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This paper focuses on the rhetorical effects of a particular type of tweet, the retweet including a quoted tweet. It involves a double "enunciative augmentation" (Paveau 2017a, 2017b) that often has an argumentative function. The study of the discursive and linguistic features characterizing this technodiscursive practice is carried out on a thematic corpus related to the French public debate on end-of-life issues. After resuming the specificities of digital discourses and showing the distinctive aspects of retweets including a quoted tweet, the analysis of the corpus shows the rhetorical features of two constructions which are recurrent in this type of tweet: the use of connectors introducing an argumentative sequence and the use of dialogic strategies. The rhetorical effects of the enunciative augmentation of retweets including a quoted tweet are finally put in relation with what we propose to consider as a "function of technodiscursive attestation". It also emerges that this quotational practice often entails the hierarchical sharing of the speaker's enunciative responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores how human relations in relationship with „the metaverse” – a novel term used to describe an alternative reality enabled by nascent immersive technologies like virtual reality and augmented reality, in combination with blockchain and artificial intelligence can be understood conceptually by drawing parallels to systems of thought based on a multi layered universe. Greek mythology offers insightful examples of interactions between the different layers of the ancient Greek universe. One can easier understand how to design the rules for the responsibility of humans interacting with each other in different layers of the universe ( as physical beings in the natural reality and as avatars the virtual reality of the metaverse), as well as the interaction with their created purely artificial beings ( artificial intelligence non playable characters in the metaverse), when looking at the way in which the Greek mythology has designed such situations. The epic interactions between Greek gods in Olympus, men on Earth, and souls in the underworld, illustrate lessons around fundamental concepts questioned by the nascence of the metaverse, such as personal identity, free will, and laws in a multi layered universe. Also, one can look at the model of the layered universe, with moral rules incorporated by Gods in the fabric of the humans as part of the reality of Earth, and perhaps learn as to how one could design ethical behavioural rules in the fabric of the metaverse, too. Using the analogy with Greek mythology, the article explores the fundamental dilemmas humans have now, in terms of addressing the issue of responsibility and representation in the newly create metaverse, seen as a new layer of the universe.

Protecting the environment is one of the most current topics of debate around the world. From the impact people have through all their actions, to how the planet can be protected, discussions about the environment are of great interest to everyone. If you have a business and you want to have as little impact on nature as possible, you need to be very well informed both about how you act and about the existing legislation in the Republic of Moldova. An environmentally friendly business is one that uses resources efficiently, trying to minimize the impact of environmental risks. Adapting companies to have more sustainable businesses starts with awareness of the issues and understanding the importance of these changes.

Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This contribution presents two perspectives: one based on AI expertise and the other on the importance of knowledge as human knowledge. The later focuses on the purpose of education by revisiting Alexander von Humboldt’s concept of Bildung as the main purpose of education. Resisting the shifting to radically pragmatic models of education, without Bildung, in recent decades, in the Global North which develops a system of disposable education that focuses on training a workforce for the market. Concerned by the production of disposable knowledge and assessments, with the sole goal of achieving good grades and securing employment, we see Generative AI, as mirroring this functionalist and economist vision of society, revealing strongly the limits of this paradigm. This article first explains how automatic learning, the foundation of generative AI, works. Second, we shall discuss human deep learning, as opposed to surface learning showing how it is required to develop as a person in the Bildung perspective. Third, we highlight this first intuition that AI reveals the functioning of our societies and move beyond, with an art of questioning in philosophy.

The Romanian Constitution regulates a derogatory procedure from the usual legislative procedure. This procedure involves the assumption of responsibility of the Government before the Parliament for a draft law. Our work addresses the characteristics of this procedure, but also its challenges, in the political and legal dialogue between the Government and the Parliament.

This paper explores the relationship of mourning and the gift in the work of Jacques Derrida. I argue that mourning is not a Derridean gift, but mourning does open us to the gift. Reading the works of Aristotle, Cicero, and Kierkegaard on friendship and love to the dead in the wake of Derrida’s Politics of Friendship makes this relation among mourning and the gift apparent for he presents mourning as the opening to a democracy to-come whose logic is the gift. Through these accounts, I maintain that in preparing us for the gift, mourning the dead other can help us to relate better with the living other in ethical, political, and ontological terms.

The research article investigates, in an evolutionary key, the theme of the protection of minors in the care relationship and in the adoption of the therapeutic choices that concern them. We proceed to a re-reading of the discipline on informed consent using the lens of the discernment ability of the minor person and, therefore, of the so-called best interest of the child, seeking a reasonable balance between the various interests involved.

Climate change challenges appear more and more clearly, and citizens in different parts of the world are affected in various ways. The main efforts aiming to mitigate the consequences of climate change should be undertaken at national and regional levels, but support by the citizens is also necessary. The present article focuses on a survey carried out in France, asking the participants what are, according to them, the obstacles and the solutions to climate change. A content analysis of 1000 collected answers is undertaken first, and secondly a linguistic analysis particularly focusing on enunciative aspects, exploring what roles the citizens attribute to themselves and how and to what extent they express their own points of view.

While official development assistance has had a positive impact in Asian countries, the situation remains disappointing in sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly in Cameroon. A number of variables explain this failure to achieve the objectives of official development assistance : while donors have repeatedly granted funds, it is no less true that they do not follow them up harmoniously in terms of implementation and allocation. Similarly, the responsibility of recipient states should be questioned. This article sets out to do just that, drawing on documentary research to understand the responsibilities of each party and to see to what extent official development assistance could also contribute to the development of the African continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

cet article propose de penser le projet d'ingénierie pédagogique de l'INSA Lyon consacré à la réforme des enseignements pour répondre la transition socio-écologique, à l'aune de la pensée et l'action de Gaston Berger, un des principaux fondateurs de cette école d'ingénieur.e.s. Si l'on retient que l'ingénierie nécessite une philosophie, cette dernière consiste en une opération de « conversion du regard » de l'idéalisme transcendental au pragmatisme, impliquant une éthique des connaissances. Cette étude vise également à nourrir la signification de la vision humaniste du rôle de l'ingénieur.e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to political ecologies of education by connecting climate activism in Austria to questions of environmental justice and ecopedagogy. Based on a collaboration project between trainee teachers and secondary school students in Graz (Austria), the article analyses student group essays and photo reports dealing with ideas and solutions to combat the climate crisis and to enable socio-ecological transformation. Interviews with Fridays for Future (FFF) strike participants complete the analysis. I discuss propositions related to the concepts of activism, ecopedagogy, environmental and climate justice, and especially the principle of responsibility. I show that the school collaboration project and common participation in a climate strike contributed to civic engagement and research-based learning. Trainee teachers and school students exchanged ideas and co-created knowledge to fight against the climate crisis, and the collaboration opened a dialogue in a democratic classroom, arguably helping to develop participants' intrinsic motivation. While some of the ideas proposed are reformist or oppositional, for example to eat less meat, others are propositional, advocating for system change. A conclusion is that the climate movement is represented by a diversity of voices and opinions.

The issue of citizenship has been one of the main topics of political thinking since antiquity, when its origins were significantly shaped by classical philosophers, whose ideas are also important for modern thinking. Gradually, with the intensification of globalization many new conceptualizations of the classical concept of citizenship were formulated to address global challenges. These shift away from the basic view of the interconnectedness of citizenship with a specific territory and give humans a wider, global identity with an associated appeal to global responsibility. One such concept is environmental citizenship. This article is aimed at examining the historical development of citizenship, particularly in its republican and liberal versions, and its conceptualisation in the context of environmental problems that overcome national borders. The demands on citizens must be adapted to this reality. This article highlights the growing potential of environmental citizenship as one of the possible key factors for achieving a more sustainable world, which however requires the active involvement of nation-states.

As we enter the digital age, we realise that we are surrounded by machines that observe us, know our tastes, build our public image, judge who’s right and who’s wrong. This raises questions, especially as artificial intelligences process the tracks we leave in the infospace, identify our profile and seem to predict our future. More like a nightmare than a dystopia. The essay tries to reverse the perspective by considering some examples drawn from legal experience and asking whether the digital revolution is not rather hinting at a new era of responsibility

Throughout his career as a prosecutor, Fritz Bauer has always avoided looking back: from the capture of Eichmann to the Auschwitz trial he was never guided by intentions of revenge, nor was he ever satisfied with arresting those who were guilty; if anything, his intention was to promote democracy by educating the population, and to trigger reflections and debates around the problem of responsibility. Such an attitude emerges clearly from his writings, as well as from numerous public speeches, and interviews. From his first works, the very first one published when he was still in exile in Sweden, his Marxist-socialist vision stands out: the problem is not Hitler, it is the society that promoted him. And therefore it is this society that has to be changed. Of course, by preparing new cases aimed at past mistakes, but primarily through a deep self-analysis.

After her visit to Germany in 1949/50 Hannah Arendt wrote the essay The Aftermath of Nazi-Rule. Report of Germany (1950) in which she collects her reflections on post-war German society. Starting from this analysis, the present article aims to investigate the causes of the inexplicable indifference to Nazi crimes that Arendt observes in the German people. While Arendt emphasizes the inability to think (and feel) provoked by the regime, A. and M. Mitscherlich focus on the failure to process the traumatic ‘loss of the Führer’. In both cases, a mechanism of reality distortion gets triggered, resulting in the repression of the past and the denial of one’s own guilt and responsibility. The studies by Bar-On, Pohl and Welzer (et al.) show how these repression processes are also active in later generations, even today, representing a threat to a successful reworking of the past, to the preservation of collective memory and to the recognition of one’s own responsibility not only for the past, but also for the present and future.

Abstract:Arbitration is considered a means of separating the opponents in their disputes, and the arbitrator, when exercising the function of Arbitration, may commit some crimes that require a deterrent punishment; therefore, the research came to address the extent of the arbitrator's responsibility for those crimes committed, and what is the appropriate punishment for each crime. Hence, the research dealt with the concept of the arbitrator and the legality of his work in Islamic and legal jurisprudence, with a review of the most Important crimes that can be committed by the arbitrator, and the statement of the penalty resulting from each crime. The study concluded that criminal liability is realized In the arbitrator when he commits a serious mistake, while deliberately not respecting the principle of independence and impartiality, which causes harm to one of the parties to the dispute.

Drawing on recent research, this paper extends facets of Jean-Louis Genard’s work –on the reconfigurations of the relationship to responsibility– in areas of practices where molecular biology circulates modes of interpretation that resists modern responsibility. Based on three distinct sets of specialist knowledge increasingly accessible to the general public –genomic ancestry testing, environmental epigenomics and ancient DNA research– social actors discursively entangle biology and identity narratives through specific temporalities that connect past and present, as well as establish connections between self and others. In a context where contemporary populations yearn for connection to the past, new forms of relationship to responsibility and the construction of identities emerge from these narratives, and unveil social dynamics associated with new forms of domination/emancipation that accompany scientific research involving (epi)genomics. Both can be brought to light by reflections and tools developed by Jean-Louis Genard.

To pay homage to Jean-Louis Genard in the context of this file dedicated to him, I have chosen to return to the first book he published a little over thirty years ago, Sociologie de l’éthique (1992 ). Like any work, that of Jean-Louis is cumulative. Over the past decades, he has deployed, consolidated, completed and enriched the theoretical strings that he had developed in particular in this book where the social actor is fully considered as an ethical subject in his triple modality of responsibility, commitment and of reflexivity. We will limit ourselves to recalling the context and the main arguments of this thesis and to showing that the theoretical tricks then activated in this book are still at work in his last texts.

Jean-Louis Genard introduced, through his reflections on culture and pragmatics, a broadening of these conceptions. In two of his books in particular, he shows how pragmatics must open up to a reconstruction of the symbolic structures of language activity, relying on a hermeneutics of the history of the use of pronominal designations, and how culture must be understood in a dialogic sense. These new orientations open up to what can be called a “cultural responsibility”, as this article aims to show by analyzing the original contributions of Jean-Louis Genard.

This article looks back at Jean-Louis Genard’s intellectual career, based in particular on the fine book drawn from his thesis, Sociologie de l’éthique (1992). A pioneer in many respects, the model of responsibility he develops anticipates the grammatical turn, the pragmatic turn, the ethical turn and the emotional turn that have marked the social sciences over the last 30 years but ties them together tightly in an original and stimulating paradigm. It is this powerful paradigm, which gives his life as a sensitive and committed intellectual theoretical coherence and ethical depth, that this article sets out to outline.

Contemporary forms of parenting (such as same-sex couples, children conceived through oocyte or sperm donation, with possible assistance from surrogate mothers, and children raised by single mothers, among others) are now recognized to not cause more psychopathologies in children born and raised in these conditions compared to children conceived and raised in "traditional" parental constellations. Presenting a brief clinical vignette dating back more than 30 years will lead us to reconsider the essential elements for the psychological and ethical well-being of children in general, and specifically those born through contemporary forms of parenting. I will thus address the question of the primary origin of ethical capacity in every human being, as well as the ethics of responsibility and the ethics of truthful communication from parents, with a central focus on respecting the generational difference, i.e. the asymmetry between parents and child, respecting the difference between genders, and honoring the child's capacity for representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At the dawn of the third decade of inter-communal, inter-ethnic and inter-tribal wars opposing different armed groups to the exhaustion of the public form, the Democratic Republic of Congo has cried out on the roof of the world to denounce the pullers of the strings, without finding the slightest echo of its cries of distress. On the other hand, under the ashes of thousands of deaths and the rape of women and children, the appetites of politicians ready to do anything to satisfy their fantasies flourish. Perhaps it is time to come to our senses and understand that there is no lack of solutions. It is the choices and priorities that come first. We are convinced that peace as an option in the Great Lakes region can be reconciled with the interests of the various decision-makers. The study of the Hungarian minority system serves as a model for designing the conditions or possibilities for a lasting peace in the Congo. If Hungarian solutions have enabled Hungary to solve its internal problems, they could in one way or another be the basis for peace in the DRC. We rely on Hungary's recognition of the national and ethnic minorities existing within its nation and state, on the one hand, and on the other, on the responsibility clauses that commit the Hungarian government to the protection of its various nations outside the borders of the motherland. We must be aware of the national minorities living in the DRC and the need for agreements between their home state and the DRC on the limit of responsibility of the latter. Hoping to obtain results similar to our intentions, we dare to believe that it is possible to reproduce the Hungarian solutions in the Congo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important strategic goals of the reform of the Criminal justice system (penal enforcement system) the priority of the modern state is the development of institutions that execute punishments without isolation from society. The realization of this goal involves the solution of a complex of legal, organizational, correctional and market-economic tasks. However, it is crucial to change the punitive policy of the state in the direction of its liberalization in relation to persons who have committed minor offenses. The need to humanize the punitive policy of the state is predetermined by the fact that the punishment in the form of imprisonment tit places a heavy burden on the state budget, the economic development of the state and entails the rupture of social ties of convicts, generates criminalization of society and in the field of ecological development.

The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical significance of issues related to the application of probation as a probationary period after the application of punishment for criminal offenses that encroach on the normal functioning of the management of trans boundary water resources. The legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan has the task of protecting the legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, society and the state in the context of the application of probation as a probationary period after the application of punishment for criminal offenses that encroach on the use of geo-information technologies in water management and irrigation. Encroaching on the use of geo-information technologies in water management and irrigation

The topic of the scientific work is relevant both in international and national legislation. The minimum age of criminal liability is the limit from which the state begins to implement its repressive measures against minors. Therefore, it is important to regulate the minimum age in such a way that it is in harmony with the bio-psycho-social condition of the minor and to achieve the goals of criminal law, in terms of analyzing the committed crime, and at the same time, the main goal of punishment in juvenile justice, such as resocialization-rehabilitation, is achievable. The article analyzes from which age the actions committed in the person of a person are analyzed, which should be directly related to the establishment of the minimum age limit. In addition, international approaches are compared with national legislation. It is worth noting that in the reality of Georgia, such an important institution as referral has been implemented, which does not leave minors under the minimum age, who have committed deviant actions, unresponsive. In the paper, the issues determining the criminal liability of a minor are discussed logically, after which the national legislation and international approaches are discussed. It is shown how important it is to correctly perceive/analyze the mentioned issue for the development of juvenile justice, and as a conclusion, the conformity of national approaches with internationally recognized best practice is shown, especially with the existence of such an important institution as – referral, thus, on the one hand, the state does not leave devi- ant cases without a response. The behavior, on the other hand, is prevented in the future by resocialization-rehabilitation of the minor.

Every philosopher who is concerned with practical rationality and the public import of philosophy assumes a politico-philosophical responsibility for his or her words, thoughts, and deeds. More often than not, this is a function of his or her place and time in history as well as the press of current events that claim the philosopher’s solicitude so as to intervene at least with the force of thought and words, if not with deeds. Yet, as philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Albert Camus have argued, thinking is itself always the essential action that is needed in times of momentous decision, despite the seeming absurdity of events.

In France, midwives are a medical profession with defined competences and operate autonomously only in eutocia, where their responsibility is full and complete. The recent extension of their field of competence to gynecology, orthogeny and ultrasound creates new problems and requires an adapted and effective initial training. The aim of this article is to describe the legal liability of midwife during childbirth according to their place of practice (i.e. public or private institution). In the public sector, midwives are allowed to perform low-risk eutocic childbirths without physician assistance. However, the ultimate person in charge of the delivery room is the obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN). This is problematic in terms of sharing information, especially when the doctor is on-call with longer response of intervention. It is then necessary to analyze the schedule, the content and methods of the shifts or the telephone calls, the traceability of which is often difficult. In the private sector, the midwife, except in special cases, works under the responsibility of the OB-GYN who is fully responsible for his patients. The development of new modalities of practice exposes them to manage extremely complex situations, especially when transferring patients to hospital in case in medical indication. It seems very difficult to determine at what precise moment the responsibility passed from the independent midwife to the establishment. This will be even more if this activity has not always been approved by all the hospital staff concerned. Finally, the revival of home births or even births without medical assistance brings back complications that we thought definitively forgotten and raises extremely complex questions of responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article is an overview and presentation of the fundamental and major ideas of François-Régis Mahieu’s book “New Economic Anthropology”, published by the prestigious editor” Routledge“, which is an important and original work. It offers a different perspective from what we are accustomed to in the field of economic anthropology. The author examines the tension between anthropology and economics, as well as the ideas of “freedom”, “person”, and “responsibility”, with a positive outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heidegger approaches the problem of evil in an unusual way. He disregards its moral connotations, intending to analyze it as a purely ontological problem intertwined with the concept of nothingness and the forgetfulness of being. A problem with this approach that is frequently commented upon is that it omits the aspect of human responsibility, as it portrays humans merely as passive recipients of fate. The aim of this study is to show that in his 1936 Schelling-Lecture Heidegger approaches the problem of evil in a more complex manner: on the one hand, he portrays evil as a necessary part of being; on the other hand, he leaves a certain space for decision making. This dimension, mostly overlooked in the literature, is highlighted in the study by means of three main steps: 1) analyzing the relevant paragraphs of Heidegger’s Schelling-Lecture; 2) identifying the inconsistencies that emerge in these paragraphs; and 3) offering a coherent interpretation of evil as a real possibility of human freedom.

In this article, I analyze the onto-ethical basis of the Jonasian concept of "solidarity of interests", understood as a link uniting all living beings in a network of existential interdependence. This perspective reinforces the contemporary critique in ethics and science of anthropocentrism which is, in the same way, at the heart of Hans Jonas' critique of traditional ethics and modern science. This article analyzes the onto-ethical bases of this concept with the help of the "principle of mediacy" that Jonas understands as the capacity to establish mediations with the environment in view not only of the preservation of the other, but also of oneself, in such a way that it would be a very particular kind of solidarity, the one that, in the organic framework, does not exclude the interest of life for self-preservation. Solidarity is an ontological condition of interdependence between beings and also, according to Jonas, between things, including a sharing of identity between different forms of life and a fundamental mark of Being, because, according to this logic, the most intimate experience of life is to resist death - indeed, it is this solidarity that becomes the main motive of such relationships. Within the history of solidarity networks, the human being occupies a particular place: either it is in him that precariousness assumes more obvious versions; or it is in him that, as a response, capacities more favorable to his subsistence are developed. This concept of solidarity becomes central to understanding the degrees of freedom that characterize life with respect to the ethical obligation to preserve them through the principle of responsibility. In other words, solidarity must also be the basis of responsibility: it is a question of thinking about the affirmation of life within the collective framework of guarantees concerning the conditions of existence at the present moment and especially those concerning the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcome bias is the phenomenon whereby decisions which resulted in successful outcomes were rated more favorably than when the same decisions resulted in failures. We conducted a pre-registered replication and extension of Experiment 1 (original’s: N = 20) from the classic Baron and Hershey (1988) with an online Amazon Mechanical Turk sample using CloudResearch (N = 692), switching from a within-participants design in the original experiment to a between-participants design. We tested outcome bias by measuring participants’ ratings of the quality of decisions in medical scenarios. For the replication (pre-registered) part of the study, we successfully replicated signal and direction of the outcome bias (original: dpaired = 0.21 – 0.53; replication: dindependent = 0.77 [0.62, 0.93] to 1.1 [0.94, 1.26]), and even for participants who stated that outcomes should not be taken into consideration when evaluating decisions (d = 0.64 [0.21, 1.08]). For the extension part of the study, we found differences, dependent on outcome types, in evaluations of the perceived importance of considering the outcome, the perceived responsibility of decision-makers, and the perception that others would act similarly given the choice by outcome type. Materials, data, and code are available on Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/knjhu/.

This essay explores the concept of responsibility with respect to today’s ecological and pandemic crisis. A fundamental category is identified in the ‘strategic repentance’, i.e. the ability to reconsider previous decisions taken following environmental feedback resulting from one’s activities. The model of this careful and circumspect behavior can be traced back on the one hand to the animal kingdom, on the other hand to the artistic domain. Thus, the bat and Michelangelo the sculptor become masters of a new action scheme, which is based on feedback rings and on in-progress revision of previously adopted strategies.

Probably the motto that supports this article reveals very clearly that to ensure human rights there must be some foundations that are based on some values that are so natural in themselves that no doctrine is needed to explain them. The basic imperative that arises is that once there is a human being, he/she must enjoy the same rights as another human being, even if both are separated by a fence, a field, or a river. The division of the population that took place in 1992 on the territory of the Republic of Moldova has led to different developments in terms of respect for human rights. Being in the same area, in the same jurisdiction the population woke up with a different legacy that the country’s Constitution grants. Apparently, an act that was to be applied universally throughout the state remains inapplicable for 11% of its territory. The author identified at least 5 different stages that marked a distinct behavior of the authorities, external factors as well as the general population that determined a certain turn in the field of respect or non-respect of human rights in the Transnistrian area of the Republic of Moldova. Even if the separation by years is not very accurate, the author tried to delimit each period by a series of significant events in the field of human rights, which set the tone for a new evolution or involution in the field of human rights. This division is important to know what were the errors of the authorities, the circumstances that existed and were not capitalized, or in general what was the understanding of the population about certain phenomena.

On the occasion of Bruno Latour's death on October 9, 2022, this article deals with the political value of actor-network theory (ANT). It reviews current literature on the topic as well as a TV interview with Latour, which was produced in October 2021 and aired on the European public service channel Arte in May 2022. The text shows that Latour does not develop a political grand theory, but rather a political ethics based on post-structuralist approaches from the 1980s. By deepening our understanding of the everyday interplay between humans and things, ANT laid the methodological ground to build new concepts and institutions better suited to cope with the social and political issues raised by the ecological crisis.

Nowadays, adult education is crossed by syntagms mobilized by a managerial ideology that distorts terms such as autonomy, responsibility or capacity. Following a critical analysis of these diversions, the article first proposes to resituate these semantic shifts in the contemporary context and their evolution in adult education research and practices. The work of Ricoeur and Honneth is then used to discuss their respective contributions to extend these questions. The article ends with the opening that this work allows to lay the foundations of adult education, towards the horizon of a "good life". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the argumentative function of evidential markers in Viel's novel Paris-Brest. We argue that the combination between reported speeches and evidentials allows the internal narrator to build contexts where his moral responsibility is successfully denied. More specifically, we analyse the expressive effects conveyed by the different types of the evidentials he resorts to in terms of epistemic commitment and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assignment of a moral responsibility to the speaker in the production of an offending discourse is asserted according to two paradigmatic perspectives. In an intra-discursive perspective, the speaker's moral responsibility is established in function of a supposed inherent capacity of the discourse to offend; in an externalist perspective, it is proposed independently of an aptitude of the discourse to offend. Uncovering the mechanism of offensive discourse production shows that the intra-discursive perspective is untenable because of an intrinsic incapacity of discourse to offend. It also shows, as far as the externalist perspective is concerned, that the speaker's moral responsibility is limited to creating an occasion for the discursive production of the offense (and does not concern this production as such) and that it is variable because of the variability of the predictability of the production of an offense. The conclusion to which this double result leads is that the invocation of a moral responsibility of the speaker in the discursive production of the offense is not a convincing basis for the establishment of an ethics of freedom of expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this anti-colonial treatise, Ricœur reflects on the responsibility of every French citizen and of the French state with respect to colonialism. He establishes five principles that should guide his readers in their reflection on this issue and expresses his support for the independence of the colonies.

This presentation serves as an introduction to Paul Ricœur’s essay "The Question of the Colonies" (1947). The essay is contextualized in relation to other contemporary anti-colonial writings and to Ricœur’s own later philosophy. The argumentative structure of the essay is clarified, while identifying some difficulties in evaluating it today.

At the beginning of the second wave of COVID-19, on November 7, 2020, the conference “Questions d’éthique” was held at the Lieu Unique in Nantes (France). Prof. Axel Kahn’s presentation focused on the ethical perspective of the relations between information and media, researchers and clinical trials, individual liberty and health democracy, but also the urgency of care, patient triage and confinement. Starting from the indispensable character of “ethics in times of crisis”, the title of his talk, he analyzed his practice through the prism of liberty and responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the role and responsibility of the pharmacist who can contribute to the sustainability of compulsory health insurance in Mali. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross- sectional study that took place in Bamako from October 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. We conducted a literature review and interviews with 36 pharmacists, 400 policyholders, 90 prescribers, and 04 resource persons from delegated management organizations. Analysis of the interview data was done using SPSS 20. Results: A total of 2 Acts and 6 Orders in Council enshrine the legislative and regulatory provisions of the AMO. Most insured persons (90%) thought the pharmacist was a drug specialist. More than 80% of the medications on the care sheets were fully available. Among their tasks in implementing the AMO, 38.9 % of pharmacists mentioned the availability of medicines, 27.70 % the application of good dispensing practices and 16.7 % the right to substitution. Conclusion: Substitution of unavailable drugs is a factor that can contribute to reducing health care costs for patients and to their satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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