Search

On March 13, 2024, the European Parliament approved the draft “Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence”, and on May 21 of the same year, the Council of the European Union endorsed the said act as well. As a result, the regulation will enter into force in July 2024. It will become the world’s first legislative act to regulate all types of artificial intelligence available in the private sector. Artificial intelligence remains one of the most important challenges of the modern world. Technologies related to it are developing at a high speed, affecting all industries and individuals. As a result, it is necessary to regulate the field as effectively as possible; however, before the aforementioned regulation, there was practically no legal framework, which especially increased its importance. It is necessary to conduct an effective analysis of the given regulation to develop an even more effective regulatory framework in the future.

Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(3), 1599-1628 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. – II. Reform of epidemic surveillance. – III. Limited attention to decisions. – IV. Linguistic dimension. – V. Diversity and incidence of decisions. – VI. Inspiration for comparison. – VII. Substantial classification of decisions. – VIII. Outlining the doctrine of “standardising” decisions. – IX. Identified replacements by regulations. – X. Evaluation of these replacements. – XI. Perspectives andlimits of the tendency. – XII. Envisaged reform of secondary law instruments. – XIII. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The reform of epidemic surveillance in the European Union as a reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic attracts attention to one sporadically discussed phenomenon. Following the usual meaning of this term in legal settings, many decisions address individual cases. Nevertheless, a new category of decisions establishing rules has emerged in the past decades, i.e. “standardising” (“normative”, “norm-setting”, or “general”) decisions. These decisions have addressed the cooperation between the EU and national authorities, funding programmes and assistance to foreign countries. The European Parliament and the Council approved them. Theoretical reflections on these decisions are rare, but their pitfalls are identifiable. Namely, their possible effects on individuals are limited. The definition of unaddressed decisions provided by the Lisbon Treaty did not clarify the situation. Therefore, the recent tendency to replace these decisions with regulations deserves attention.

The research analyzes the process of formation of the ethics committee as a new institution in the system of regulation of genetic research. The external factors of this process are the increasing digitalization of medical and research practices, as well as the special situation that is developing in the field of genomic research and the use of genetic technologies, where issues of philosophy, jurisprudence and administration have generated many fundamentally new, and sometimes unexpected contexts. The author shows the similarity and difference of approaches to the inclusion of the ethics committee in the national regulatory systems of different countries and determines the prospects for further integration of the new institution into normative and administrative-regulatory and law enforcement practices. The research applies all the main methods of system analysis and structural and functional analysis, as well as the comparative legal method. At the stage of generalization of empirical material, the author turns to the means and methods of philosophical phenomenology and phenomenological sociology. The study revealed that the ethics committee may have different institutional and regulatory functions in a variety of management and legal systems. Being hybrid in nature, the ethics committee performs various functions, and in various state legal systems and traditions it can combine elements of legislative, executive and judicial power. At times, the ethics committee may go beyond the scope of both a purely administrative and exclusively legal regulator. All this indicates that the integration of this institution into the legal system and into a variety of social practices is far from being completed.

The Romanian Constitution regulates a derogatory procedure from the usual legislative procedure. This procedure involves the assumption of responsibility of the Government before the Parliament for a draft law. Our work addresses the characteristics of this procedure, but also its challenges, in the political and legal dialogue between the Government and the Parliament.

Copyright of Revue du Financier is the property of Societe Cybel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emperial Anti-Judaism in Moravia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century. Attempts to Regulate the Jewish Minority The paper focuses on the territory of Moravia between 1708–1728, when the Habsburg state produced a series of legislative measures that had a lasting impact on the status of the Jewish population. The au-thor sees this process as the formation of a monarchical anti-Judaism that gradually abandoned the old- er models of the Estates State and adopted the principles of absolute monarchies. In addition to formal shifts, the paper focuses primarily on the themes of these measures, the targets of which – the Jewish home, the synagogue, the ghetto, the family – tended to change frequently as the state sought the most an effective method for regulating the Jewish minority. Last but not least, the paper focuses on the actors who initiated the individual measures or were involved in their practical application.

Digital technologies deeply changed the way the audience thinks about TV shows, actually the most common kind of audiovisual practice. One of many symbols of this transformation is Netflix, a platform coming from Silicon Valley. Netflix is in a disruptive dynamic toward audiovisual, more specifically in France, where the practices of the platform are incompatible with the audiovisual regulations. This article shows the stakes of the implantation of Netflix in France, the way this American giant disturbed French audiovisual balance and the response of in place structures and finally the projects of industrials and politics to counter or cooperate with Netflix.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(2), 579-582 | Article | (Abstract) This Special Section is devoted to assessing whether core areas and core values of European law are future-proof (and how they could or should be made future-proof) in light of developments in terms of digitalisation and technological innovation. It is the result of a joint project of researchers at the Utrecht Centre for Regulation and Enforcement in Europe (RENFORCE) at Utrecht University, focusing on the impact of digitalisation in different fields of EU law including EU internal market law, consumer protection law, data protection law, competition law, financial law, intellectual property law and criminal law. Digital technologies create various challenges, in many cases associated with the use of algorithms, the massive collection of personal data and the possibilities (and difficulties) of access to digital content. All these challenges require careful consideration, and regulation and enforcement arrangements which protect and balance the possibly conflicting values that we deem important in our societies, including innovation and technological development and protection of fundamental rights. Yet, it is exactly the continuous and fast-paced technological developments that make it difficult to regulate in these areas. In the EU, this response is predominantly shaped and guided within the multi-level legal order, whereby the EU legislature has gained a growing role in shaping our digital societies. The Special Section editors hope that the contributions provide food for thought, useful insights and inspiration for the process of making regulation and enforcement in the EU (more) future-proof for digitalisation – both within the specific fields of expertise and beyond.

The tension between planning and project-based urban planning is a classic debate in spatial planning. This tension is reinforced by the major transformations of Moroccan cities, particularly in their peripheries. Public actors at all levels are fluctuating between regulation and strategic support for the market dynamics. In the race for metropolitan influence, this dual positioning challenges the instruments and reshapes the stakeholder networks. The article explores the role of urban planning tools, which are constantly being questioned by those involved in the urban fabric as to their ineffectiveness in planning the city, and which are often out of date by the time they are approved, despite the fact that many public players are involved in their elaboration.The article is based on a qualitative approach using semistructured interviews with those involved in urban planning and development. Firstly, it explores the evolution of the Plan d'Aménagement (PA), a tool introduced by the colonial power and subject to the tension between opening up lands to urbanisation and keeping territories under control. This tool has been particularly affected by the massive opening up to urbanisation on the outskirts. The example of El Menzeh, a municipality strategically located at the gateway to the capital, provides an opportunity to explore the current role of the document, in particular its ability to enforce a certain type of formal city and control its settlement. Finally, at the crossroads of ordinary and exceptional planning institutional and instrumental reconfigurations, renewing the tension between security issues and growth ambitions.

This article proposes an analysis of the special guardianship, a measure of protection of the major, recently introduced in the Civil Code, following the changes made under Law no. 140/2022 regarding some protection measures for persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities and the modification and completion of some normative acts. The analysis concerns the internal regulations in the matter, by comparison with the regulation of this institution in the French legislation.

Abuse of power represents, in general, all the attempts made by managers and employees, by which they place their illegitimate private interest above the public interest, bypassing the values they are committed to respecting. Abuse of power is a violation of public duty, a departure from moral standards in work, and therefore illegal and unethical behavior. Several factors play an important role in the spread of the phenomenon of abuse of power in society. There are administrative and economic factors, as well as social and legal factors.

Based on long excerpts from a collective interview conducted with a group of five self-employed or freelancers who design and build escape rooms, this article pursues two objectives: firstly, it shows how the development of a work collective based on an horizontal ideal cannot avoid the elaboration of rules for running; secondly, it proposes a reflection on the interest of the collective interview for the sociological analysis of work processes. By the questioning the elaboration of a group operating rules with this method, the article makes it possible to understand what this group interaction rises to. This article shows that some regulations issues are identified, addressed and negotiated for the first time during the interview.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted regulation of foreign exchange operations of commercial banks in financing construction projects. The expansion of international relations and internationalization of economic life, especially in view of the foreign economic activities of enterprises, make it necessary to study currency operations in special currency markets. In this context, commercial banks play an important role in reducing financial risks, especially currency risks in financing construction projects. Over the years of existence of the currency market in Kyrgyzstan, the experience of currency operations, currency trading and currency services for corporations and individuals has been accumulated, which proves the efficiency and profitability of such operations. In addition to receiving commissions, commercial banks also play a role in the financial stabilization of national monetary systems and international payment and settlement systems. In the context of inter-bank competition, the range of services offered to satisfy the foreign exchange needs of market participants is steadily growing, thanks to the development of international trade integration and considerable simplification of monetary circulation in the currency operations of banks around the world. The purpose of this study is to reveal the need for regulation of currency transactions in financing construction projects and in the financial-credit system and the digitalization of these processes.

This article focuses on socio-technical changes in the current context of climate changes: in particular, it examines regulations' role in accomplishing those changes. For this reason, it focuses on the regulations implemented to protect aquatic environments in France through the analysis of the self-monitoring procedure for sewerage systems. Thus, this article is based on a study of the legislative and regulatory texts instituting this procedure and is also based on two case studies on the Metropolis of Lyon and Nantes. These cases include in situ observations and interviews with actors involved in the monitoring of sewage networks. They point out the effects of regulations on organizations and on the surveillance implementation of wastewater system discharges into aquatic environments by local authorities. However, monitoring remains limited due to the restricted resources (particularly in terms of personnel) of the local authorities and of the other involved organizations; its sustainability even appears fragile in Nantes’ agglomeration. Under these conditions, monitoring generally fulfills the minimum requirements of regulations (producing data on wastewater system discharges into aquatic environments), but does not meet the environmental objectives that originally led to the procedure (protecting the environment, restoring the quality of aquatic environments).

This article objective is to identify the concept of governance applied to territorial dynamics. This is to emphasize the role of public and private actors in territorial governance. However, this notion is a form of territorial regulation and dynamic interdependence between particularly productive agents and institutions which will be the privileged actors for any form of coordination, decision-making, coalition and negotiation. Territorial governance is deployed taking into account the increased role of these actors when it comes to getting involved in a decision-making process and that of action. In the first place, it is a question of defining the territory in a vision of economic development by highlighting, first, its methodological evolution then, by fixing its aspect of specific construct, to highlight the role of governance as game of actors for the benefit of development. It is then necessary to apprehend the territorial dynamics by the reading grid of coordination and resources. However, the concept of territory is recognized as an actor in its own right and thus gives space a particular dimension in the production process. It is an organized and dynamic system. He succeeds in transforming public policies into public actions through his coordination actions.

Medieval religious orders implemented a series of devices to control the behavior of their members. In the case of the Order of Friars Minor, the systematization of the general constitutions that regulated the life of the brothers came with the generalship of Fray Buenaventura. The behavior of the friars that was standardized affected the interior and exterior spatiality of the convents. The aim of this article is to analyze to what extent the behavior of the friars is regulated and conditioned in the directives given by the chapter; as well as to establish which are the main spheres of interference on the movement of the friars between the conventual space and the outside and what guidelines of conduct and punishment are established.

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the impact of school regulations on the efficiency of the education system. By school regulations, we mean the matching of the child's life rhythms, school time and the parents' socio-professional time. The organisation of school time then takes into account many social, economic, political and pedagogical factors. What specifies the regulations and gives them weight within the education system is that they must induce the learner's autonomy. However, school rhythms are developed without taking into account the rhythm of the child's life. This results in difficulties for learners to articulate the curriculum to their own needs. The study is part of a comprehensive approach based on a qualitative approach. It was carried out with three secondary school students in the Central Region of Cameroon who had difficulties in developing positive skills in learning activities and in expressing positive emotions. The results reveal that these children express fears, sometimes refusals and forms of anxiety about school. This can be seen in the difficulty they have in articulating attention and concentration during the teaching/learning process. Moreover, the transgression of norms that can be observed through the difficulties in adapting to school in terms of attendance and punctuality, should not be interpreted as a disorder of adjustment of rhythms but rather as a factor of transformation of norms.

The present study analyzes modalities and effects of emotional management in the case of the students studying to become teachers. Emotions have a very important role in the learning activity and they are difficult to rebalance or regulate, being inherent, no matter if they are positive or negative. We are pleading for the fact that a better awareness of constructive emotions, of those reactions that can mobilize young people, but also of emotional manifestations with a disorganizing role, as well as the application of control techniques are ways to achieve a state of pleasure in learning, to capitalize on intrinsic resources at key moments in academic life, such as exams. At the level of higher education, it is possible to know and remove emotional difficulties, manage aversions, resolve conflicts, productively capitalize on one's own affectivity, in a pleasant, interactive climate.

Context and background Land grabbing has been in the news in Africa in recent years. Fertile land is increasingly falling into the hands of national or international private investors. Farmers with rudimentary means, youth, women, indigenous people, and pastoralists are the actors most affected by large-scale land grabs. Fertile land is becoming increasingly scarce and the public authorities do not seem to be determined to put in place safeguards to regulate this situation. However, while some countries such as Benin have made significant legal advances to try to regulate land grabbing, others are still sleeping on their laurels. The case of Senegal and many other West African countries are quite illustrative examples. But to better understand this rather differential trend, it is important to make a comparison between two systems, two West African countries, Senegal and Benin. Goal and Objectives: The purpose of this article is to compare the legal provisions of Benin and Senegal on land grabbing and to highlight the advances that limit this phenomenon to the advantage of the young people. Methodology: Our work consisted on the one hand of a literature review and on the other hand of the collection of land and legal data allowing us to see the progress of the phenomenon in order to propose recommendations to limit land grabbing in French-speaking West Africa for the benefit of youth. Results: This article will help to know more about land grabbing in francophone west Africa, especially in Benin and Senegal. The research results showed that land grabbing in Francophone West Africa requires legal and political regulation to better protect the land rights of vulnerable groups such as youth and women.

The tendency to recognize the legal person as the subject of crime and, respectively, of criminal liability has received an impetus for development in several states largely due to the need of increasing the level of legal protection of bona fide competition, of consumer rights, of environment, of occupational safety, etc. With the transition to a market economy, the role of legal persons has increased enormously. In the conditions of a fierce competition and the fight for domination on the sales markets, the legal persons with different forms of legal organization commit de facto multiple deeds that fall under the incidence of the criminal law. For this reason, in the doctrine of law there are more and more questions regarding the protection of the rights and interests of the person, of the society, of the state, of the economic system, of the environment etc. from the criminal acts committed by legal persons. Currently, criminal law with respect to the liability of legal persons is lagging behind the dynamic development of the economic sphere of society. This can be confirmed by the criminological research which shows a steady increase in the number of crimes committed by legal persons. It shows that the sanctions provided by the rules of criminal law for illegal acts committed by legal persons do not represent an obstacle to their socially dangerous criminal activity, especially since the benefit or the income obtained multiple times exceeds the amounts of fines paid. However, the relevance of a study in the matter of the particularities of preventing, investigating and combating crimes committed by legal persons is determined by the continuous evolution of the institution of criminal liability of legal persons.

According to statistical data, the number of entities that declared insolvency in the Republic of Moldova has increased significantly. Thus, if, in 2016, 673 economic agents were declared insolvent, then only in the first quarter of 2022 their number stood at 2968 . In all countries of the world, no matter the level and degree of development of their economy, there is such a phenomenon as insolvency. It is obvious that a natural or legal person could become insolvent because of excess debt or lack of liquidity. In other cases, however, it is found that insolvency occurs because entrepreneurs are not able to manage their business, or they intentionally, through illicit actions, cause the company's poor economic condition. Therefore, the economic and financial difficulties of an enterprise may have the "domino" negative effect of attracting the financial collapse of business partners . We consider that the legislation of the Republic of Moldova provides sufficient instruments for the authorized administrator and the State Tax Service to have the possibility, together with the insolvency process, to identify offenses committed by the debtor even after the insolvency proceedings have been initiated. At the same time, we can assume that the detection of the insolvency offense in the Republic of Moldova is a rare phenomenon, because we are confronted with the problem of lack of professional training and specialization in the given field of the criminal investigation bodies, the competence in examining these crimes is assigned to the general organs of Ministry of Internal Affairs, according to art. 266 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Moldova. However, the offense of insolvency (fictitious and intentional), as an economic crime, requires extensive knowledge of the financial and accounting field, civil law, insolvency, etc., for the instrumental provision of complex strategic investigations following the experience of the European Union. It is therefore important that criminal investigation structures investigating economic offenses in general and insolvency offenses in particular should have a high return through full use of institutional and professional capacities.

The year of 1866 would represent a challenge for Romanian diplomacy, as by the dethronement of Al. I. Cuza, the great powers would be led to discuss the rescinding of the 1859 act and, implicitly, the return to the political regime which would have caused the two principalities serious damage to their autonomy, both on an internal level, as well as external and it would be met with opposition from the great powers, as the young Romanian national state would meet its major objectives, thus creating a favorable international context in order to acquire state independence.

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena and, specifically, (I) to describe the characteristics of dispensaries, (ii) describe dispensing practices and (iii) assess regulatory compliance when dispensing on the basis of a prescription and an advice. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey from June to December 2020. Data were collected in two stages, through interviews with pharmacists and participant observation in drug delivery practices in pharmacies. Results: in total, 26 pharmacies, or 50% of pharmacies in N'Djamena, were surveyed. The main survey findings were: private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena employed two categories of staff, namely pharmacists and auxiliary staff (pharmacy technicians, nurses and salespeople or staff with "no health qualifications". These had not been trained in a health school recognised by the Ministry of Health) to dispense medicines. Very few pharmacies (8%) had a customer confidentiality area and a order book. The three modes of delivery were observed in more or less equal proportions (30 to 40% of dispensations). Dispensing at the patient's request was slightly predominant (40%) and the majority of medicines dispensed at the patient's request and based on dispenser's advice belonged to the different tables of toxic substances (over 70%). The noted absence of the pharmacist from the pharmacy justified why 84% of patients' requests were addressed to the pharmacy assistants. Conclusion: this study shows low compliance of pharmacies with pharmaceutical regulations for proper dispensing of medicines in the city of N'Djamena. Factors related to pharmaceutical sector governance and human resources management as well as therapeutic patient education could explain this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to determine the contexts and the methods of information processing related to the terrorist attacks Burkina Faso suffered from in 2021. The corpus includes 5 major reports shot during the year 2021 and shot in areas affected by terrorism. The study shows that different types of illustration images are used in the major studied reports: images shot on the ground, archive images, computer-generated images or animated images. The study reveals the use of the speakers' faces blurring, the modification of the voices of some of the interviewees and the expression under cover of anonymity of interlocutors. However, sterling reportage broadcast propaganda images of terrorist groups and thus creates visibility around the actors of terrorism. The study also underlines that in terms of effects, the broadcasting of sterling reportage has modified the agenda of the Minister in charge of Security (support visit to the populations in Solhan), the Procureur du Faso in Mangodara (initiation of an investigation about the death of a Homeland Defense Volunteer (VDP) and individuals (Contribution to the war effort and the care for the wounded VDPs). In terms of the social responsibility of the journalist, the study highlights the practice of self-censorship by journalists and the censorship body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper approaches ways in which the debates around the tax reform in Argentina were reflected and readjusted into municipal levels during the WWI economic crisis. By taking the case of Posadas, capital city of the national territory of Misiones, it proposes to observe how the new debates on the tax system and the municipal attributions to establish a more progressive levy were reflected from the local newspaper La Tarde. Through this analyses it is sustained that the issues discussed show the circulation of ideas according to which municipalities were conceived as government institutions provided with the necessary attributions to introduce tax reforms or redirect their tax policies based on a progressive levy, and also regulate the prices of basic foodstuffs, in order to favor low-income sectors affected by the crisis. Likewise, we argue that although these conceptions were nurtured by widespread economic ideas such as Georgism, they also received influence from the experiences of other municipalities that worked as models of what could be done. In this context, municipal initiatives can be understood as inserted in a wider field of discussions over the scope of municipal capacities during the crisis and not only as local responses.

Online resources offer a uniquely efficient way of sharing health research with scientists and the public. Using web portals to make results and study information available to diverse audiences could work to accelerate research translation and empower patients to play a more active role in their care. But using online tools to broadly share health information raises several challenging ethical and regulatory questions. Issues such as equity, privacy, and patient empowerment may create challenges for regulators, portal developers, as well as researchers. It is additionally unclear whether web portals designed to facilitate access to research results and general health information will be regulated as medical devices under emerging regimes that control software with medical purposes. This paper aims to comparatively address whether online therapeutic portals for sharing health research are likely to be regulated in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find that though these jurisdictions have each taken recent steps to regulate software as medical devices, the applicable regimes will generally not capture online portals for sharing health research. Though online portals for sharing health research are probably unregulated in many (if not most) jurisdictions, agencies have nevertheless signalled their concerns regarding several important ethical considerations (such as equity, transparency, and safety), to which portal developers and researchers should be attentive and respond. We describe here one set of issues highlighted by regulators – that is, efficiency, equity, transparency, confidentiality, communication, empowerment, training, and safety & efficacy – and consider how to best guide the design of online portals in a context of regulatory uncertainty.

Many rural areas are facing strong urban and demographic growth. This article focuses more specifically on rural areas subject to strong demographic growth and land pressure due to the influence of a border metropolis. We have chosen to study the French rural areas on the outskirts of Geneva and Luxembourg. We analyze collective action and practices of urban planning actors.We describe the spatial planning issues that actors face in rural areas. How spatial planning practices and actions are characterized in rural areas under the influence of border cities? How do public spatial planning actors manage and steer urban development in these rural areas?We show that the cross-border growth situation leads to particular regulation problems and that public actors respond at both local and state level. We highlight specificities of spatial planning situations concerning these rural areas: the difficulty of intervening at the source of growth dynamics because of the border; the importance of cooperation practices between public actors at different scales; the combination of generic and ad-hoc spatial planning instruments in order to control growth and its undesired effects.

Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to address the issue of the protection of personal data regarding the only category of vulnerable subjects specifically provided by Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR): minors. Corresponding attention is dedicated to the Italian legislation (legislative decree 10 August 2018, n.101) enacted to adapt Italian law (the code regarding the protection of personal data referred to in legislative decree 30 June 2003, n. 196) to the GDPR. I will analyze the provisions referred to minors (e.g., articles 8, 12 GDPR as well as art. 2-quinquies of Legislative Decree 2003/196), as well as the principles and rules provided in general terms, which indeed need to be tailored where applicable to the processing of personal data involving minors. Positive aspects as well as critical issues are highlighted in the light of effectiveness, that is to verify if the objectives set out by law (rectius ratio legis) are put in place through rules able to realize them. With particular attention to privacy policies and effective application in digital contexts, the presentation aims to submit issues and proposals for solutions from both a de iure condito and de iure condendo perspective.

The objective of this article is to identify and examine working conditions in micro-work platforms, one of the forms of crowdwork, and more specifically, to analyze the perception of workers about the lack of regulation in this form of occupation. To this end, it applies a questionnaire to 34 Brazilian workers from different microtask platforms and, later, conducts in-depth interviews with 4 of them. The exploratory nature of the study allowed to understand that micro-work is still seen as a way to supplement income and that there is great interest in the flexibility made possible by working on digital platforms. At the same time, there is a difference of opinion among workers about the importance or not of regulation.

Cybersovereignty is a concept highly supported by China and the Russian Federation, considering it as an application of the principle of state sovereignty. In essence, it is opposed to the idea of an open Internet outside State regulations. The aim of this paper is to critically explore the main features and implications of the concept of Cybersovereignty by reference to the basic principle of sovereignty in International Law. At this date, within the United Nations the conclusion of specialized working groups is that principles and norms of International Law are applicable in Cyberspace. However, it is far from clear if the same parameters and meaning as in the physical space are applicable.

Eectronic payment methods represent a basic requirement for practicing electronic commerce in light of a digital economy, based on digitization and the use of modern payment methods that differ from traditional means. But the Electronic payment methods require legal texts to regulate them, this is what the Algerian legislator has consecrated through several legal texts, starting with Law n° 18-05 related to electronic commerce.

Etkili bir okul yönetimini sağlamak ve okulda bulunan bireyleri belirlenmiş amaçlar doğrultusunda harekete geçirmek için okul yöneticisinin, sahip olduğu yasal gücün yanı sıra teknik, insani ve kavramsal boyutlarda kimi becerilere sahip olması beklenir. Okul yöneticilerinin; liyakate dayalı olarak, nesnel ölçütler aracılığıyla seçilmesi ve görevlendirilmesi etkili bir okul yönetimi açısından bir sorun alanıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına Bağlı Eğitim Kurumlarına Yönetici Görevlendirme Yönetmeliği (2017), Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Eğitim Kurumlarına Yönetici Görevlendirme Yönetmeliği (2018) ve Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına Bağlı Eğitim Kurumlarına Yönetici Seçme ve Görevlendirme Yönetmeliği’nin (2021); eğitim kurumu müdürlerinin, müdür başyardımcılarının ve müdür yardımcılarının ilk defa görevlendirilme şartları ile usul ve esaslarını karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışma, doküman analizi türünde bir araştırmadır. Araştırmaya konu edilen üç yönetmelik yöneticiliğe ilk kez görevlendirme bağlamında karşılaştırılmıştır. Verilerin analizi betimsel analiz yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak yönetmeliklerin; bürokratik sürece hâkim ve teknik yönü ağır basan bir yönetici tipinden öğretimsel lider profilinin öne çıkarıldığı bir anlayışa evrildiği gözlenmektedir. Bunun yanında 2021 yönetmeliğinde yazılı ve sözlü sınav ile değerlendirme formunun oransal ağırlıklarını içeren çok boyutlu bir değerlendirme modelinin görevlendirilmeye esas alındığı belirlenmiştir. Değerlendirmenin çok boyutlu oluşunun, kapsam ve yordama geçerliği ile güvenilirliği olumlu yönde etkileyeceği düşünülmektedir. 2021 yönetmeliğinde görevlendirmede eğitim yönetimi sertifikası şartı getirildiği görülmektedir. Ancak eğitim yönetimi alanında lisansüstü eğitim derecesine sahip adaylara eğitim yönetimi sertifikası konusunda muafiyet getirilmemesi önemli bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda bulgulara dayalı olarak yönetici görevlendirme konusuna ilişkin yönetici ve öğretmenlerin görüşlerine dayalı nicel ve nitel araştırmalar önerilmektedir.

The aim of this article is to compare the regulation regarding asylums between British and French colonies, to study their management in a peculiar colonial context and to highlight the differences between the two colonial empires. The texts might sometimes differ in content, but the regulations are alike in their evolution throughout the period, with a will to improve the legal treatment of lunatics, but not without taking higher economic interests into account, while enduring colonial constraints.

The construction and circulation of international norms aimed at controlling drug manufacturing and marketing practices is often analyzed through the prism of North/South, patented/generic, public/private, global/national/local oppositions. This article draws on interviews with key players in the pharmaceutical sector in India to demonstrate that these binary oppositions mask the diversity of relationships maintained locally with global standards. Taking the case of a patented molecule, Sofobusvir, we discuss how Indian generic companies adjust to the international law on intellectual property and how the smallest firms justify transgressing norms while taking advantage of their existence. Analyzing the role of the drug control agency of the state of Gujarat, we also show that the application of Indian good manufacturing practices is negotiated with the different levels of the local administration, between health needs and industrial attractiveness. We also identify the different attitudes of the companies and the central state towards drug pricing standards to highlight their strong capacities for adaptation, subversion, and diversion of norms. Overall, this article highlights the various relationships to norms to explain their continued diversity on a global scale.

Injuries resulting from a collision, a slip, a jam or any other accidental disturbance of voluntary movement represent more than 200,000 occupational accidents (OA) with days lost each year. This article is based on the combination of knowledge relating to occupational risk of accident with movement disturbance (AMD), movement in the activity and operational regulations with a view to understanding both the performance and the failure of movement control in the activity. Movement, inseparable from the activity of which it is a part, emerges from interactions in the occupational situation, just like activity. Its control simultaneously and inseparably targets the performance of the task and the avoidance of accidental movement disturbances. First of all the risk of AMD is characterized; the control of movement in the activity is then presented. The diversity of risk situations and its effect on prevention are then discussed, as are the variabilities in work situations, variabilities to which the regulations respond and from which the AMDs emerge. Time management in relation to the AMD risk is then illustrated using accident analyses. Finally, a framework focusing on the activity is proposed for analyzing movement in the activity in both usual and accidental situations.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)