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The Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting health protection measures have had repercussions on the mental health of the population, particularly for people already made vulnerable by mental illness. This study describes the psychological impact of the health crisis on 85 patients suffering mainly from anxiety-depressive disorders. A retrospective analysis reveals that some patients felt their mood deteriorated during the lockdown. An increase in anxiety and depression, sleep disorders and addiction issues was observed. Recommendations could be envisaged for these patients in the event of a new epidemic episode.

The demographic evolution of our society has increased the need to assess the cognitive functions of people aged over 80. These assessments are made difficult due to the specificities of this population. It is possible to clarify the issues relating to the neuropsychological assessment in geriatrics and to put forward areas for discussion.

International audience; The demographic evolution of our society has increased the need to assess the cognitive functions of people aged over 80. These assessments are made difficult due to the specificities of this population. It is possible to clarify the issues relating to the neuropsychological assessment in geriatrics and to put forward areas for discussion.; L’évolution démographique de nos sociétés a augmenté la nécessité d’évaluer les fonctions cognitives des personnes âgées de plus de 80 ans. Ces évaluations sont rendues difficiles par les spécificités de cette population. Il est possible d’expliciter les problématiques relatives à l’évaluation neuropsychologique en gériatrie et de proposer des pistes de réflexion.

International audience

For years, a large number of studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on the brain and therefore on behavior and cognition. These studies first aimed at identifying the consequences of alcohol abuse consumption, more specifically in pathologies such as alcohol-dependence or Korsakoff syndrome. Researchers then also started to focus on vulnerabilities to alcohol consumption, especially in hyper fast alcohol consumption called binge-drinking (BD). Indeed BD, which is a particularly dangerous form of alcohol consumption, is usually observed in adolescents and young adults. Typically, young people tend to adopt this way of drinking in order to reach a massive and expeditious intoxication. The aim of this paper is to present the bibliographic data available on the main risk factors to BD and to describe the main measurement tools for investigating these factors in clinical researches. The interaction between psychological dysfunctions and BD is not well understood. For a better understanding of the links between binge-drinking and psychological and personality factors in terms of vulnerability or risk, studies have investigated on affective factors (depression and anxiety), personality characteristics (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and drinking motives (coping, improvement, compliance and wellness). Although different factors are often associated with BD in adolescents and young adults, it is still not clear whether these factors are the consequences of alcohol consumption or a reflection of pre-morbid abnormalities predisposing individuals to excessive alcohol consumption. Furthermore, results are not unequivocal and various distinct personality profiles seem to emerge. Thus, these questions are still not fully resolved and further studies are needed to understand the complex relationships between BD and the various psychological or personality factors. The need for investigating these factors in clinical studies is nevertheless important with regard to therapeutic interventions. Indeed, the identification of specific profiles involved in a binge-drinking type of consumption could allow an adaptation of the contents of therapeutic programs by targeting a specific mechanism. For example, recent findings have revealed that when factors such as impulsivity are considered, therapeutic intervention is more effective.

International audience; Emotional valence can affect performance in prospective memory (PM), but its impact with regard to aging remains unknown. By using a task inspired from the Virtual Week, our study thus examined the effect of emotional valence on PM in three groups of participants: 28 young adults (18-30), 16 middle aged adults (40-55) and 25 older adults (65-80). The prospective memory task required the recalling of activities bearing different emotional valences (negative, neutral or positive). Our results did not highlight an effect of age on PM. For all three groups, the recalling of negative items was least than neutral or positive ones. In addition, correlations showed that depending on the emotional valence tied to an item, different cognitive processes appeared to be related to PM. These results suggest the importance of taking into account emotional valence in assessing and dealing with PM difficulties in aging.; La valence émotionnelle peut influencer les performances en mémoire prospective (MP), mais son impact au cours du vieillissement reste méconnu. Notre étude a examiné l’effet de ce facteur sur la MP auprès de 28 participants jeunes (18-30), 16 d’âge intermédiaire (40-55) et 25 âgés (65-80) au moyen d’une épreuve inspirée du Virtual Week. La tâche prospective consistait en un rappel d’activités porteuses d’une valence émotionnelle (négative, neutre ou positive). Nos résultats n’ont pas mis en évidence d’effet de l’âge en MP. Pour les trois groupes, le nombre d’items prospectifs de valence négative rappelé était moins élevé que pour les items neutres ou positifs. De plus, les corrélations ont montré que des processus cognitifs différents semblaient liés à la MP selon la valence émotionnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance de prendre en compte la valence émotionnelle dans l’évaluation et la prise en charge des difficultés de MP au cours du vieillissement.

Resume Cette etude vise a examiner l’influence des phenomenes de conscience (experience 1) et d’intentionnalite (experience 2), lors de la recuperation d’associations entre deux mots. Plus particulierement, les effets d’amorcage de nouvelles associations ont ete explores en fonction des instructions donnees aux participants, des conditions de distraction et des conditions d’attention proposees lors du test. Dans l’experience 1, une tâche indirecte de completement de trigrammes a ete utilisee. Les effets d’amorcage conceptuel de l’association nouvelle ont ete obtenus seulement pour les participants conscients du lien entre les phases d’etude et de test, soumis a peu d’items distractifs. Cependant, les effets d’amorcage perceptif du trigramme ont ete observes quelles que soient les conditions de conscience et de distraction. Dans l’experience 2, les effets d’amorcage ont ete etudies en fonction d’instruction facilitee (procedure d’inclusion) ou empechee (procedure d’exclusion) du paradigme de dissociation de processus (Jacoby, 1991). De plus, deux conditions d’attention pleine ou divisee ont ete proposees lors du test. Les processus intentionnels etaient estimes superieurs aux processus automatiques pour les effets d’amorcage conceptuel, mais pas pour les effets d’amorcage perceptif. L’estimation des processus intentionnels lorsque les conditions d’attention etaient pleines etait superieure a celle en attention divisee. L’estimation des processus automatiques diminuait en attention divisee seulement pour l’amorcage conceptuel.

After having provided a brief reminder of the principle of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast effect, the physiological bases of brain activity and the concepts of functional integration and effective connectivity, we describe the most recent approaches, which permit to explore brain activity and putative networks of interconnected active areas in order to examine the normal brain physiology and its dysfunctions. We present various methods and studies of brain activity analysis clinically applicable, and we detail the concepts of functional and effective connectivity, which allow to study the cerebral plasticity which occurs at the child's during the maturation (e.g., dyslexia), at the adult during the ageing (e.g., Alzheimer disease), or still in schizophrenia or Parkinson disease. The study of specific circuits in networks has to allow defining in a more realistic way the dynamic of the central nervous system, which underlies various cerebral functions, both in physiological and pathological conditions. This connectivity approach should improve the diagnostic and facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies.