision-greffe, le calendrier et la nature du traitement de réadaptation et la surveillance. L’enfant présente un risque accru de brides cicatricielles, nécessitant un suivi médico-chirurgical attentif et prolongé. L’objet de cet article est de rapporter les spécificités chirurgicales de la prise en charge de ces brûlures. Cette revue de la littérature, réalisée au moyen de la base PubMed (publication entre 2005 et 2011) à partir des mots-clés « hand AND/OR child AND/OR burn » retrouve 67 publications utiles au sein de 171 références. Les données rapportées ont été comparées aux ouvrages de références français et américains. Des données contradictoires sont rapportées concernant la délai de l’excision et de la greffe, avec seulement deux études comparatives comportant de nombreux biais. L’état de la science n’apporte pas d’éléments de preuve suffisant en raison d’un manque de puissance statistique des études, mais de nombreux avis d’expert explorant chaque type d’indication permet d’établir une stratégie claire, guidant les indications thérapeutiques. Il apparaît donc indispensable de réaliser des études prospectives incluant ces patients depuis le suivi initial jusqu’au suivi à long terme, pour augmenter le niveau de preuve de cette stratégie.

La pratique de l’anesthésie locorégionale chez les brûlés est limitée par de nombreux facteurs. Elle est considérée comme marginale dans l’approche multimodale du traitement de la douleur par excès de nociception. Ce travail rétrospectif, sur une période de 3 années, porte sur les anesthésies locorégionales (ALR) réalisées. Les résultats obtenus vont permettre, en regard de la rareté des données de la littérature, de formuler quelques suggestions sur la place de cette technique. Il a été recensé 634 ALR, dont 96% chez des adultes. Les membres inférieurs sont les plus concernés (76%). Des anesthésies rachidiennes ont été pratiquées chez 32 patients dont 4 enfants. Les incidents sont peu fréquents (3%) et sans gravité. L’ALR peut représenter une option utile dans la stratégie multimodale de prise en charge de la douleur, la réhabilitation passive précoce et la chirurgie de recouvrement par la greffe de peau. Elle mérite d’être explorée en ambulatoire, dans la mesure où 95% des brûlés ne sont pas hospitalisés. La place de l’anesthésie-locorégionale chez les brûlés devrait susciter plus d’intérêts, pour permettre d’établir des protocoles fondés sur une réflexion pluridisciplinaire.

La mort d’un patient brûlé est le plus souvent causée par une infection, bactérienne dans la grande majorité des cas. La perte de la barrière cutanée, les dispositifs invasifs et l’immunodépression liée à la brûlure sont trois mécanismes concourant à la survenue de ces infections. Chez un patient inflammatoire, les signes infectieux généraux d’infection sont peu discriminants. Du fait de la gravité des infections chez ce patient, leur prévention est un paramètre essentiel de la prise en charge. En raison des particularités pharmacocinétiques des brûlés, les posologies d’antibiotiques doivent être adaptés et les dosages sanguins doivent être systématiques. A l’heure où les résistances deviennent préoccupantes, les recherches sur les thérapeutiques sur les alternatives thérapeutiques parmi lesquels les inhibiteurs de facteurs de virulence, les peptides antimicrobiens, les polyphénols, l’immunothérapie…) deviennent cruciales. L’une des possibilités thérapeutiques les plus prometteuses semble être la phagothérapie.

Transmission of drug-resistant pathogens presents an almost-universal challenge for fighting infectious diseases. Transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) can persist in the absence of drugs for considerable time. It is generally believed that differential TDRM-persistence is caused, at least partially, by variations in TDRM-fitness-costs. However, in vivo epidemiological evidence for the impact of fitness costs on TDRM-persistence is rare. Here, we studied the persistence of TDRM in HIV-1 using longitudinally-sampled nucleotide sequences from the Swiss-HIV-Cohort-Study (SHCS). All treatment-naïve individuals with TDRM at baseline were included. Persistence of TDRM was quantified via reversion rates (RR) determined with interval-censored survival models. Fitness costs of TDRM were estimated in the genetic background in which they occurred using a previously published and validated machine-learning algorithm (based on in vitro replicative capacities) and were included in the survival models as explanatory variables. In 857 sequential samples from 168 treatment-naïve patients, 17 TDRM were analyzed. RR varied substantially and ranged from 174.0/100-person-years;CI=[51.4, 588.8] (for 184V) to 2.7/100-person-years;[0.7, 10.9] (for 215D). RR increased significantly with fitness cost (increase by 1.6[1.3,2.0] per standard deviation of fitness costs). When subdividing fitness costs into the average fitness cost of a given mutation and the deviation from the average fitness cost of a mutation in a given genetic background, we found that both components were significantly associated with reversion-rates. Our results show that the substantial variations of TDRM persistence in the absence of drugs are associated with fitness-cost differences both among mutations and among different genetic backgrounds for the same mutation., Author Summary The evolution of resistance is a universal challenge in antimicrobial chemotherapy. A key driver of resistance is that drug resistance mutations often persist even in the absence of drugs and despite the fact that resistance mutations are often associated with reduced pathogen replication (“fitness costs”). Such persistence may occur because fitness costs are low, especially if they are compensated by additional mutations in their “genetic background”. Here we assessed the role of fitness-cost and the genetic background for resistance in a real-world epidemiological setting by studying the persistence behavior of transmitted antiretroviral resistance mutations of HIV. This persistence behavior was associated with the predicted fitness cost of a given resistance mutation in the particular genetic background in which it occurred. We found that persistence behavior varied strongly across both mutation types and genetic backgrounds and that persistence was significantly associated with predicted fitness costs. In particular we found that even mutations of the same type tended to persist longer if they occurred in a genetic background where they caused weak fitness costs. Overall our results underline the variability of persistence behavior as well as the important role of fitness costs and the genetic background in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.

Les situations de catastrophe impliquant un grand nombre de brûlés peuvent survenir à tout moment après un incendie, une attaque terroriste, une explosion industrielle ou un accident de transport. Les différentes sociétés internationales de brûlologie ont publié des recommandations sur la préparation à l’afflux massif de brûlés. La Société Française d’Étude et de Traitement des Brûlés (SFETB) propose le triage des victimes selon la Surface Cutanée Brûlée (SCB), l’inhalation de fumées et les lésions traumatiques associées. Ce plan cherche à catégoriser les victimes et à attribuer à chaque patient un lit adapté à ses besoins thérapeutiques (centre des brûlés, réanimation médicale ou chirurgicale, service d’urgences, chirurgie, poste de triage). Les Services d’Aide Médicale Urgente (SAMU) sont au coeur du dispositif : premiers soins, poste Médical Avancé (pMA), régulation, triage et transport, renfort en matériel dans l’hôpital de proximité. Un plan catastrophe pour brûlés doit être adapté aux capacités hospitalières du pays.

Cet article présente une synthèse des principaux résultats d’un projet de recherche de deux ans consacré à la sensibilité de l’usage grammatical à la variable « public visé ». Après être revenus sur les objectifs et la méthodologie du projet, les auteurs montrent que l’utilisation des ressources grammaticales de la langue par les experts varie de façon significative, à la fois quantitativement et qualitativement, en fonction du public visé. Les résultats suggèrent toutefois que certains marqueurs ou catégories sont davantage sensibles à la discipline qu’au degré de spécialisation. L’article revient ensuite sur les hypothèses émises au cours du projet pour rendre compte des résultats observés. Il apparaît que le lien entre les traits [+ vulgarisé] et [+ subjectif] était trop simpliste pour pouvoir rendre compte de la complexité des phénomènes. Le passage par l’interface pragmatico-formelle que constituent les modes rhétoriques s’avère plus opératoire. This paper summarizes the main findings of a two-year research project on the impact of intended audience on grammatical usage. After describing the main goals of the project and the methodology used, we show that the way experts use the grammatical resources of the language is significantly influenced – both quantitatively and qualitatively – by the intended audience variable. The data suggest, however, that the use of some forms or semantic categories is more strongly affected by the discipline variable. The working hypotheses are then assessed and we suggest that the assumption that ‘the less specialized a text is, the more subjective it is’ amounts to an over-simplification of the data. Instead, we surmise that a rhetorical analysis of the genres under scrutiny provides a more fruitful way of accounting for the linguistic differences induced by the intended audience variable.

Les brûlés graves nécessitent une prise en charge multidisciplinaire dans des centres hautement spécialisés. La rareté de ces centres impose souvent le transport aérien médicalisé longue distance. Cependant, il y a peu de données publiées sur ces transferts. Dans cette mise au point, pour optimiser la prise en charge des brûlés dès qu’un transport aérien est décidé ou même seulement envisagé, nous proposons d’extraire de cette littérature limitée des principes simples s’appuyant aussi sur l’expérience pratique du Service de Santé des Armées françaises. Nous décrivons d’abord comment les contraintes aéronautiques peuvent affecter le transport de brûlés graves à bord d’aéronefs. Nous abordons ensuite la régulation de ces missions, en analysant les risques associés au transport aérien des brûlés graves et leurs implications sur les indications, la chronologie et les modalités du transport. Enfin, nous développons la conduite de la mission, comprenant la préparation du matériel et des consommables avant le vol, l’évaluation et la mise en condition du patient avant l’embarquement, et la poursuite de la prise en charge en vol.

Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective s’étendant de septembre 2004 à septembre 2012 sur les données de à propos de 84 patients présentant des séquelles de brûlure majeures de la main. Ces patients étaient traités chirurgicalement par une greffe de peau totale. Le but de cette étude est, donc, d’insister sur la simplicité de cette technique et surtout son efficacité et sa fiabilité. L’âge moyen de la survenue de la brûlure était de 4 ans. L’âge moyen de nos patients était de 18,3 ans (2-62 ans), avec prédominance masculine dans 60% des cas. L’agent causal le plus fréquent était un agent thermique - le plus souvent un liquide chaud (56%). Le délai moyen entre la fin de la cicatrisation et la prise en charge des séquelles était de 36 mois (2 mois - 16 ans). Dans 69 cas (82.5%), les lésions étaient localisées au niveau de la face palmaire de la main. Les séquelles ont été dominées par les rétractions digitales (65%) dont le déficit fonctionnel est évident. Une greffe de peau totale a été réalisée chez tous nos patients après libération des brides et excision des placards cicatriciels. Les rétractions commissurales ont été traitées par des plasties en Z. Dans 95% des cas, le prélèvement de peau totale était réalisé au niveau du pli inguinal. Le recul moyen était de 5,5 ans (1-8 ans). 11 patients ont été perdus de vu. Les résultats après cicatrisation complète et rééducation ont été jugés satisfaisants (bons) dans 62 cas (85%), et assez bons dans 11 cas (15%). Un traitement initial bien conduit et effectué dans les meilleures conditions permet non seulement de réduire le nombre de séquelles des brûlures mais encore de les rendre moins sévères.

Les engelures sont encore exceptionnelles en Afrique sub-saharienne, mais l’essor des industries pétrochimiques en rapport avec la promotion d’une large utilisation du gaz domestique (butane commercial) expose au risque de survenue de ce type de brûlures abusivement dites gelures. Nous rapportons un cas de brûlures au froid par gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL) en milieu professionnel dont le diagnostic de gravité et la prise en charge tardifs ont défavorisé l’évolution locale. Le respect des mesures de sécurité au sein des usines reste néanmoins le principal moyen de prévention de ce type de brûlures méconnues.

RNA decay and maturation have in recent years been recognised as major regulatory mechanisms in bacteria. In contrast to Escherichia coli, the Firmicute (Gram-positive) bacteria often do not encode the well-studied endonuclease RNase E, but instead rely on the endonucleases RNase Y, RNase J1 and RNase J2, of which the latter two have additionally been shown to have 5′ to 3′ exonucleolytic activity. We have previously demonstrated that these RNases could be deleted individually in the pathogenic Firmicute Staphylococcus aureus; however, we here present that, outside a narrow permissive window of growth conditions, deleting one or both of the RNase J genes presents serious difficulties for the cell. Moreover, an active site mutant of RNase J1 behaved like a deletion, whereas no phenotypes were detected for the RNase J2 active site mutant. Furthermore, in order to study the in vivo enzymatic activity of RNase J1 and J2, a method was developed to map the exact 5′-ends of mature and processed RNA, on a global scale. An enrichment of 5′ RNA ends could be seen in the RNase J mutants, suggesting that their exonucleolytic activity is crucial for normal degradation of bulk RNA. Using the data to examine specific RNAs, we demonstrated that RNase J activity is needed for correct 5′ maturation of both the 16S rRNA and the RNase P ribozyme, and can also inactivate the latter, possibly as quality control. Additional examples show that RNase J perform initial cleavages, apparently competing with ribosomes for access to mRNAs. The novel 5′ mapping assay offers an exceptionally detailed view of RNase activity, and reveals that the roles of RNase J proteins are diverse, ranging from maturation and post-transcriptional regulation to degradation., Author Summary The long RNA (ribonucleic acid) chains are key intermediates in the transfer of information from the genes on chromosomes to the production of protein. An RNA copy (mRNA) is transcribed from the gene, and this copy is then translated into protein by a complex molecular machine called the ribosome. The amount of mRNA copies of a given gene is therefore important for how much of the corresponding protein can be generated. This “pool” of mRNA depends on how many copies are made per second, but also on how many copies disappear due to degradation. In this study, we examine mutants of the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, which have lost one or both of their RNase J genes (ribonuclease J). These mutants grow relatively fine under standard laboratory conditions, but will stop growing if they are stressed by alternative food sources or temperatures equivalent to a high fever (42°C). We show that the RNase J enzymes are major players in the degradation of RNA by removing one link at a time in the RNA-chains, thus influencing the pool of mRNAs in the cell. Furthermore, certain RNAs are processed to stable and active forms by RNase J, instead of being degraded.

Les complications thromboemboliques sont considérées comme rares chez le patient brûlé. Leur incidence varie selon les études réalisées. Les patients brûlés présentent de nombreux facteurs de risque favorisant la survenue de ces complications. Le diagnostic clinique de la thrombose veineuse profonde et de l’embolie pulmonaire reste difficile vu leur évolution infraclinique et la non spécificité des signes cliniques. L’échodoppler veineux et l’angioscanner thoracique constituent les éléments clés dans la stratégie diagnostique de la thrombose veineuse profonde et de l’embolie pulmonaire chez les patients brûlés. Le traitement ne diffère pas de celui administré aux autres patients non brûlés et victimes de la thrombose veineuse profonde et de l’embolie pulmonaire. La prophylaxie controversée entre les auteurs, est un sujet d’actualité. Plusieurs praticiens et organismes recommandent son utilisation de routine chez les patients brûlés à risque. Elle reste le seul moyen capable d’empêcher la survenue de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse capable d’engager le pronostic vital chez ces patients. Nous rapportons 6 observations de patients brûlés ayant développé une maladie thromboembolique veineuse.

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone that belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family. GRP78 is also present on the cell surface membrane of trophoblastic cells, where it is associated with invasive or fusion properties of these cells. Impaired mechanism of GRP78 relocation from ER to the cell surface was observed in preeclamptic cytotrophoblastic cells (CTB) and could take part in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In this study, we have investigated whether prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par-4), a protein identified as a partner of GRP78 relocation to the cell surface in prostate cancer cells, is present in trophoblastic cells and is involved in the translocation of GRP78 to the cell surface of CTB. Par-4 is indeed present in trophoblastic cells and its expression correlates with expression of membrane GRP78. Moreover, overexpression of Par-4 led to an increase of cell surface expression of GRP78 and decreased Par-4 gene expression reduced cell surface localization of GRP78 confirming a role of Par-4 in relocation of GRP78 from ER to the cell surface. Accordingly, invasive property was modified in these cells. In conclusion, we show that Par-4 is expressed in trophoblastic cells and is involved in transport of GRP78 to the cell surface and thus regulates invasive property of extravillous CTB.

International audience; INTRODUCTION: Calcium-containing (CaC) crystals, including basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP), are associated with destructive forms of osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed their distribution and biochemical and morphologic features in human knee OA cartilage. METHODS: We prospectively included 20 patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for primary OA. CaC crystal characterization and identification involved Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of 8 to 10 cartilage zones of each knee, including medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaux and the intercondyle zone. Differential expression of genes involved in the mineralization process between cartilage with and without calcification was assessed in samples from 8 different patients by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and histology studies were performed in 6 different patients. RESULTS: Mean (SEM) age and body mass index of patients at the time of TKR was 74.6 (1.7) years and 28.1 (1.6) kg/m², respectively. Preoperative X-rays showed joint calcifications (chondrocalcinosis) in 4 cases only. The medial femoro-tibial compartment was the most severely affected in all cases, and mean (SEM) Kellgren-Lawrence score was 3.8 (0.1). All 20 OA cartilages showed CaC crystals. The mineral content represented 7.7% (8.1%) of the cartilage weight. All patients showed BCP crystals, which were associated with CPP crystals for 8 joints. CaC crystals were present in all knee joint compartments and in a mean of 4.6 (1.7) of the 8 studied areas. Crystal content was similar between superficial and deep layers and between medial and femoral compartments. BCP samples showed spherical structures, typical of biological apatite, and CPP samples showed rod-shaped or cubic structures. The expression of several genes involved in mineralization, including human homolog of progressive ankylosis, plasma-cell-membrane glycoprotein 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, was upregulated in OA chondrocytes isolated from CaC crystal-containing cartilages. CONCLUSIONS: CaC crystal deposition is a widespread phenomenon in human OA articular cartilage involving the entire knee cartilage including macroscopically normal and less weight-bearing zones. Cartilage calcification is associated with altered expression of genes involved in the mineralisation process.

Truffles ascocarps need carbon to grow, but it is not known whether this carbon comes directly from the tree (heterotrophy) or from soil organic matter (saprotrophy). The objective of this work was to investigate the heterotrophic side of the ascocarp nutrition by assessing the allocation of carbon by the host to Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizas and ascocarps. In 2010, a single hazel tree selected for its high truffle (Tuber melanosporum) production and situated in the west part of the Vosges, France, was labeled with (13)CO2. The transfer of (13)C from the leaves to the fine roots and T. melanosporum mycorrhizas was very slow compared with the results found in the literature for herbaceous plants or other tree species. The fine roots primarily acted as a carbon conduit; they accumulated little (13)C and transferred it slowly to the mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizas first formed a carbon sink and accumulated (13)C prior to ascocarp development. Then, the mycorrhizas transferred (13)C to the ascocarps to provide constitutive carbon (1.7 mg of (13)C per day). The ascocarps accumulated host carbon until reaching complete maturity, 200 days after the first labeling and 150 days after the second labeling event. This role of the Tuber ascocarps as a carbon sink occurred several months after the end of carbon assimilation by the host and at low temperature. This finding suggests that carbon allocated to the ascocarps during winter was provided by reserve compounds stored in the wood and hydrolyzed during a period of frost. Almost all of the constitutive carbon allocated to the truffles (1% of the total carbon assimilated by the tree during the growing season) came from the host.

L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner les caractéristiques de l'anglais de l'histoire tel qu'il est possible de l'étudier à partir de seize articles de recherche en provenance de sources différentes et publiés au cours de ces trente dernières années. Il est également fait appel aux nombreux travaux d'historiens ayant réfléchi à l'écriture de leur discipline. Bien que retrouvant de nombreux éléments déjà présents dans les articles de recherche, et particulièrement rappelés par la communauté LANSAD au niveau de la structure et de l'organisation du discours, l'analyse suggère tout particulièrement l'absence d'une terminologie spécifique à la discipline « histoire », mettant ainsi en évidence le caractère original de l’anglais de cette discipline. This article examines the characteristics of the English of history as it appears in sixteen research articles of different origins published over the last thirty years. The study is also based on the many comments proposed by historians on the writing of their own discipline. Although it points out several constituting elements already present in other research articles, especially as described by the ESP community as far as the structure of discourse is concerned, the major conclusion suggested by the study is the absence of a specific terminology pertaining to history as a discipline, thus placing the English of history on an original footing when compared to the usual characteristics of ESP.

ACL (facteur d'impact); International audience; Urban conservation education programs aim to increase knowledge and awareness towards biodiversity and to change attitudes and behaviour towards the environment. However, to date, few urban conservation education studies have evaluated to what extent these programs have managed to achieve their goals. In this study, we experimentally explored the influence of an urban conservation activity day on individual knowledge, awareness and actions towards biodiversity, in both the short and longer term. We organised three activity days in Paris (France), during which people were invited to participate in urban conservation efforts. Both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interviews) methods were employed to investigate the influence of this short urban nature experience on the relationships that city-dwellers develop with nearby biodiversity. We found a strong positive correlation between the levels of participation and an immediate interest towards local urban biodiversity. In the longer term, however, although participants claimed to have gained more knowledge, local awareness and interest for species in their daily environment, they did not seem to extend this interest to participating in other related activities. These results highlight the complexity of validating the effectiveness of this type of education program for achieving conservation goals. Although such a short activity may only have a limited environmental impact, it nevertheless seems to increase people's knowledge, awareness, interest and concern. We therefore believe that when repeated locally, these short conservation education programs could enhance people's experience with nature in cities and achieve conservation goals more fully.

Pour pouvoir se livrer à une étude contrastive à partir d’un corpus qui soit véritablement représentatif de la discipline concernée, il nous paraît nécessaire de se référer à trente articles de recherche par langue étudiée, couvrant une période de six ans. Les auteurs de ces articles auront été tirés au hasard sur une liste officielle de professeurs des universités spécialistes du domaine ; étant donné que cette population est supérieure à cent vingt individus (assimilable à l’infini), dans chaque groupe linguistique, l’on peut appliquer la loi de Gauss dont le tableau indique que le nombre d’échantillons doit être égal à trente. Il suffit ensuite de consulter la base de données PASCAL (couvrant la quasi-totalité des domaines scientifiques) pour sélectionner un article par auteur en fonction de la qualité scientifique du support médiatique, déterminée par un panel de spécialistes du domaine à partir d’une liste de référence de revues et journaux spécialisés. Cependant, cette procédure ne saurait se passer de quelques précautions d’ordre linguistique et soulève quelques problèmes d’ordre culturel. Carrying out a contrastive study on a corpus assumed to be fully representative of a scientific domain, involves selecting thirty research articles per studied language over a period of six years. The different authors will be randomly drawn on an official document bearing the names of University Professors having an expertise in the field; and as the number of professors goes beyond one hundred and twenty in each linguistic group, the population is said to be representative of the domain so that the table of the Gaussean law can be applied, showing a sampling of thirty articles. Next, access PASCAL data base which covers most scientific fields, so as to select the articles of the corpus (one per author) in relation to the high scientific level quality of the journals, as assessed by a panel of peers, in a set of reference journals. However, such a selection also requires careful attention to a few linguistic and cultural parameters.

2e édition 2012. 1re édition : 2009; National audience; Publish or perish. This saying clearly exemplifies that science communication is vital for scientists, research bodies and nation competitiveness. Nowadays both computers and internet have deeply changed the way scientific articles are written and published. In an editorial world moving at accelerated pace, scientists are eager to get their papers published in the best journals because impact factors are ruling careers and funding. Since fundings are provided by various public and private bodies, scientific papers should be partly understandable by a wide audience from journalists to entrepreneurs, political leaders and the general public. However, as an editor of scientific journals, I observe that most submitted articles are badly structured and obscure for the average citizen. Such issues can be explained both by the lack of scientific writing education and by the classical isolation of scientists within small knowledgeable communities. This book written in French explains how to write a scientific article. I have designed guidelines from the main writing errors found in thousands of research papers that I have edited. Though most advices of this book aim at improving research articles, the principles explained here apply also to PhD thesis, industrial reports, adverts, cover letters, curriculum vitae, blogs and press releases. Indeed all those documents share in common the communication of an advance, a discovery, an innovation or a difference versus existing knowledge. This book describes how to structure easily a research article. Advices are given to correct specific errors from non-English natives. It is explained how to educate so that your article can be understood by wide readership, e.g. your future employer or a funding agency. I emphasize on how to adapt the writing style to the new means of communication using computers and Internet. You will find also a new writing tool, called the micro-article, that allows to focus your zillions of results on only one novel finding.; Publier ou périr. Cet adage illustre l'importance de la communication scientifique ; essentielle pour les chercheurs, elle est aussi un secteur stratégique pour la compétitivité d'une nation. Domaine souvent négligé, la communication scientifique prend une importance vitale avec les nouvelles technologies informatiques qui accélèrent et modifient en profondeur la diffusion des connaissances. La nécessité de bien communiquer ses découvertes aux spécialistes devient cruciale pour les chercheurs, les instituts et les universités du fait du recours récent aux facteurs d'impact pour évaluer et financer la recherche. La science doit être également diffusée très largement vers le public, en particulier les médias, les entrepreneurs et les acteurs sociopolitiques. Ce manuel expose les règles d'or de la rédaction d'un article scientifique. Conçu à partir des défauts majeurs rencontrés, l'auteur explique la manière de structurer facilement un article et expose les remèdes aux défauts typiques des auteurs francophones qui souhaitent publier en anglais. Il propose des conseils pour mieux éduquer ou vulgariser le savoir, et suggère enfin de nouvelles techniques de rédaction à l'ère d'Internet comme le micro-article, qui permet au chercheur de focaliser ses résultats sur un seul point innovant. Les grands principes exposés peuvent être appliqués à une grande variété de documents comme les thèses, les rapports industriels, les publicités, les lettres de motivation, les curriculum vitae, les blogs et les communiqués de presse car tous ces documents ont en commun la mise en évidence d'une avancée, d'une découverte, d'une innovation ou d'une différence par rapport à l'existant.

International audience; The Government of Madagascar plans to increase marine protected area coverage by over one million hectares. To assist this process, we compare four methods for marine spatial planning of Madagascar's west coast. Input data for each method was drawn from the same variables: fishing pressure, exposure to climate change, and biodiversity (habitats, species distributions, biological richness, and biodiversity value). The first method compares visual color classifications of primary variables, the second uses binary combinations of these variables to produce a categorical classification of management actions, the third is a target-based optimization using Marxan, and the fourth is conservation ranking with Zonation. We present results from each method, and compare the latter three approaches for spatial coverage, biodiversity representation, fishing cost and persistence probability. All results included large areas in the north, central, and southern parts of western Madagascar. Achieving 30% representation targets with Marxan required twice the fish catch loss than the categorical method. The categorical classification and Zonation do not consider targets for conservation features. However, when we reduced Marxan targets to 16.3%, matching the representation level of the ''strict protection'' class of the categorical result, the methods show similar catch losses. The management category portfolio has complete coverage, and presents several management recommendations including strict protection. Zonation produces rapid conservation rankings across large, diverse datasets. Marxan is useful for identifying strict protected areas that meet representation targets, and minimize exposure probabilities for conservation features at low economic cost. We show that methods based on Zonation and a simple combination of variables can produce results comparable to Marxan for species representation and catch losses, demonstrating the value of comparing alternative approaches during initial stages of the planning process. Choosing an appropriate approach ultimately depends on scientific and political factors including representation targets, likelihood of adoption, and persistence goals.