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La majorité des tabellions des juridictions royales en Normandie est incontestablement influencée par la chancellerie du roi de France lorsqu’il leur faut adopter un paraphe, alors que d’autres au contraire font preuve d’originalité. Dans tous les cas, le choix du paraphe n’est pas anodin, mais combine possibilités graphiques, marque d’appartenance et dimension symbolique. Ce foisonnement témoigne du dynamisme de la juridiction gracieuse du roi dans la province normande, preuve du rayonnement du pouvoir royal, dont les manifestations visibles se trouvent ainsi démultipliées. The majority of the tabellions of the royal jurisdictions in Normandy are undeniably influenced by the chancellery of the King of France, when they need to adopt an paraph, while others, on the contrary, are original. In any case, the choice of the paraph is not insignificant, but combines graphic possibilities, brand identity and symbolic dimension. This abundance reflects the dynamism of the king in the Norman province, proof of the influence of royal power, whose visible manifestations are thus multiplied. La maggior parte dei tabelloni delle giurisdizioni reali in Normandia è indubbiamente influenzata dalla cancelleria del re di Francia quando devono adottare una sigla, mentre altri, al contrario, mostrano originalità. In tutti i casi, la scelta del paraffo non è insignificante, ma unisce possibilità grafiche, un segno di appartenenza e una dimensione simbolica. Questa abbondanza testimonia il dinamismo della graziosa giurisdizione del re nella provincia normanna, prova dell’influenza del potere reale, le cui manifestazioni visibili si moltiplicano così. Die Mehrheit der „Tabellions“ der königlichen Jurisdiktion in der Normandie ist unbestreitbar von der französischen königlichen Kanzlei beeinflusst, wenn sie etwa zur Paraphe eingereicht wurden, während andere im Gegensatz dazu im Original überliefert sind. In allen Fällen ist die Wahl der Paraphe keinesfalls unbedeutend. Die Zunahme bezeugt die Dynamik der unentgeltlichen königlichen Gerichtsbarkeit in der normannischen Provinz, Beweis für die Ausstrahlung der königlichen Macht, deren sichtbare Verkörperung sich um ein vielfaches steigerte.

Background Health professionals play an important role in providing health information to patients. The objectives of this study were to examine the type of advice that Canadians with hypertension recall receiving from health professionals to manage their condition, and to assess if there is an association between health behaviour advice provided by health professionals and self-reported engagement in health behaviour modification. Methods Respondents of the 2009 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada ( N = 6142) were asked about sociodemographic characteristics, health care utilization, and health behaviour modification to control hypertension. Association between receipt of advice from health professional and ever engaging, continuing to engage, and not engaging in health behaviour modification was quantified by prevalence rate ratios. Results Most participants (90.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 89.6-92.2) reported that the health professional most responsible for treating their high blood pressure was their general practitioner. Approximately 9% reported that they had not received or do not recall receiving any advice for blood pressure control. The most commonly reported advice received from a health professional was to participate in physical activity or exercise (70.0%). Respondents who had received advice on health behaviour change to manage their high blood pressure were more likely to report engaging in the behaviour compared with those who did not receive such advice. Conclusions Many Canadians with hypertension receive health behaviour change advice from their health professionals. Receiving this advice was associated with a greater likelihood of attempting health behaviour change and attempting to sustain that change.

A Bureaucratic Cycle : Salt Administration in East and West Salt administrations were a widespread institution of premodern bureaucracy in both East and West. They were concerned both with the assessment, collection and receipt of tax, and with the production, distribution and consumption of salt. This article examines five such administrations : medieval Venice, eighteenth-century France, the Ottoman empire, China and India in the early twentieth century : and seeks to establish similarities and differences in both structure and conjuncture. It concludes that overall similarities outweigh differences, and that this type of institution, a true bureaucratic species, is characteristic of the adolescence or senescence of the state. The history of salt administrations is thus inscribed within a bureaucratic cycle., Adshead S. A. M. Un cycle bureaucratique : l'administration du sel en Orient et en Occident. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 38ᵉ année, N. 2, 1983. pp. 221-233.