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In the present times, the demand for sophisticated encryption methods has escalated, especially for securing data transmission in vulnerable environments. These methods leverage diverse algorithms to fortify the integrity of communication channels. Quantum mechanics plays a pivotal role in two specific areas: quantum key distribution and property-based cryptography, both of which contribute to establishing secure communication protocols. This study focuses on conducting a comparative evaluation of classical and quantum cryptography, employing various cryptography algorithms. The objective is to ascertain the optimal algorithm within each realm classical and quantum cryptography for ensuring robust security.

This study attempts to develop a model that forecasts precise data on traffic flow. Everything that can impact the flow of traffic on the road is referred to as the traffic environment, including traffic signals, accidents, rallies, and even road repairs that could result in a traffic bottleneck. The driver or passenger can make an informed choice if they have prior knowledge about the vehicle crowd close to the area that will have the greatest impact on traffic. Additionally, it can be utilised in driverless vehicles, which are the automobiles of the future. Today’s traffic is increasing tremendously, and big data transportation concepts are becoming more popular. We are motivated to develop a machine learning model that forecasts traffic flow because the present prediction techniques and models are still insufficient for use in practical applications. The amount of data available to forecast traffic flow is so enormous that it is awkward and laborious. In this work, we intended to evaluate the data for the transportation with significantly less complexity using machine learning and deep learning methods. The user will be informed of the projected information and the constructed machine learning model will predict the traffic flow.

In the semi-arid lands of southern Kenya, a dynamic process of farmer-led irrigation has developed over the past two decades. It is characterised by short-term agreements to access land and water. Resident and migrant farmers, capital providers and local landowners have engaged in diverse partnerships to benefit from water and land along the Olkeriai sand river. This study aims to unravel which actors and motives drive the resulting highly dynamic forms of irrigation. Surveys, in-depth interviews and mapping exercises with farmers, capital providers and landowners were conducted over a period of 1.5 years. The results show that involved actors favour short-term lease and partnership arrangements and farmers frequently change fields along the river or leave the area and return. It is primarily the migrant farmers and capital providers who take decisions on when and where to move. They are informed by their experience with production factors, financial gains and losses, partner relations, or the ability to expand. We conclude that individualisation of land rights, migration, abundance of water, proximate markets, and rural-urban networks are instrumental to the emergence of this dynamic form of agriculture. Farmers have found a degree of security in flexibility, to access land and water in shifting fields and partners, rather than in property rights for specific plots. Yet, the short-term scope of these operations for monetary gains raises concerns about the sustainable use of land and water resources in the region.

Methane gas storage in the form of Methane Hydrate (MH) in hollow silica was studied and compared with solid silica and pure water systems. The gas hydrate growth/dissociation was monitored by following the pressure (gas intake) – temperature variations in a classical isochoric process. The effect of stirring on the hydrate formation kinetics and yield was clearly evidenced in the case of solid and pure water systems, whereas it did not show any influence in hollow silica; and in fact, the yields remained identical in both stirring and non-stirring experiments. Approximately 3.6 m.mol of methane per gram of water was consumed as MH in the hollow silica matrix and the formation kinetics was extremely fast (~180 min). However, the methane gas conversion into MH in solid silica and pure water systems was ~ 10 times higher in a stirred reactor when compared with a non-stirred system.

This study reports methane (CH4) gas storage capacity along with TetraHydroFuran (THF) as guest molecules in mixed hydrates. This process has been studied in two reactors of 100 and 400 mL capacity, having 4.5 and 7.5 cm internal diameter respectively, in non-stirred configuration. Experiments were conducted in each reactor at constant initial gas pressure (7.5 MPa) and by increasing the height of the solution from 1 to 8 cm, resulting in volume scale-up factor of 5. The total CH4 gas uptake (moles) passes through a maximum at around 50% volume of the reactor indicating a transition from gas-rich to solution rich conditions. Observed variations in gas uptake are within ±20% of the maximum, upon different solution volume from 35% to 70% of reactor’s volume. Another set of experiments were conducted keeping the amount of the solution constant and increasing gas pressure in the range of 0.5–11.0 MPa. The gas uptake increased upon an increase in the gas pressure, but this is at least 40% less compared to the theoretical estimate. The stirring of solution or addition of promoter (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, SDS) is also not effective in increasing the gas consumption. Kinetics of gas uptake, in both stirred and non-stirred conditions, are quicker and 90% of gas consumption occurs in an hour after the hydrate nucleation event.

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Copyright of Néphrologie & Thérapeutique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sieve analysis tests are frequently used to determine the grain size distribution of granular materials. This project proposes an ImageJbased image analysis approach for evaluating aggregate particle size distribution. Grain size in image analysis should be estimated to compare the graduation curves between the two methods.. Black sheets were more effective than white sheets for particle placement, perhaps due to light effects. This technology may be utilized for in-suit testing, as it requires a camera and computer. The study used monochromatic light and a highdefinition camera to capture grain photos while controlling for background, light direction, and intensity. A ground truth was established to evaluate errors in determining grain areas. All grain shape parameters are obtained using the ImageJ program. The grain size distribution curve is generated using image analysis.

This paper’s primary goal is to investigate and analyze how a particular PWM technique enhances the performance of PMSM drives. The objective of the analysis is to reduce torque ripples, which are fluctuations or variations in the motor’s torque output. Reducing these torque ripples involves combining the Hysteresis Control and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) techniques. Hysteresis Control is a method that compares the actual value of a parameter (in this case, torque) with a reference value and takes appropriate control actions based on the comparison. SVPWM, on the other hand, is a sophisticated technique used for generating pulse width modulation signals that can control the motor precisely and efficiently. The research findings suggest that combining the Hysteresis Control technique with SVPWM in the PMSM motor drive makes the system more effective and efficient. This combination likely reduces torque ripples, leading to a smoother motor operation. Using both techniques together probably enhances the precision and stability of the motor control system.

Hyperspectral image classification is vital for various remote sensing applications; however, it remains challenging due to the complex and high-dimensional nature of hyperspectral data. This paper introduces a novel approach to address this challenge by leveraging spectral and spatial features through a lightweight HResNeXt model. The proposed model is designed to overcome the limitations of traditional methods by combining residual connections and cardinality to enable efficient and effective feature extraction from hyperspectral images, capturing both spectral and spatial information simultaneously. Furthermore, the paper includes an in-depth analysis of the learned spectral–spatial features, providing valuable insights into the discriminative power of the proposed approach. The extracted features exhibit strong discriminative capabilities, enabling accurate classification even in challenging scenarios with limited training samples and complex spectral variations. Extensive experimental evaluations are conducted on four benchmark hyperspectral data sets, the Pavia university (PU), Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Salinas scene (SA), and Indian Pines (IP). The performance of the proposed method is compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The quantitative and visual results demonstrate the proposed approach’s high classification accuracy, noise robustness, and computational efficiency superiority. The HResNeXt obtained an overall accuracy on PU, KSC, SA, and IP, 99.46%, 81.46%, 99.75%, and 98.64%, respectively. Notably, the lightweight HResNeXt model achieves competitive results while requiring fewer computational resources, making it well-suited for real-time applications.

An exhaustive investigation of the effect that urban pollution and heat have on the efficiency of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) systems was carried out by means of a comparative field study that included empirical data analysis. Pollutant accumulation on PVT systems in urban environments showed a significant increase over the course of a five-day period. These rates increased from an initial value of 0.03 g/m² to 0.07 g/m², representing a significant increase of 133.33%. As a direct result, the performance of PVT systems saw a considerable decline, with electricity generation falling from an average of 18% to 14% after exposure to urban conditions, a 22.22% loss in efficiency. Concurrently, the examination of urban climate factors revealed correlations between increased pollutant accumulation and higher temperatures (25-30°C), reduced air quality, decreased humidity (50-62%), higher wind speeds (2-4 meters per second), and varying solar irradiation (780-900 watts/m²). The environmental impacts on PVT system performance were further elucidated via correlation analysis, which highlighted probable connections between urban climate and system inefficiency. The research also emphasized the varying effectiveness of cooling interventions and airflow enhancements in reducing the performance losses of PVT systems in urban areas. Our findings underscore the importance of specific cooling tactics and maintenance procedures in maintaining optimal solar energy harvesting performance in urban environments. These results also provide valuable insights into the development of effective mitigation measures for PVT systems in challenging urban conditions. Keywords: Urban pollution, solar panel efficiency, Dust deposition, Environmental factors, Cleaning interventions

Utility companies face a serious problem with energy metre manipulation, which can result in lost income, inaccurate invoicing, and safety issues. Maintaining fair billing practices and the integrity of energy distribution systems depend on the prompt detection of tampering incidents. Nevertheless, current detection techniques frequently fall short in terms of effectiveness and fail to promptly notify authorities. In order to overcome this difficulty, our research suggests a novel method for identifying energy metre tampering and sending pertinent data via wireless communication technologies. The principal objective is to create a dependable system that can precisely identify instances of tampering in real-time and send alerts to relevant authorities with ease. Our solution is carefully designed to fill in the research gaps by drawing on a thorough assessment of the literature on wireless communication protocols and tampering detection techniques. Our solution delivers accurate and quick detection of tampering situations by utilising complex wireless communication protocols, modern sensor technology, and sophisticated data processing algorithms. The system architecture combines a wireless communication module with tampering detection sensors to quickly transmit notifications to the relevant authorities. Extensive tests are carried out to verify the functionality of the system, assessing critical parameters including alert reliability, response speed, and detection accuracy. Our experimental results highlight the effectiveness and reliability of the suggested approach in real-time alerting authorities and identifying tampered energy metres. This study makes a substantial contribution to the field of energy metre tampering detection and emphasises the critical role that wireless communication technologies play in preserving the integrity and security of energy distribution networks. In conclusion, our study presents a novel method for identifying energy metre tampering and wirelessly communicating vital information to authorities. Our research establishes a new benchmark in energy metre tampering detection by providing improved accuracy, efficiency, and timeliness, which promotes increased resilience and security in energy distribution networks.

As a consequence of the exponential growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market, DC fast charging infrastructure is being rapidly deployed all around the world. Stations for ultra-fast charging (UFC) are beginning to seriously test the electrical grid. Installing local energy storage can solve these problems by guaranteeing a smoother grid power absorption profile and enabling the provision of grid-supporting features. In this paper, a grid-side AC/DC converter control strategy for next-generation EV UFC stations is developed. In this study, the performance of a 2kW Cuk converter running in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Inductor Conduction Mode (DICM) for Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) of low voltage EV batteries with PID controller, similar to that seen in golf carts, is evaluated. Moreover, state-space modelling is done to build the output current controller for the Cuk converter working in DICM. The designs were simulated and verified using MATLAB/Simulink, and the results show that the size and the complexity of the controller can be reduced when the Cuk converter operates in DICM, meeting the requirements of international standards.

Gas pipeline leaks pose a significant safety hazard in various areas, requiring effective detection systems to mitigate them on time. This paper presents a novel solution that combines Internet of Things (IoT) technology with solar- powered robots equipped with cameras to detect gas pipe leaks, along with a microcontroller for sensor data processing and robotic monitoring of hazardous gases such as methane or LPG. Integrating gas comes with visible sensors, ensures continuous operation through solar panels, and facilitates seamless data transmission. It will adopt remote monitoring and real-time alerts using IoT systems that do not require external power sources. In addition, the addition of cameras allows for visual inspection of gas pipelines, allowing the system to detect leaks. The autonomous robot moves through the environment, examines gas lines, and sends information, including images, to a central server. This advanced approach enhances safety measures by enabling them to detect and respond to air leaks, effectively reducing potential hazards. The proposed system provides a practical, scalable, and environmentally friendly solution for gas pipeline cage detection in various environments.

This work mainly focused on the development of the controller for performing the automatic voltage regulation (AVR) action in the most optimal way. In this regard, the tilt-integral-derivative-filter (TIDF) controller is suggested in this work. Moreover, the controller TIDF requires soft computing methodologies for its optimal functioning, and hence the donkey and smuggler optimization algorithm (DSOA) is conceived. However, the efficacy of the TIDF is demonstrated with the other controllers that emerged from the background of intelligence and fractional calculus. Further, the dominance of DSOA is also established with other soft computing techniques. The optimization of TIDF using DSOA is performed under the integral square error (ISE) index, and a comparative analysis is made among the several time domain indices to establish its dominance. Finally, the simulation analysis revealed the overall efficacy of the DSOA-tuned TIDF controller under the ISE criteria and confirmed the optimal AVR performance.

The Self-Ironing Machine is an innovative solution designed to revolutionize fabric ironing on a small scale, catering to the increasing demand for portable and user-friendly ironing devices. It integrates intelligent features to enhance versatility, including a compact design housing essential elements such as a heating plate, a heating roller, and a temperature identification sensor, alongside specialized buttons for different fabric types. The project's objective was to develop a portable self-ironing machine that simplifies the ironing process while maintaining effectiveness.The machine utilizes a heating plate for precise heating and a weighted roller for consistent pressure application, ensuring optimal results. A standout feature is the integration of a temperature identification sensor, enabling customized ironing treatments tailored to specific fabric requirements. This streamlines the process and reduces the risk of damage to delicate fabrics. User interaction is intuitive with dedicated buttons catering to various fabric needs.Rigorous testing has demonstrated the machine's outstanding performance across different fabric types, highlighting its accuracy and adaptability. In conclusion, the Portable Self-Ironing Machine represents a significant advancement in fabric ironing technology. Its compact and efficient design, coupled with intelligent features, offers an enhanced user experience. With its ability to deliver precise and tailored ironing treatments, this machine stands as a game-changer in the realm of portable fabric care, addressing the needs of modern lifestyles and paving the way for future innovations in the field.

Concrete infrastructures with embedded mild steel (EMS) have been implemented in various construction sectors to enhance their strength and durability. However, deleterious corrosion of the EMS in CA is a burdensome problem worldwide. Therefore, timely application of appropriate corrosion control techniques can mitigate the consequential effects of premature corrosion of such EMS in CA. Green plant-based leaf extracts have been recently utilized as anti-corrosive agents to prevent premature EMS corrosion. The present work focused on exploring the inhibitory impacts of leaf extracts of floss flower or Ageratum houstonianum (AgHE) and yam or Dioscorea alata (DiAE) each for controlling the rusting of the EMS in concrete beam (CB). The DiAE and AgHE comprise secondary metabolites like phenols, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids, confirmed from screening, GC-MS, and FTIR analysis. The EMS in CB with 1000-4000 ppm DiAE or AgHE showed a better corrosion inhibiting effect, compared with a concentration of 500 ppm from the observation of electrochemical corrosion potential (ECoP) value, measured using half-cell potential (HCP) method according to the ASTM C876-91 standard. The recent outcomes could be a part of an innovative solution to extend the lifespan of EMS in CB.

Potable water remains a global issue as the world continues to consume water from untreated sources. Almost all human activities such as domestic, agricultural and industrial need water. Quality of water is crucial for all. The Water Quality Index (WQI) has a distinctive ranking that summarizes the state of water quality at a glance for any particular region. Policymakers and other stakeholders generally agree with this approach since it can represent a complete picture of the quality of water bodies. The WQI is based on the analysis of various physicochemical parameters. In this research work, the WQI assessment of the water quality of river Swarnamukhi was taken up and conducted the study during the winter season, for 6 different locations along the River at Chandragiri town and 1 location within town in Tirupati region from Andhra Pradesh state, India. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD5, NO3 and PO4 were considered for analysis purposes as per the BIS and WHO norms. The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index method (NSFWQI) is used in WQI calculations. The average WQI value obtained is 67.25. It indicates medium water quality helps locals to know the quality at a glance and provides information to improve the quality of the river.

The increase in waste from industries has resulted in growing concern for the environment. This form of waste is directly deposited on land, leading to contamination. This waste can be effectively used in the production of various building materials. This not only contributes to the reduction of pollution but also provides an economical alternative for sustainable infrastructure. The utilization of various waste materials is being utilized to enable the development of sustainable building resources. The aim of this study is to investigate the utilization of various types of industrial waste, including cupola Slag, fly ash in the fabrication of building blocks. This study examines different combinations of ingredients for producing building blocks with blends of cupola slag (55% to 80%), fly ash (10 % to 30 %), and maintaining a consistent cement content of 10%. This study consists of total 5 possible mix proportions of cupola slag, with fly ash and cement. This study provides comprehensive information about the properties, test conducted and recommended mixtures. An analysis of the physico-mechanical properties of the building blocks was conducted, and it was found that they meet the standards set by the Indian Standards. The findings indicate that the cupola slag-fly ash-cement (CS-70-FA20) is the best combination and has potential to produce sustainable building blocks. A small-scale model house was built from the developed building blocks of best combination.

Geopolymer binders have become a cutting-edge, environmentally friendly substance with the potential to replace Portland cement in a variety of applications and potentially cut the carbon footprint of concrete production by up to 80%. Precursors and alkali activator solution are the essential part of geopolymer. Precursor material can be industrial wastes and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is used in this investigation. However, the requirement of synthetic alkali activator solutions has to be addressed to fully realize the sustainability benefits of geopolymer concrete. In this aspect, an effort has been taken to synthesis sodium silicate solution from the processed rice husk ash using hydrothermal process and utilize the same for the production of geopolymer concrete. The different parameters that influence the properties of synthesized sodium silicate solution such as ratio of sodium hydroxide to rice husk ash, temperature maintained in the hydrothermal process and duration of hydrothermal process was varied and investigated in this study. The ratio of sodium hydroxide to rice husk ash was varied in different proportions such as 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2. Temperature was varied as 80, 100, 120 degree Celsius and reaction time was varied as 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes. The geopolymer concrete was tested for setting time, compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption capacity. The strategy is thought to have a good chance of significantly lowering the global warming potential of geopolymers. Findings of this study unleash hefty potential in the arena of geopolymer concrete towards sustainable development.

This paper provides a thorough examination of the recycling process for solar panels and the environmentally-friendly disposal of photovoltaic (PV) elements. By combining experimental data synthesis and a thorough analysis of literature, many important conclusions may be drawn about the makeup of solar panels, the effectiveness of recycling photovoltaic components, the materials that can be recovered by recycling, and the environmental impact comparison between recycling and disposal techniques. The composition study indicates that the main components of PV modules include silicon, glass, aluminum, copper, plastic, and other elements, with silicon being the predominant constituent. An assessment of recycling efficiency reveals that silicon, glass, aluminum, and copper exhibit high rates, suggesting that these materials may be effectively recovered and reused. Moreover, the evaluation of recycled components reveals significant amounts of silicon, glass, aluminum, and copper are retrieved, indicating the possibility for reclaiming resources and achieving circularity in the solar sector. An environmental effect comparison demonstrates the environmental advantages of photovoltaic (PV) recycling, which include decreased energy usage, CO2 emissions, and trash formation in contrast to disposal options. These results emphasize the significance of PV recycling in advancing environmental sustainability, optimizing resource use, and fostering circularity in the solar sector. Nevertheless, in order to promote the extensive implementation of PV recycling methods, it is necessary to tackle obstacles like as technical constraints, economic feasibility, and legal frameworks. This research enhances understanding and aids decision-making in the realm of sustainable energy and resource management by combining data and insights from different studies. Ongoing research, innovation, and policy interventions are essential for speeding up the shift towards a circular economy in the solar business. This will promote environmental sustainability and resource efficiency in the renewable energy sector.

This research investigates the integration of vision-based navigation into the charging procedure of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs). The study offers a comprehensive examination of the precision of calibration, the ability to identify objects, the navigation capabilities of autonomous cars, and the effectiveness of charging sessions. The visual systems undergo meticulous calibration, which leads to inherent traits that are crucial for accurate perception. Object recognition algorithms have exceptional proficiency in precisely spotting electric vehicles, charging stations, cables, and obstacles, while also exhibiting heightened levels of confidence. The adaptive navigation framework exhibits improved precision, as seen by developments in velocity and steering angle, enabling AEVs to effectively navigate through complex urban scenarios. Examining the data from charging sessions indicates that the integration of vision- based navigation has led to enhanced operational effectiveness of AEVs. This is apparent via the significant reduction in charging duration and the favorable boost in energy output. The cross-parameter analysis reveals the interconnectedness, emphasizing the influence of accurate calibration on the recognition and movement of objects. It showcases a holistic integration of perception, navigation, and charging procedures. The findings have significant implications for the widespread adoption of vision-based navigation, providing a groundbreaking method for seamlessly incorporating autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) into real-world scenarios. Future research should give priority to enhancing calibration techniques, exploring advanced object detection algorithms, and resolving challenges related to dynamic urban environments. This will serve to validate the agility and reliability of the vision-based navigation architecture. In summary, this research offers valuable insights into the potential impact of vision-based navigation on the process of charging autonomous electric vehicles. Vision-based navigation is essential for the successful operation of AEVs in dynamic urban contexts.

This paper investigates the performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) in terms of torque ripples, a critical aspect affecting their operational efficiency and stability. Torque ripples in AC motors are primarily attributed to the switching action of the inverter Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), resulting in current fluctuations that directly influence motor torque. Mitigating these ripples is crucial for enhancing motor performance and reducing mechanical stress. This study focuses on utilizing multilevel inverters to minimize torque ripples by smoothing the motor current through harmonic elimination. Three different types of inverters, namely 2-level, 3-level, and 5-level inverters, are simulated to assess their impact on torque ripple reduction. The torque ripples were obtained from two methods where direct simulation is a method chosen and in second method, the average torque is subtracted from instantaneous torque samples. Stator currents are analyzed in the alpha-beta frame to evaluate the effectiveness of each inverter configuration in producing smoother current profiles and subsequently reducing torque ripples. Additionally, simulations are conducted under varying load torque conditions to assess the robustness and applicability of the proposed methodology across a wide range of operating conditions.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to low maintenance cost and zero emissions. The range of the EVs depends on the energy stored in their batteries which can be charged by using a normal (AC) charger or a fast (DC) charger. The batteries in EVs can be used as storage devices in Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Load (V2L) technologies. Fast chargers have an important role in EV applications. Hence this article comprehensively investigates the state of the art of EV charging methods and charging solutions for EV applications. This article presents an overview of charging methods and charging solutions for electric vehicles.

Delivery services have become nearly a cultural expectation with the spread of e-commerce and door delivery services. Nevertheless, carriage can be quite exhaustive and costly, primarily for multiple storey residences and businesses, applying conventional conventional delivery approaches. Delivery robots that can maneuver stairs are safety solutions for these issues. Using new technologies, these robots are designed to sense the environment and use mobile application software to help them climb stairs. They can also do much more than just deliver packages and can accommodate various sizes and weights of the packages involved. It will be essential to remember that stair-climbing delivery robots are the possible game-changers in e-commerce. These robots can be used to help cut on the delivery costs of the businesses, increase on the delivery efficiency and gain more satisfaction to the clients. Robotics has long been implemented in the automotive assiduity, but many other lines have realized the advantages of robotic automatization They can facilitate deliveries and allow customers to get them at a lower beak while having less of an effect on the environment.

In Modern Era, the demand for wireless technology has surged exponentially, promising enhanced living comfort and safety. Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer (SWPDT) has emerged as a critical area of study, finding applications in electric vehicles, underwater autonomous vehicles, and biomedical implants. This technology facilitates real-time monitoring while supplying power, eliminating the need for bulky cables and conventional power sources. Hence this paper addresses the state-of-art of SWPDT in different applications This comprehensive review covers various SWPDT implementation methods for applications like electric vehicles, biomedical implants, and autonomous underwater vehicles. Different techniques for implementation of SWPDT using inductive links and its design recommendations.

The purpose of the research is to determine if adding grapheme oxide (GO) fluids combined with EG (ethylene glycol) or water might boost the transfer of heat in automobile radiators. Radiators are essential parts of car cooling systems; they dissipate extra heat that the engine produces. The capacity of conventional coolants to transport temperature is limited, including Glycol and water. The ability to conduct heat may be improved with the use of nanoparticles fluids, which are basically solutions of particles in a base liquidize. This technique uses ethylene glycol and water to create a nanoparticles fluid by dispersing GO particles. Using experiments, the resilience or thermal features of the nanoparticle fluids are described. Next, utilizing an early version radiators arrangement, many heat transfer tests are carried out. In comparison to traditional coolants, the radiator’s ability to dissipate heat in various functioning circumstances has been assessed while utilizing the GO nanoparticles fluids together. Comparing the radiator’s heat transfer efficiency with plain ethylene glycol (or water, initial results indicate the addition with GO nanoparticles fluids improves it. Increased thermal conductivity in the nanoparticles fluids combination results in more efficient heat dissipation. For the purpose of to ensure the efficient utilization of the nanoparticles fluids on car cooling mechanisms, it is further evaluated for durability during extended exposure to elevated temperatures. The continued attempts to provide cutting-edge cooling systems for automotive applications are aided by this study. The results indicate that the use of GO nanoparticles fluids in conjunction with conventional coolants has a chance to improve car radiator thermal transfer or general efficiency. It is advised to carry out greater refinement and calibration research to fully realize the potential advantages of this unique coolant composition.

Implantation of ion at low temperature and nitriding through plasma process at low-temperature prevents the corrosion resistance in stainless steel material. The outcome of nitriding process is to form precipitation of CrN on the surface. For the current research work, plasma nitriding techniques are adopted to nitride AISI 304 at low-temperatures at 5hrs, 10hrs, 15 hrs. The enriched layers are formed with combine nitrogen lead to increase in surface hardness. Austenitic and duplex steels produce expanded austenite on the material surface. Behavior of wear was monitored by pin on disc tester. The case depth were monitored and compared with a sample which is not treated. The morphology of surface were monitored and compared with the electron microscopic images. Finally hardness measurements were carried out with Rockwell hardness tester.

Martensitic stainless steel exhibits a lower corrosion resistance, higher hardness, wear resistance, and strength, but no ductility. As a result, tempering techniques have been used to stabilise the ductility. AISI 420 stainless were chosen and prepared in cylindrical shape for a dimension of 35 mm length, 10 mm diameter. The specimens were tempered to 245°C, 345°C, 445°C temperatures respectively and termed as T1, T2 and T3. The material which is not treated is kept on the other side for results comparison. Testing of hardness was taken up by Rockwell method. Wear tests were carried out for all the specimens using pin-on disc wear analyser. The changes in microstructure were distinguished with all the samples and were captured by electron microscopic techniques. The goal of the test is to determine, the best treated specimen suited for a particular application. It was noted that, phase change from martensite stage to residual austenite is determined.

This paper is about sustainable Electromagnetic Metamaterials (EM-MM), which are a new class of artificial materials with unique electromagnetic properties that cannot be found in nature. These materials are made from discrete micro and nanoscale objects which resonate, allowing for precise control over how they interact with electromagnetic waves, and hence, leading to unheard of functionalities. Thus the need for sustainable synthesis methods for EM-MM has become paramount to mitigate the quantity of resources associated with conventional fabrication techniques. Renewable resources like biopolymers that mimic natural patterns are examples of the sustainable use of bio based synthetic material pathways. This may guarantee sustainability through fabricating additive manufacturing strategies, especially 3D printing innovation where fabric statement is controlled only as required, diminishing waste. With all this recycling and up cycling offer opportunities for development and cost reduction while reducing the natural impacts related to sustainability. There are several different domains have benefited from the application of EM MM, for example solar energy harvesting offer potential for sustainable power generation, imaging uses met material lenses which have superior resolution and sensitivity, while in telecommunications met material antennas ensure to transmit and get signals more successfully. But there are still a few issues that still need to be resolved in electromagnetic met materials. Future directions include the research of incorporating a plan of new types of electromagnetic composites with upgraded qualities and sustainable synthesis strategies. Applications of technology require to overcome practical challenges such as integration, toughness, and cost-effectiveness while assessing societal implications, financial, and social affects. For the sustainable advancement of metamaterials in order to deal with major societal concerns, minimizing their natural impressions requires collaboration and moral concerns.

Nowadays, Uses for transportation are evolving in the direction of getting more electrified due to rising fuel costs and environmentally hazardous pollutants due to which The grid’s need for power is increasing dramatically. As the only solution for this is to diminish the power consumption of Electric Vehicles (EV). Enhanced component efficiency can lead to improved electric vehicle performance. Wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors, in particular silicon carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN), are ideal candidates of choice to address the recent growing demand in both high efficiency and great power density converters about electric vehicles. Due to their the capacity to switch at a high frequency, high temperature, high voltage, reduced size and reduced conduction losses makes them superior than Si semi-conductors. WBG devices have some properties which include rapid electron mobility, high breakdown field, and big band gap low on-state resistance and capacitance, lower co-efficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and high stability. This paper includes a study on WBG devices, their properties, and the increased efficiency of power converters i.e DC-DC boost converter and single-phase full bridge inverter using LTSpice simulation tool.

Many AC Microgrids required an inverter for converting power from DC to AC. Many control techniques are available and need a flexible control method which can able to regulate both the voltage at DC and AC side. The DQ method is developed in this paper by incorporated with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. A distribution generator (DG) is considered in this paper for connecting to utility grid through an inverter controlled by proposed double loop control technique. One voltage controlled loop and one current controlled loop are used in proposed control method to regulate both voltage and current. This paper showcases comprehensive findings using MATLAB/Simulink.

Power electronics pertains to a category of devices that convert electrical power from one form to another. Semiconductor devices act as switches in power electronics circuits, serving as the central components responsible for voltage regulation. Power electronics circuits strive to convert electrical energy from one form to another, from source to load, while minimizing cost, size, and weight as much as possible. The term “rectification” refers to the power circuit which alters the ac characteristic of the line electric power in order to supply “rectified” ac power with a dc value at the load side. The rectifier is utilized to convert alternating current (AC) voltage into direct current (DC) or low-frequency AC in order to power different load configurations. The AC mains are subjected to the injection of low order current harmonics by the Conventional Phase Controlled Rectifier. These harmonics necessitate the use of filtering components of considerable size for effective attenuation. The paper explores the simulation of the Converter through various PWM techniques, including space vector pulse width modulation and sinusoidal pulse width modulation.

The comprehensive study explores the vital role of the batteries in sustainable development. It evaluates the performance of batteries in both internal combustion engine (ICE) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) while emphasizing the environmental benefits of Green Batteries. The study also explores the battery maintenance and recycling practices for everyday automotive use. Based on lithium-ion battery data, it underscores the urgent need for effective recycling solutions and the rising battery recycling sector. The environmental impacts of battery production, especially for EVs, are recognised, emphasising the importance of transition to renewable energy sources. A comparison between fossil and nonfossil fuels demonstrates the potential benefits of cleaner energy sources. The study also compares the performance of conventional batteries with green batteries, and ultimately recommends the adoption of green batteries powered by renewable energy as a sustainable solution.

Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous Concrete (SIFCON), a modified version of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC), addresses the challenge of increased fiber volume fractions. Commercially produced steel fibers are typically used in FRC and SIFCON. Efforts to reduce energy use in making commercial steel fibers have led to seeking alternative sources. Vehicular tires are typically recycled when no longer usable, yielding steel fibers among the products. Emphasis lies in recovering steel fibers from used tires as part of resource recovery from waste. Experimental work explored flexural strength in SIFCON with waste steel fibers at volumes from 4% to 7%. The study extended to assess SIFCON’s flexural strength with commercial steel fibers at similar volumes, aiming to correlate with those from waste steel fibers. M20 grade concrete and SIFCON slurry matrix specimens were cast as reference mixes for comparison. The flexural strength of SIFCON specimens with waste steel fibers recovered from used tires notably surpasses that of reference mixes and is comparable to SIFCON specimens with commercial steel fibers. Additionally, the two-layer technique proves effective in SIFCON using waste steel fibers from used tires, up to 6% volume. The test results show successful production of SIFCON from waste steel fibers recovered from used tires.

Quality drinking water is of prime importance for human need. Potable water comes from surface water and groundwater sources and it is acceptable for human consumption. The method of storing water plays a crucial role in maintaining its purity and safety for human consumption. Due to lack of continuous water supply, storage tanks are necessary to store water and storage tank material may affect the quality of potable water. The objective of this study is to investigate the variation in water quality during storage for some particular time period in different types of storage containers. 40 days (six weeks) is considered to determine potable water quality variation during storage in different container materials and materials used for containers are plastic tanks, clay pot and Reinforced Cement Concrete. To find the water quality parameters, samples are to be collected at five days interval. During the period of storage, physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters are to be determined. Parameters obtained from above tests are analyzed to understand the effect of age and container material on the quality of potable water. This analysis is useful to choose the material of storage container to store water for a particular period of time.

This article dives into the usage of nature in cities to solve today's problems. This research focuses on the systematic conservation of urban wildlife. How the cities can be interlinked with the wildlife and the current scenarios which happen in the present condition of the cities. We deal with classification of the urban ecosystem and also the new habitats for the wildlife population and the factors that affect the same. The six main areas in which urban wildlife management challenges now exist are also covered. We get the chance to study more about the new term of synurbization and the factors and conditions for the same and some examples also. Further, the research focuses on the habitat management techniques and the examples happening in different areas in the world.Another major topic which is dealt in this study is the wetlands of India. Wetlands of kerala are also studied along with their respective policies and strategies for the protection of wetlands. National strategy for wetland protection and the methods used for the monitoring and protection of wetlands are also included.Human activities and human interventions are the major factors that contribute to the depletion of wildlife and the wetlands therefore habitat conservation is also dealt with in this study. This study helps us to understand the importance of protection and prevention of wildlife in urban areas and the conservation of wildlife in different zones of our cities and urges us to understand the factors responsible for the urban development without affecting the ecosystem.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are the latest superstars added from the carbon family. These are 0D materials with non-zero bandgap and are the most prominent category of nano materials, having a variety of applications in bio-imaging, optical, electrochemical energy devices, and so on and have been studied to great extent in recent years. In this review we have discussed various methods of preparation like hydrothermal, electrochemical, ultrasonic, pyrolysis, etc. and applications of GQDs. Besides, the article highlights challenges and interesting future directions of GQDs.

CO2 gas was selected for evaluation of adsorption capacity over zeolite-Y. The CO2 gas was intended to choose to be adsorbed over zeolites like zeolite (13X, NaX, BaX, FAU-X and Y), which is the main cause of greenhouse effect and global warming. Na form of zeolite-Y with different Si/Al ratios (5, 30, 100, 200) are treated with HCl to increases the porosity, surface area and adsorption capacities of`CO2. Treating with HCl doesn’t affect the basic structure of zeolite and increases the porosity and adsorption capacity. The treated zeolite-Y with HCl is tested for characterization with XRD and BET for crystallinity and pore volume and BET surface area and found the result are improved promisingly

This research examines the way to a carbon-neutral future by looking at the integration of renewable vitality sources and vitality capacity advances in feasible energy arrangements. Through a multidisciplinary approach, enveloping information collection, numerical modelling, and scenario investigations, the study investigates the flow of transitioning vitality frameworks. The optimization of energy capacity capacities is educated by scientific models, uncovering that as renewable infiltration increments (20%, 40%, and 60%), optimal capacity capacities rise correspondingly (300 MWh, 700 MWh, and 1200 MWh). Situation investigations illustrate that higher renewable entrance and appropriately measured energy capacity capacities lead to significant diminishments in CO2 outflows (25%, 45%, and 65%) while keeping up positive financial reasonability. Sensitivity investigations confirm the vigour of the models, showing the versatility to varieties in key parameters such as renewable asset accessibility, energy capacity productivity, and capital costs. A comparative investigation against related work underscores the competitiveness and uniqueness of the proposed approach, emphasizing the noteworthiness of numerical modelling in optimizing energy frameworks. This research contributes profitable insights for policymakers, industry partners, and analysts committed to exploring the complexities of accomplishing a carbon-neutral future. The discoveries displayed here, together with those from different studies crossing worldwide vitality exchange, green hydrogen production, and urban arranging, collectively contribute to the broader discourse on economic energy move.

High significant importance in energy and environmental research, its non-toxic and non-flammable character and relatively abundance and environmental friendly nature, Titanium Dioxide is an interesting Transition Metal Oxide. With its good corrosion resistance property it is also used as pigment in paint colours and in the coatings. A potential candidate for high-temperature gas sensing applications bleveraging its nanoparticles due to its notable excellent sensitivity and stability. It is also attractive due to its significance as photocatalysts in solar cells as a semiconductor material. In this ab-initio study, we designed a 2D H2-TiO2 heterostructure considering rutile and anatase based and observed comparative variation in diverse properties of Titanium Dioxide due to Hydrogen Gas. In this ab-initio study, we designed a 2D both rutile and anatase based H2-TiO2 hetrostructure and observed comparative variation in diverse properties of Titanium Dioxide due to Hydrogen Gas considering potential application in Hydrogen Fuel based engine and container where TiO2 is used. In this study we presented its predicted impact under high pressure inside the border exertion of DFT exhausting Quantum ESPRESSO software using High Performance Computing and comparatively investigated and discussed various related properties of the heterostructure.

This research explores the transformative part of nanomaterials in progressing urban maintainability through the integration of renewable vitality frameworks. Synthesized quantum dabs, carbon nanotubes, and graphene were characterized and connected over assorted applications, counting solar vitality saddling, wind vitality improvement, vitality capacity, and urban foundation improvement. In solar cells, the integration of quantum specks resulted in an eminent increment in control transformation proficiency (PCE), with an 85% change in short-circuit current thickness (J sc) and a 20% increment in open-circuit voltage (Voc). Wind turbine edges upgraded with carbon nanotubes displayed a momentous 21% rise in control yield and a 40% advancement in soundness, emphasizing the potential of nanomaterials in optimizing wind vitality frameworks. Graphene-based supercapacitors illustrated a multiplied particular capacitance and a 10% increment in cyclic solidness, underscoring the adequacy of nanomaterials in vitality capacity applications. The consolidation of nanocomposite building materials showcased a 44% diminishment in warm conductivity, contributing to made strides cover for maintainable urban foundations. Nanosensors, coordinated into smart frameworks, showed a prevalent 80% increment in affectability and a 50% lessening in reaction time compared to customary sensors.

This study focuses on the possible transformative effects that green nanotechnology has in the healthy energy applications and the repression of nature`s negative impacts. By means of environmentallyfriendly production of these nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and quantum dots, the current research produced the marked increase in efficiency of solar cells, with a jump to 53% in efficiency compared to traditional solar cells. Moreover, the dopping of lithium-ion cells with silicon nanoparticles brought about a great enhancement, exhibiting a 50% specific capacity progress contrasted with the batteries that continued traditional anodes. Hence, these excellent findings demonstrate the effectiveness of nanotechnology in transforming energy that gathers and holds technology. The paper did an LCA that entailed a detailed analysis of the life cycle of green nanomaterials in order to measure the impact on the environment. The analysis presented by the LCA indicated the application of alternative materials that resulted in a significant reduction of GHG’s (32%), energy of 33%, and In TP of 37%) in comparison with conventional ones. This highlights the sustainability gains that will be obvious by the use of green nanotechnology as a technology of choice, in energy applications. The findings provide numerous beneficial principles for development of green technologies.

This study offers a thorough comparative analysis of the life cycle assessment of three significant energy storage technologies—Lithium-Ion Batteries, Flow Batteries, and Pumped Hydro—evaluating their environmental, economic, and social aspects in a complete manner. When considering the environmental effect, it is evident that Lithium-Ion Batteries surpass Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro in terms of carbon footprint, water use, and land utilization. Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro exhibit significant decreases, ranging from 40% to 60%, showcasing their potential as ecologically sound alternatives with heightened sustainability advantages. From an economic standpoint, it can be confidently said that Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro surpass Lithium-Ion Batteries in terms of both capital and operational expenses, resulting in a decreased Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS). The examination of percentage change showcases significant decreases, ranging from 20% to 50%, underscoring the economic competitiveness of Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro. Regarding societal consequences, Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro exhibit a propensity for heightened job production, augmented community acceptability, and enhanced health and safety records in contrast to Lithium-Ion Batteries. The assessments of percentage change further underscore the societal benefits of Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro, demonstrating a substantial increase of 40% to 100% in job creation, a notable rise of 6.25% to 12.5% in community acceptability, and a significant decrease of 50% to 75% in health and safety problems. These results jointly emphasize the comprehensive benefits of Flow Batteries and Pumped Hydro, indicating their potential as sustainable, cost-effective, and socially responsible energy storage options. Given the ongoing evolution of the energy landscape, the findings obtained from this research greatly enhance the ability of stakeholders and policymakers to make well-informed decisions in their efforts to design a more environmentally friendly and robust energy future. The study emphasizes the significance of taking into account not only the technological efficacy, but also the wider environmental, economic, and social circumstances when implementing energy storage technology.

This research investigates the cutting edge of healthcare advancement through the applications and challenges of nanomaterials focused on sedate conveyance and therapeutics. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and liposomes were synthesized, characterized, and utilized as carriers for doxorubicin, illustrating remarkable medicate stacking capacities of 4.5% and 80.2%, individually. The discharge energy uncovered a Higuchi demonstration for AuNPs and first-order energy for liposomes, exhibiting custom-fitted medicate discharge profiles. In vitro studies illustrated critical cytotoxicity, with an IC50 of 12.3 µM for AuNPs in A549 cells and 8.7 µM for liposomes in MCF-7 cells. Cellular take-up rates of 35.6% and 50.2% advance asserted their adequacy. Moving to in vivo studies, the circulation half-life of AuNPs was 6.2 hours, whereas liposomes displayed a longer half-life of 8.5 hours. Bio distribution ponders illustrated particular aggregation within the tumor, coming to 4.8% ID/g for AuNPs and 6.2% ID/g for liposomes. Helpful results included tumor measure decrease and by and large survival rates of 75.4% for AuNPs and 82.7% for liposomes. Comparison with related works highlighted the competitive execution of the created nanomaterials, emphasizing their potential in progressing exactness medication. This research contributes to the advancing scene of nanomedicine, emphasizing personalized and maintainable healthcare arrangements.

In nanomaterials and microstructural evolution, electron microscopy has had an important effect on materials investigation. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Electron Diffraction, Operando Electron Microscopy, and Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy offer the investigation on understanding of nanoscale material properties and structure. The present research covers the basics, advantages and disadvantages, and material-related applications of various electron microscopy techniques. TEM is useful for investigating atomic arrangements and imperfections in materials, while SEM offers micro- to nanoscale topographical, morphological, & compositional information. EDS, frequently employed with SEM or TEM, analyzes elements and compounds to determine material compositions. Opando Electron Microscopy allows researchers to observe and assess materials during catalytic reactions and battery charge/discharge cycles. This approach is vital for knowing how dynamic processes influence nanoscale material characteristics and behaviour. Another advanced technique, Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy, corrects lens aberrations that interfered with electron microscope resolution. This adjustment enables imaging at sample-limited resolutions, allowing further studies of atomic structures & flaws. These electron microscopy methods significantly improve nanomaterial microstructural evolution understanding. These have enabled extensive study of flaws, transitions between phases, and formation mechanisms, which are essential to producing optimal materials.