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Four instructional activities for language learning are described, including a unit on body-related vocabulary and expressions using the names of body parts, reading headlines, reading an entire literary work, and "reading" pictures. (MSE)

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An essential micronutrient for rice growth is zinc. Rice grown in flooded fields is at risk of zinc deficiency. Applying zinc fertilizer through foliar spray is an effective method to meet the zinc nutrient requirement for rice plant growth. This study aimed to determine the proper ZnSO4 fertilizer dosage to provide optimal rice growth in several rice varieties. The research was conducted at the UNS experimental Garden. The first factor was the foliar ZnSO4 fertilization dosage consisting of 5 levels: without ZnSO4 fertilizer (D0), 12 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer (D1), 16 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer (D2), 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer (D3) and 24 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer (D4). The second factor consisted of Ciherang (V1), Mentik Wangi (V2) and Rojolele (V3) rice varieties. Statistical analysis in this study used analysis of variance 5% and DMRT test at 5%. The results found there was no interaction in rice varieties (Ciherang, Rojolele and Mentik Wangi) with zinc fertilization doses 12, 16, 20 and 24 kg ha-1. However, this study showed significant difference at single factor of rice varieties and zinc fertilization doses and significant increase in plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of leaves per hill, fresh biomass weight and zinc concentration in plant tissues compared to the dose 0.

Currently, various types of feed additives are being explored as alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics, and larvae juice is emerging as a promising candidate. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of microorganisms contained in larvae juice as probiotics and determine the optimal dose for male broiler chickens. A total of 250 male Cobb broiler chickens were randomly divided into five treatments with five replications, each containing 10 chickens placed in separate cages. The treatments given included: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), larvae juice 1 mL/L (LJ1), larvae juice 3 mL/L (LJ3), larvae juice 5 mL/L (LJ5). Analysis revealed the predominance of gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus and Actinomyces, in the larvae juice probiotics. Giving probiotic larvae juice at a dose of 5 mL/L in drinking water significantly increases body weight and average daily gain, thereby providing a positive effect on saving feed costs. In conclusion dosage 5 mL/L are considered safe for broilers and do not adversely affect their physiological vital organs, immune system, digestive organs, or blood profile.

Whether the post-harvest process will greatly influence volatile or non-volatile coffee chemical compounds. Four post-harvest coffee processing techniques, namely natural, honey, fullwash, and wine, were evaluated in this study. This research aims to authenticate the volatile and non-volatile compounds of Robusta Jawa Bogor green bean as a differentiator in natural, fullwash, honey, and wine processing. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS and LC-MS, we identified a total of 128 volatile compounds (113 in natural, 111 in honey, 100 in fullwash, and 126 in wine), as well as 105 non-volatile compounds (77 in natural, 73 in honey, 66 in fullwash, and 93 in wine). The study found volatile compounds like ethyl cinnamate potential marker for honey processing. A potential marker for natural and wine processing is 1- isopropyl-3 methylbenzene. Some potential markers for wine processing are (E)-4-hexen-1-ol, 5-methyl-2-hexanol, diethyl succinate, ketoisophorone, and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol. Non-volatile compounds like 1-naphthoic, [4]-gingerol, and theophylline are non-volatile markers for natural processing. Succinic acid is a non-volatile marker for natural and wine processing. While maleic acid and adenosine are markers for honey processing, adenine is a marker for wine processing. In contrast, fullwash does not have any volatile and non-volatile marker. Due to post-harvest-process variations, the obtained results assist in authenticating the chemical compounds of Robusta Java Bogor green beans.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between udder characteristics such as udder width, udder height, udder depth, and milk production in dairy cows. The research was conducted on 100 heads of Crossbreed Friesian Holstein (CFH) lactation period owned by various small-scale farmers in KAN Jabung, Malang Regency. Data analysis was calculated using regression analysis and correlation. The research showed that the average udder width of dairy cows was ±12 cm, udder height was ±19 cm, udder depth was ±21 cm, and milk production was ±15 litres/day. linear regression analysis the relationship between udder width and milk production, the equation obtained was Ya = 1.50 + 1.11Xa with a correlation of 0.50. The relationship between udder height and milk production showed Yb = 14.59 + 0.01Xb with a correlation of 0.0063. The relationship between udder depth and milk production resulted in the equation Yc = 20.66 - 0.27Xc with a correlation of 0.16. The research demonstrates a moderate positive relationship between udder width and milk production. Conversely, the relationships between udder height, udder depth, and milk production are very weakly positive. It is crucial to also consider other influencing factors, such as genetics, feed management, health conditions, and production phases, which can significantly impact milk production.

This research aims to examine the spatial influence on the presence of orangutans. The study models four significant environmental variables: distance from food trees, distance from rivers, elevation, and slope, using the Maximum Entropy (Maxent) software with 10 replications. The results indicate that the environmental factor with the most substantial impact on the presence of orangutans is the proximity to food trees, contributing 90.9%. On the other hand, rivers, elevation, and slope contribute minimally to the modelling. Rivers are recognized as a determinant for orangutan nest presence, given their role as a vital life source for the forest ecosystem. However, in this modelling, the distance from rivers has limited impact due to the prevalence of numerous small rivers throughout the research area. Elevation and slope play a supportive role with modest influence, attributed to orangutans' arboreal nature. These models identify areas sharing similar environmental variables with locations where orangutans are found, suggesting that conditions matching these variables are suitable for orangutans. The habitat highly suitable for Sumatran orangutans encompasses an area of 17.43 hectares (4.14%).

The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method is one of the usually used vegetation index transformations in society. The NDVI value is used to evaluate the density and health conditions of oil palm plants. The ARVI (Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index) method is one of the vegetation index transformations that focuses on suppressing atmospheric influences. The ARVI method focuses on identifying the density level of vegetation despite atmospheric effects. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in vegetation data processing activities for oil palm plants. The issue addressed in this research is to compare and measure the accuracy of production estimation data generated using the NDVI and ARVI methods. The method we used in this research is to analyze Landsat-8 remote sensing data using ArcMap 10.4.1 software to produce various vegetation indices for which several tests. The final results that will be obtained in this research are production distribution data estimated using the NDVI index, ARVI index, and actual production in the field. Based on research using simple linear regression analysis, vegetation index value, the productivity obtained using the NDVI method is 2,122 tons/ha/month, and using the ARVI method is also 2,122 tons/ha/month. This corresponds to the actual field productivity value of 2,122 kg/ha/month.

Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to explore the morphological features of livestock, a statistical method that had not previously been applied to Indonesian Sakub sheep. Consequently, this study focused on analyzing PCA in male Sakub sheep. Morphometric traits examined included head length (HL), heart girth (HG), ear width (EW), chest width (CW), body length (BL), rump length (RL), wither height (WH), rump height (RH), head width (HW), ear length (EL), chest depth (CD), and rump width (RW)., Data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and PCA conducted using SPSS 25.0 software. The average measurements for these morphometric traits were 23.63±2.27 cm, 94.47±9.44 cm, 6.95±0.97 cm, 21.08±4.61cm, 79.71±6.86 cm, 24.95±3.36 cm, 76.24±5.52 cm, 74.55±5.19 cm, 14.17±1.60 cm, 14.42±2.37 cm, 36.27±4.75 cm, and 18.17±3.21 cm, respectively. The sphericity test using Bartlett's (p < 0.001) and the sampling adequacy determined using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) exceeded 0.883. Two principal components were identified: PC1 (comprising HG, BL, WH, HL, RH, CD, and RW) and PC2 (including EL, CW, EW, RL, and HW), accounting for approximately 61.429% of the total variance. These findings provide insights that can be utilized in the management, selection, and breeding programs for male Sakub sheep.

Oil palm has a high potential for nutrient use efficiency, meaning it can produce high yields with relatively low nutrient inputs compared to other crops. Nutrient use efficiency is significant for nutrient balance and supply, like Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K), which are vital for oil palm growth and fruit production. Research includes breeding for traits that enhance nutrient uptake and utilization and developing new fertilizer formulations and application techniques. This research aimed to investigate the response of some oil palm genetic backgrounds to the application of fertilizer level. The study was organized using randomized block design with two factors: fertilizer dosage [0% (P0), 100% (P1), 75% (P2), and 50% (P3) of the recommended dosage], and plant material [populations 1-3 (V1-V3)], repeated six times. The treatment of providing fertilizer doses at 50% of the recommendation (P3) shows more efficient and positive effect in the oil palm seedling growth. Population V2, given the treatment of fertilizer doses at 50% of the recommendation (P3), shows more efficient and positive responses in the oil palm seedling growth.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) tuberous roots are crucial in carbohydrate production, serving as a staple food and industrial material for decades. High β-carotene content is essential for nutrition and stress tolerance, conserving in yellow-fleshed cassava tuberous roots. However, the complex and costly laboratory analysis of the β-carotene content is an obstacle. This study aims to develop a simple and precise phenotyping method for predicting the β-carotene content of cassava tuberous root using grayscale analysis with ImageJ. This study was conducted at the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering, Bogor, in October 2021 for the training set and October 2022 for the validating set. The training set used six yellow and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars as genetic materials. Seven other white-fleshed cassava cultivars were added to the validating set. The grayscale analysis accurately distinguished the white and yellow-fleshed cassava cultivars, reflecting variation in the β-carotene content. This phenotyping method showed a stable result in the validating set. Additionally, a robust correlation was found between β-carotene content and grayscale values, showing the ability of grayscale analysis to predict β- carotene content. Thus, this method could be advantageous in a massive and early selection of the β-carotene content in segregated cassava populations.

The aim of the study was to determine the growth performance and resistance of four new superior varieties (NSV) against rice stem borer (RSB). The variables observed were agronomic and yield components, harvested dry grain (HDG), the incidence and attack rate of RSB every 2 weeks. The research was designed on a randomized block design (RBD) by using four NSV, namely Inpari 16, 32, 33, and Ciherang as control with 6 replications. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there was a difference between the mean values, it was continued with a 5% LSD test. The research results showed that the use of Inpari 16, 32, and 33 increased crop yield by up to 6,9% to 30,9%. The highest yield was achieved by a variety of Inpari 32 (8,82 tons per hectare), followed by Inpari 33 (7,51 tons per hectare), and the lowest yield was found for Inpari 16 (6,95 tons per hectare). This shows that the use of Inpari 16, 32, and 33, can increase the percentage of rice production 6.92%, 35.62%%, and 15.54% respectively. The results showed that the three varieties inpari 16, 32, and 33 were susceptible to mild damage (≤ 11%), namely 0.56%, 0.6%, and 0.23% respectively, while Ciherang (control) 0.45%.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of activated charcoal on phytochemical substances and the quality of cassava leaves. The research consisted of two stages, with the first stage, using a completely randomized design to determine the optimal treatment of activated charcoal content and soaking time on cassava leaves. The second stage evaluated the quality of the cassava leaves using the best treatment from the first stage. The study found that bamboo-activated charcoal levels of 2%, 4%, and 6% with a soaking time of 36 hours reduced the phytochemical substances of cassava leaves (HCN, tannin, and flavonoids). Additionally, bamboo-activated charcoal levels improved the quality of cassava leaves at the 2% level (P

The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) maggot is one of the abundant insect commodities in nature, with high protein content and diverse amino acids required by livestock. This research aimed to identify the amino acid content of BSF maggots using different hydrolysis methods, namely, chemical and enzymatic. The analysis included the identification of maggot nutritional content through proximate analysis, enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin, chemical hydrolysis with HCl solution and amino acid identification using HPLC analysis. The research results indicated that the BSF maggot used in this study contained 29.36% protein. The extraction and hydrolysis processes broke down the protein into amino acids that were detectable in the HPLC instrument. Hydrolysis using trypsin produced amino acids with glutamic acid (1.54 mg/g) being the most abundant, followed by serine (0.86 mg/g) and aspartic acid (0.75 mg/g). Hydrolysis using HCl solution yielded amino acids with the highest concentration, where glutamic acid (10 mg/g) was the most abundant, followed by leucine (8.1 mg/g) and aspartic acid (7.5 mg/g). The highest total concentration of amino acids was obtained from HCl hydrolysis, amounting to 74.2 mg/g of maggots. In conclusion, the chemical hydrolysis process using HCl resulted in a higher quantity of amino acids compared to enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin.

Teak is commonly used as a revegetation plant because of its ability to live on critical land and its vigorous defense system against disease attacks. However, it must be recognized that teak plants can still be attacked by disease. This study aims to identify pathogens that cause leaf blight in teak in the nursery. This research method includes field observations using the census method and Koch's postulate test. Field observations showed that the area of leaf blight attack reached 93%, with widespread disease characteristics in brown necrotic areas. Koch's postulate found S1, S2, S3, and S4 isolates. The microscopic identification of pathogens showed that isolates S1 and S2 were Rhizoctonia sp. with characteristic characteristics of leafy hyphae adjacent to branching, a branching angle of 90°, no spores were found, and an irregular monyloid structure. Isolates S3 and S4 are Curvularia sp. with characteristics of hyphae that are septate. Conidia consists of 4-5 cells with one enlarged cell in the middle, and the cell color on the outside or tip tends to be transparent.

The strategic role and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy has encouraged the government to introduce 10 new Bali Tourism Strategic Areas or National Tourism Strategic Areas (KSPN), one of which is the Morotai tourism area. However, the tourism sector has not been able to contribute to the Regional Original Income (PAD) of Morotai Island Regency. This study aims to analyze the development of tourist attractions in increasing Regional Original Income (PAD) by considering disaster aspects in the Morotai Island Regency. The research focused on 28 tourist attractions spread across the South Morotai Regency. Quantitative methods were used in this study. Data analysis was performed using the Promethee method to create decision criteria. The results of the research show that developing tourist attractions that need attention to increase the PAD of Morotai Island Regency are the Pantai Army Dock, Waterfront City 1, Taman Army Dock, Museum Trikora and Museum Perang Dunia II, and Pulau Dodola. The managerial implications include improving accessibility, connectivity between destinations, quality of facilities, and infrastructure by considering disaster mitigation aspects. Second, it encourages investments in building three- and four-star hotels and restaurants. Third, we built a positive image of disaster preparedness in tourist areas to attract tourists.

Sengon is fast growing legume tree that is widely cultivated by community, however threathened by pest attacks, especially Boktor stem borer. This study aims to evaluate the growth of Sengon progeny testing planted in Kediri, under Perhutani State Forest Company, and analyze the relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers and the phenotypes regarding their tolerance and intolerance to Boktor pests. The sample consisted of tolerant (R28, R29, R30, R33, and R47) and intolerant (S13, S21, S22, S24, and S25) accessions, with 4 individual replicates for each accession. All samples were genotyped using 4 SNP primers, i.e AAI1, AAI2, TI1 and TI2 applying the High-Resolution Melting (HRM) method at the Forest Genetics Laboratory and Advance Research Laboratory of IPB University. Phenotypic data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, while SNP genotypes were assessed using Chi-square test, visualized in a Manhattan plot, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The disease severity of tolerant and intolerant accessions were 84.33% and 79.64% respectively, which were not significantly different. Three SNP primers gave X2 value higher than 5.99 indicated their association with the tolerant and intolerant traits. Therefore, SNP markers can be used to assist the selection program of sengon that is tolerant to Boktor pests.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of noni leaf meal on the blood profile, creatinine, and urea nitrogen of male ducks at different levels of inclusion into the diet. The research involved 84 male local ducks that were reared for 6 weeks and fed diets containing crude protein at 18% and metabolizable energy at 3000 kcal/kg. The treatment diets in this study consisted of a control diet with no addition of noni-leaf meal and diets with the addition of nonileaf meal at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. The results indicated that the noni leaf meal had no significant effect on the erythrocytes (2.71-2.88 million/mm3), haematocrit (32.80-37.20%), haemoglobin (12.85-13.88 g%), leukocytes (5.37-10.20 thousand/mm3), and creatine (0.08-0.12 mg/dl), but it decreased blood urea nitrogen. It was concluded that the dietary of up to 7.5% noni leaf meal did not adversely affect blood profile and creatine levels, but reduced blood urea nitrogen levels.

The objective of this study was to develop a meat analogue made from fermented peanut meal and to characterize its protein content and sensory profile. Two protein sources were utilized to prepare the meat analogues, i.e., soybean and peanut. Prior to fermentation, peanut was removed for its oil by using mechanical pressing to generate peanut meal. Both sources were then fermented by a mixture of Rhizopus oligosporus and Rhizopus oryzae for 48 h. The products were determined for their protein contents (in duplicates) and sensory profiles using a total of 20 respondents (hedonic scale). The scale used was 1 to 5, from very dislike to very like. To test the sensory property, fermented soybean and peanut meal were served in the form of kebab. The data obtained from the sensory evaluation were analyzed by using a paired t-test. Results revealed that the protein contents of fermented soybean and fermented peanut meal were 34.0 and 36.0% (dry matter basis), respectively. Fermented peanut meal had a greater (P

The high fatty acid content and non-edible nature of kapok (Ceiba Pentandra) oil make it a promising raw material for biodiesel production. However, the traditional transesterification process involves long durations and high energy consumption, necessitating a more efficient method. Sonication, using ultrasonic waves at 20-40kHz, is a leading method that reduces transesterification duration from hours to minutes. It induces cavitation, the formation and collapse of microbubbles, raising the temperature of the reaction environment and accelerating the transesterification reaction. The purpose of this research is to study the transesterification of kapok oil into biodiesel using sonication. The results showed that the biodiesel produced had a viscosity value of 5.6-5.9 cSt, which is still below the maximum value of SNI. The density value is in the range of 913.533 to 951.43 Kg/m3, this value still exceeds the SNI value of 890 Kg.m3. Both parameters were measured at 25oC which should be 40oC based on SNI. The viscosity and density values will decrease as the measurement temperature increases. The highest yield value was produced at 2 min sonication time, 65.7%, while the lowest yield value was produced at 6 min, 53.3%.

Maintaining good relations and achieving mutual benefits among agribusiness actors is essential in an agricultural business network. This study explores the concept of shared value co-creation (VCC), where group members collaboratively develop new business models for horticulture product marketing promoted by digital technology and business networks. Research on an agribusiness cooperative managed as an Islamic educational institution demonstrates that shared VCC is an effective strategy for developing agribusiness cooperatives. Key factors include collaboration, digital technology utilisation, human resource competency development in agribusiness, and leveraging cooperative networks. The ability to seek opportunities and build stakeholder relationships facilitates shared VCC, leading to mutual benefits. The study findings suggest that a collaborative approach, respect for good relationships, and a focus on intangible resources can enhance supply chain networks and marketing of local agribusiness products. Value networking, business collaboration, digital agribusiness, and e-commerce are crucial.

This study investigated the fermentation process of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using Lactobacillus casei and its impact on Total Plate Count (TPC), pH, and antibacterial activity. The research followed an experimental design, examining antibacterial activity across six treatments with four replications, analyzed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). TPC and pH data were compared between non-fermented and fermented Turmeric, with 12 replications for each treatment, analyzed using T-Tests with IBM SPSS version 26 (IBM, New York, NY, USA) to identify significant differences (p

This study assesses the impact of the LED light spectrum on the reproductive development of male synodontis (Synodontis sp.) broods. Male synodontis were subjected to four distinct LED light spectra, namely: white, blue, green, and red, each continuously for 120 days of rearing. This experimental study used a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five individual fish replications per treatment. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm quality (volume, density, and motility), testosterone levels, and testicular histology were analyzed. After 120 days, the blue LED light showed the best GSI and sperm quality. Testosterone hormone levels fluctuate in each treatment, with blue, red, and green LEDs having four peak treatments on days 12, 48, 60, 84, and 108, while white (control) light bulbs have two peak hormone level on days 12 and 60. Furthermore, fish that were exposed to blue LED light had more testicular cells growing and more spermatozoa spread out than fish that were exposed to red, green, or white LED light. Thus, this research demonstrates that blue light effectively accelerates gonad maturation in male synodontis.

Critical land is a significant problem for environmental sustainability. Rehabilitation of critical land can be conducted by optimizing land suitability, planting adaptive species, and rehabilitation techniques (fertilizers and planting techniques consist of direct planting and drone seeders). Drone seeders must be applied to access remote areas. This study aimed to analyze the land suitability for Falcataria falcata, Durio zibethinus, and Callophyllum inophyllum and the effect of fertilizers and planting techniques on their growth. The method used was a spatial analysis using remote sensing and an experimental design using a completely randomized block design with two factors (fertilizers and planting techniques). The result showed that suitable land analysis for F. falcata is S3-eh (38.40%), D. zibethinus is S3 (38.40%), and C. inophyllum is S (39.28%). The C treatment (no fertilizers + direct planting) resulted in the best germination percentage for F. falcata (42.86%), D. zibethinus (85.71%), and C. inophyllum (100%). The land condition is full of rocks; hence, the height at which the seeds are dropped causes damage to the fertilizers and seeds. The application of fertilizers and drone seeders can be a potential for rehabilitation in remote areas by considering the biophysical area and composition of seed-coating.

Magnolia champaca L., known as Jeumpa Kuneng or Bungong Jeumpa in Aceh, is culturally significant as the regional flower of Aceh Province. Used in traditional ceremonies, its fragrance and beauty inspire Acehnese poetry. Ethnobotanical studies highlight its medicinal properties, especially for treating various diseases, with the flower being the most used part. However, its utilization has potentially impacted its spread and reproduction, as seen by its declining presence in Banda Aceh. This study examines the duration and morphological characteristics of M. champaca's development and evaluates reproductive success. Observations reveal a 24- 26 day flower development process starting from generative bud emergence, with fruit formation from day 26 to 70, marked by ripening and blackening. Understanding these stages helps predict optimal fruit harvesting times. The reproductive and fruit types are monoecious hypogynous and dehiscent dry fruit. This study provides insights into the reproductive biology of M. champaca, aiding in conservation and sustainable utilization strategies.

Managing landscape services on small islands requires special attention due to resource constraints impacting socio-economic dynamics. This study identifies landscape services on Pasaran Island, Bandar Lampung City, considering ecological, social, and economic factors, and examines the importance and performance of these services from residents' perspectives. Using the Importance-Performance Analysis Matrix (IPMA) in SPSS, 100 local residents who have lived on the island for at least five years were surveyed to understand the community's socioeconomic background. Drone mapping facilitated by DroneDeploy, Agisoft Photoscan Pro, and QGIS revealed diverse land use in Pulau Pasaran. The research highlighted that 37% of the population monthly incomes ranging from 300,000 to 1,000,000 IDR, influenced by natural resource availability. IPMA analysis categorized findings into quadrants: Quadrant I stressed enhanced community and government involvement in landscape service management. Quadrant II reflected community concerns about risks from landscape service use. Quadrant III underscored the necessity for greater transparency in government funding. Quadrant IV indicated community to engage in landscape service planning. The IPMA results for Pasaran Island identified significant gaps in community management: transparency (-0.09), labor assistance (-0.06), and cleanliness (-0.03). Conversely, positive gaps were found in financial assistance (+0.09) and community desire to reduce damage (+0.02). In conclusion, community needs is essential for effective landscape service management.

Wood-feeding termites and wood-decaying fungi share a niche and likely interact, impacting wood degradation processes. Prior research has primarily examined termite the preferences for decayed wood species, revealing instances of termite feeding deterrence in response to fungal decay products. The compound that caused the deterrence effect was extracted and studies regarding the suspected compound and its toxicity has been previously conducted. In this study, further observation of the extract retention and concentrations were asessed against Reticulitermes speratus. Result indicated that the decayed wood extract retains its deterrent activity for up to four days post-application, with a peak effect observed within the initial hours. Furthermore, the concentration of the extract correlates with both feeding deterrence and termite mortality, suggesting a concentration-dependent relationship. Results show a significant decrease in feeding and increase in mortality with longer exposure durations, indicating sustained deterrent activity for up to four days. Higher extract volumes correlate with reduced feeding and increased mortality, supporting concentration-dependent deterrence. Highest mortality was observed after 24 hours of exposure, suggesting continued toxicity despite diminished deterrence.

The research aimed to analyze the effect of young green coconut water diluent with egg yolk in Boer goat liquid semen quality at cold storage. This study used an experimental laboratory with 4 treatments and 10 replications. The treatments tested were: P0 = CEP-3 + 10% egg yolk + 0.4% egg white, P1 = 90% coconut water + 10% egg yolk, P2 = 85% coconut water + 15% egg yolk, and P3 = 80% coconut water + 20% egg yolk. The variables analysis was individual motility, viability, abnormality, intact plasma membrane, and intact acrosome hood. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the difference between treatments continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed significant differences in individual motility, viability, intact plasma membrane, and intact acrosome hood (P0.05). In conclusion, the combination of coconut water + 20% egg yolk could be recommended for the diluent of Boer goat liquid semen in cold storage for up to 3 days.

The date palm is a palm plant belonging to the Arecaceae family. Date palms have several benefits, such as leaves used in various religious ceremonies, tree trunks as firewood, and fruit with various health benefits. In addition, date palm flowers undergo cross-pollination, are dioecious, and consist of 18 chromosomes, resulting in a heterozygous genetic constitution that can lead to high genetic diversity. The development of Next Generation Sequencing technology can detect genetic diversity using whole genome sequencing approaches. Therefore, this study aims to discover and develop SSR markers using an in-silico approach from Phoenix dactylifera genome data. Genome data from male Phoenix dactylifera leaf tissue was obtained from NCBI with GenBank assembly accession: GCA_009389715.1. Quality analysis of de novo assembly using Busco Analysis result in single-copy completeness of 76.7%, duplicated completeness of 19.0%, fragmented completeness of 2.8%, and missing completeness of 1.5%. A total of 36,764 genes and 29,239 protein-coding genes were found. SSRs were identified and extracted using the Microsatellite (MISA) program, resulting in the distribution of dinucleotide SSR motifs (68.37%), trinucleotide (24.22%), tetranucleotide (6.36%), pentanucleotide (0.59%), and heptanucleotide (0.47%). Based on these perfect SSRs, 15 primer pairs were designed. The SSR markers developed will be expected to help further research on the genetic diversity of P. dactylifera.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different feeding regimens in a long-term period on the reproductive performance of young Garut rams. Thirty individuals with an average body weight of 20.12 kg were randomly assigned to two groups. The CF group received 70% concentrate and 30% Pennisetum purpureum, while the FT group was provided with 70% Pennisetum purpureum and 30% tofu waste. The treatments were isoprotein and isoenergy. Rams were fed the same diet consistently starting from weaning age at 2 months. Semen and blood samples were collected at the age of puberty, around 9-10 months old. The results showed that different feeding regimens did not affect the total dry matter intake of young rams or their final body weight. Blood glucose was similar for both groups. Feeding CF resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0.05) blood cholesterol. Sperm viability and intact plasm membrane were highest (P < 0.05) in the CF group compared to the FT group. Semen volume and testosterone were higher (P < 0.05) in the group fed FT compared to the CF group. In conclusion, high concentrates have implications for better sperm membrane and survival, while a higher proportion of forage with tofu waste increases semen volume which is associated with more frozen semen production.

Forest and land fires have significant negative impacts on the environment, economy, and public health. These fires cause damage to forest ecosystems, resulting in loss of biodiversity, air quality degradation, and climate change. Assessment of areas post-forest and land fires is crucial for measuring the severity level and planning appropriate rehabilitation measures. This research focus to classify the severity levels of forest and land fires based on photo data obtained from field locations in four villages in Jambi Province. The dataset will be trained into a model using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with MobileNetV2 architecture. Based on the evaluation results of training the MobileNetV2 model with two image sizes, (224, 224) and (112, 112), using 50 epochs, it is shown that the highest accuracy was obtained from the model with both image sizes, with an accuracy value of 77.7% and the lowest loss value of 0.618. The use of MobileNetV2 architecture model yielded satisfactory results. MobileNetV2 was considered superior in analyzing the classification model performance on the data used, but there is a need for additional field photo data to improve model training.

The sand crab Albunea symmysta is widespread in the Pacific, including Indonesia. Its lifestyle of burying its body in the sand in the intertidal area near to the river estuaries means that this albuneid crab is rarely found and studied. This research aimed to elucidate the genetic diversity of albuneid crab in the intertidal area of Enggano Island, which is characterized by calcaerous sand based on DNA barcoding of the CO1 gene. We conducted DNA sequencing of the CO1 gene of A. symmysta samples caught in Enggano (n=14), North Bengkulu (n=11), And South Bengkulu (n=6). All DNA sequence data were combined with data obtained from previous studies (n=36) and Albunea spp (n=18, four species). The result showed that in Enggano, two species of albuneid crab, namely A. symmysta and Albunea sp1 (NJ genetic distance 17.3%), were determined. The genetic distance of A. symmysta Enggano to several other albuneid crab species (Albunea sp2, Albunea sp3, Albunea sp4) ranges from 14.9% to 20.2%. A. symmysta Enggano is closest to different locations, ranging from 0.2% to 6.6%. We found six haplotypes in Enggano out of 26 haplotypes in Indonesia. DNA barcoding revealed the existence of a cryptic species of albuneid crab in Enggano and another region in Indonesia. That way, we have to work more to determine the species of albuneid crab other than A. symmysta which was found in Enggano (n=2).

Kampung Naga is a traditional village for the Sundanese tribe located near Tasikmalaya, West Java Province, Indonesia. Agriculture serves as the primary economic activity for the people of this community, both inside and outside of the cultivated lands. They continue to use conventional agricultural practices to preserve local wisdom passed down by their ancestors to ensure food security in the village. A total of eleven local rice varieties widely cultivated in Kampung Naga used in traditional ceremonies were tested in this study. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and relationship among the local rice varieties cultivated in Kampung Naga. We used RAPD markers in the testing process to measure genetic diversity more precisely and efficiently. The data was analyzed using NTSys and grouped based on their genetic similarity. Cluster analysis to form a phylogenetic tree in a dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA. Based on the genetic relationship analysis, the eleventh rice varieties were clustered in two groups with genetic similarity ranging from 25.53%-88.89%. Saptinah and Cere were clustered in one group, while the others in the other cluster. The genetic distance between these varieties was quite high (above 0.5). The genetic diversity and relationship observed in this study emphasize the importance of determining of the genetic identity of local varieties for sustainable use and support rice breeding initiatives.

Poultry nutrient requirements are significantly influenced by both growth stage and breed. Additionally, housing systems impact performance. However, specific starter ration guidelines and appropriate housing systems are lacking for the IPB D-1 chicken, a hybrid combining 75% local and 25% broiler genetics. This critical period demands protein-rich diets to achieve optimal growth. To address this gap, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of varying protein levels (22% and 20%) in starter rations for unsexed, day-old IPB D-1 chicks (n = 400). The chicks were divided into two dietary groups and housed in open and semi-closed housing systems (10 replicates of 10 chicks each). Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 2 weeks, and monitoring of feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was performed. Chicks fed the 22% protein diet displayed significantly higher (P

The circular bioeconomy is increasingly recognized as a strategy to tackle natural resource constraints and environmental degradation. This paper examines the prospects of applying circular bioeconomy principles to drive economic growth in Indonesia's forestry sector. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, the study analyzes the sector through upstream, midstream, and downstream value chains. The findings indicate that integrating these principles can boost economic growth by fostering industrial development, innovation, added value, and job creation. In the upstream chain, sustainable forest management, planting, and conservation activities ensure raw material availability and create employment opportunities. The midstream chain sees the growth of creative industries focused on waste processing and logistics, driving innovation, added value, and job absorption. Downstream activities, such as repair, maintenance, refurbishment, upcycling, and rental services, also contribute to economic growth. For further economic development, the study highlights the importance of exploring technology-based activities like biorefineries and innovative product development. This integration at various stages of the value chain demonstrates that a circular bioeconomy can significantly contribute to sustainable economic growth in the Indonesian forestry sector.

The local farmers have long implemented agroforestry systems, and many challenges are found in agroforestry practices. This study analyzed the plant species composition and local farmers' perceptions of agroforestry practices in Aceh and Java, Indonesia. We interviewed the local farmers and observed the species composition in the field. Most local farmers are in the 46-55-year-old age group (42%) with an elementary school education background (39%). Local farmers reported acquiring their agroforestry skills through self-experimentation. Most local farmers possess 2-5 years of experience. Only 29% of the farmers have participated in such groups or communities. Approximately 88% of local farmers have agrisilviculture as their preferred approach. They perceive their planted species' growth performance as in good condition (58%). The dominant tree species favored by local farmers are Tectona grandis, Falcataria falcata, Swietenia macrophylla, and Durio zibethinus. While in the realm of crops, the dominants are Manihot esculenta, Ipomoea batatas, Musa paradisiaca, and Capsicum annum. The main challenges faced by the local farmers are pest/disease attacks (43,9%), limited human resources availability (31,7%), and limited market (24,4%). The most needed in agroforestry practices are species selection (29,3%), cultivation techniques (24,4%), and irrigation systems (19,5%).

The nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology used in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) encounters fouling issues. Fouling can be mitigated by incorporating pre-treatment units such as multimedia filters (MMF) and activated carbon filters (CF). This research aims to optimize the RAS configuration using MMF, CF, and NF90-4040 membranes to identify the most effective treatment system for reducing organic contaminants in aquaculture water. The performance of RAS was monitored and evaluated by the decrease in membrane flux and the efficiency of each configuration in reducing concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and total suspended solids (TSS). The combination of MMF, CF, and NF (V1) demonstrated the highest overall efficiency, reducing ammonia concentration by 97.5% and nitrite by 100%. The MMF unit in V1 reduced ammonia and nitrite levels by 36.25% and 35.48%, respectively, while the CF unit further reduced ammonia and nitrite levels by 86.27% and 10%, respectively. The NF unit reduced ammonia by 71.43% and nitrite by 100%. Moreover, V1 exhibited a smaller decrease in flux value compared to the combination of MMF and NF (V2) and CF and NF (V3). The optimized RAS reactor in V1 achieved a 100% reduction in nitrate and TSS, highlighting its superior performance in treating aquaculture water effectively.

Adenostemma lavenia has been reported to possess significant value in traditional medicine and exhibit therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the extraction conditions of A. lavenia leaves using an ultrasound-assisted technique. A completely randomized factorial design with two factors (extraction time and ethanol concentration) was implemented. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 complex assays, respectively. At the same time, antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. The Rank Spearman test evaluated the correlation between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were 45 minutes of extraction time and 90% ethanol concentration, yielding a TPC of 11.94±0.11 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g extract, a TFC of 0.51±0.00 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g extract, antioxidant activity of 2,507.19±26.62 mg/L (IC50 of DPPH assay), and 133.50±0.71 mg/L (IC50 of CUPRAC assay). Antioxidant activity (CUPRAC assay) was significantly correlated with TFC in A. lavenia leaves. This study suggests that A. lavenia could be explored as a natural antioxidant.

Gamma radiation is a particular approach for increasing green bean (Vigna radiata L.) growth and yield. Gamma radiation at the appropriate dose enhances plant growth and yield. The research attempts to determine the proper dose of gamma radiation on the growth and yield of green beans. The research was carried out at Talang Kering, Muara Bangkahulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia. The design employed was a Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the green bean variety, consisting of Vima-1 and Vima-4. The second factor was the radiation dose, which was 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 Gy. The data were analyzed using the F-test with a 5% significant level and further tested using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level. The study's findings revealed that gamma irradiation of up to 800 Gy on green bean seeds resulted in higher plant height, number of pods, number of seeds/plants, and seed weight/plant. The Vima-1 variety of green beans produced a higher weight of 100 seeds when irradiated with gamma rays at 100 Gy, while the Vima-4 variety at a dose of 200 Gy. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing green bean cultivation practices.

The study aimed to evaluate the level of costumers preference of mayonnaise with the addition of calamansi peel flour (Citrofortunella microcarpa). The research design used a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments. Organoleptic evaluation used hedonic test method with 9-point hedonic scale. The test was conducted by 25 semi trained panelists. The treatment levels of calamansi peel flour addition were 0 (P0); 1.5 (P1); 3.0 (P2); and 4.5% (P3). Parameters observed were antioxidant activity (antioxidant content, total phenolics, fiber content) and consumer preference (hedonic test). The results of the analysis of Calamansi peel flour had an antioxidant activity value of 723.92 ppm, a total phenol of 10.36 mg GAE/g, and a fiber content of 35.21%. The average score of perception of sensory attributes was between 4 (dislike slightly) and 5 (neither like nor dislike). The results showed the addition of Calamansi peel flour had a significant effect on organoleptic. In conclusion that the treatment of adding 1.5% calamansi peel flour produces mayonnaise that is acceptable to consumers.

Maize productivity, reliant on nitrogen availability, is crucial for the Indonesian economy. Previous research found organic fertilizers had minimal effects on the Local variety ‘Tambin’, widely used by smallscale farmers. This study explored varietal responses to nitrogen fertilization using a split-plot randomized complete design with four nitrogen rates (0, 46, 138, and 184 kg N ha−1) as main plots, and maize varieties (Hybrid ‘BISI-18’, Composite ‘Sukumaraga’, and Local ‘Tambin’) as sub-plots. Results showed significant effects of nitrogen rates and maize varieties on growth variables (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves). The ‘Tambin’ variety performed best at 138 kg N ha−1, with higher plant heights, while Hybrid ‘BISI-18’ and Composite ‘Sukumaraga’ showed the greatest increases in height and stem diameter at 46 kg N ha−1.

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition condition caused by a variety factors, including poor nutritional intake, poor parenting practices, restricted health services, insufficient family access to nutritious food, and a lack of access to clean water and sanitation. In December 2023, a crosssectional study of 23 stunted children (mean Z score SD, -2 to -5) aged 1 to 5 years was conducted to examine the relationship between macronutrient and micronutrient consumption. Two days food recall analized with nutrisurvey conducted to determine macronutrient characteristics (total energy, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid), as well as micronutrients, vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12, C), mineral (Fe, Zinc, Calcium), and folic acid. According to the Spearman rho correlation test, there is a substantial association (p < 0.01) between loss total energy and carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin D, vitamin C, ferrum, and calcium. Also, correlation at level (p < 0.05) with vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid. Conclusion of this correlation is that total energy shortage in stunted children was affected by dietary inadequacies, which considered to be related to bone growth in stunted children.

Papua has the highest number of flora species in Indonesia. One of the endemic species is the screw palm (Pandanus) fruits which can be potential plant oil. Plant oil has attracted many interests because of its function for food and non-food product development. The objective of this research was to identify the fatty acid composition of Pandanus iwen and Pandanus jiulianettii oil extracted using the method of wet rendering with an aluminium pan. The fatty acid composition was analysed using gas chromatography-FID method. The result showed eleven fatty acids found in both Pandanus iwen and Pandanus jiulianettii. They are C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, and C20:1. Both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition of Pandanus iwen (saturated 24.48%, unsaturated 35.10%) is higher than Pandanus jiulianettii (saturated 21.95%, unsaturated 32.58%).

Currently, the reference for establishing irrigation water requirements for paddy field land preparation (KAIPL) relies on the Van de Goor & Zijlstra (VGZ) model, assuming a constant discharge. While practical for planning, this method often leads to wasteful implementation. Thus, this study aims to introduce a refined model for determining KAIPL (modified model of VGZ, called MVGZ), emphasizing water efficiency through intermittent irrigation. The proposed model integrates inundation during specific periods and at varying water levels applied to three distinct soil textures. To validate its effectiveness, the model was compared against field measurements conducted at two locations in Karawang, West Java, and Gowa, South Sulawesi. Findings reveal distinct coefficients for heavy, medium, and light soil textures—0.79, 0.76, and 0.73 respectively. Compared to the VGZ model, the developed model demonstrates significant water savings ranging from 10% to 36%, ensuring more efficient irrigation practices. Thus, the MVGZ model emerges as a promising tool for determining KAIPL with enhanced water conservation capabilities.

Pakistan has a limited forest cover. The present condition of forests in Pakistan indicates a profound apathy. The devastating floods of 2022 in Pakistan killed 1,739 people and caused 15.2 billion USD in economic losses, underscoring the urgent need for proactive environmental management strategies. This study investigates land cover changes, focusing on forest cover, in Pakistan from 2017 to 2023, aiming to inform policy and mitigation efforts. High precipitation intensity from July to August 2022 exacerbated the impact of the floods, revealing the region's vulnerability. The method uses spatial analysis from Existing artificial intelligence (AI) land classification models, which were enhanced by bringing together a massive training dataset of billions of human-labeled image pixels. The analysis reveals a stark reality: Pakistan's forest cover is a mere 2%, highlighting the critical need for intervention. Examining land cover dynamics over the six years illuminates trends and projections crucial for environmental planning. Protecting existing forest cover along with Government-led afforestation initiatives underway signal a proactive response, intending to bolster environmental resilience and reduce the susceptibility to natural disasters. Insights gleaned from this research serve as a foundation for strategic policy formulation, guiding efforts to enhance environmental quality and safeguard against future calamities in Pakistan.

Green roof is a green technology innovation in the form of a roof planted with vegetation on a substrate that is an effective solution to replace the role of green open space (GOS) lost due to construction and development. As the main component of green roof, vegetation can significantly affect the quantity and quality of runoff water. This research aims to analyze the quality of rainwater and green roof runoff water on green roofs planted with Portulaca grandiflora (PG) and unvegetated green roof (UV) as a control. Runoff samples were analysed to determine the value of water quality parameters used, especially temperature, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, DO nitrite, ammonia. Water quality status is determine by applying the STORET (Storage and Retrieval) Method. Based on the quality standards of "Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No 22 Tahun 2021", the STORET value in rainwater is categorized as moderately contaminated with a value of -20. While the STORET value in green roof runoff water planted with Portulaca grandiflora and unvegetated green roof, both are categorized as lightly contaminated with a value of -8 and -10 respectively. While based on the quality standards of "Peraturan Menteri kesehatan No 22 tahun 2023", the STORET value in rainwater is categorized as lightly contaminated with a value of -8. While the STORET value in green roof runoff water planted with Portulaca grandiflora and green roofs that are not planted, both are categorized as meet the quality standards.

Implementing effective waste management practices involves using an aerobic fermentation system to produce liquid organic fertilizer. The study investigates the chemical and microbiological properties of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from beef cattle waste, which is extracted and filtered using rice straw as a carbon source for decomposer microbe growth. The research experimented with three C/N ratio treatments (P1= C/N 22.5, P2= C/N 25, and P3= C/N 27.5). The parameters tested include the dynamics of bacterial and mold populations in the initial decomposition process, macronutrients and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and phosphate-solving bacteria in the LOF. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's Test. The study found that a C/N ratio of 25 produced the highest average total bacteria on day 5 and the highest mold population on day 7 of initial decomposition. The macronutrient content of the LOF was N: 1.00 - 2.13%, P2O5: 0.46 - 0.53%, and K2O: 1.42 - 1.68%. The highest population of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was found at a C/N ratio of 27.5, while the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria did not differ in all treatments. The LOF meets Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 01/2019's quality requirements for liquid organic fertilizers, with a content of N+P+K >2%.

Palm oil mill effluents are envisaged as fertilizer alternatives in palm oil plantations. This research aimed to estimate the impact of the land application on soil some soil chemical characteristics in the District of Karang Tinggi, Bengkulu Tengah Regency, Province of Bengkulu, Indonesia. The implementation of Land applications of POME was carried out by flowing it from palm oil mill effluent ponds on the ditches (roraks) of palm oil plantation land. The soil sample was collected from the soil with land applications, soil between land applications, and soil without land applications. The result showed that land applications of POME contributed to the increasing soil acidity (pH), K, Ca, Mg, KTK, and base saturation in the soil, with the value tend to decline in soil depth. The land applications of POME also contributed to the increasing phosphor and oil/fat in the topsoil.

SMEs of fried shallots are faced with various risks in the form of raw material constraints, errors in planning, interference from operating machines, defective products, government policies, complaints, and others. This research aims to analyze the flow of the shallot supply chain, identify risks supply chain, analyze the priority order of risks, and determine preventive action prioritize in fried shallot SMEs. The methods used in this study are descriptive analysis, supply chain operation reference (SCOR), and risk analysis using the House of Risk (HOR) method. The risk analysis HOR 1 shows that the most significant risk agents of supliers level, was farmers who fail to harvest (AP10) with total score 572 that accounted for 19.8% of problems. Risk agents with the highest ARP scores at the SMEs level are labor negligence (AI9) that account for 12% of problems. The risk agent with the highest ARP value at the retail level was a forecasting miscalculation (AR1), with a total score 243 that accounting for 14.17% of problems. The result of the HOR 2 assessment selected primary preventive actions to be implemented first, for supplier is farmer partnership by creating a 1-year contract system (PAP4), for SMEs is, record and analyze shallots’ needs based on fixed requests from customers (PAI7) and for retail is collaborating with SMEs with almost the same type and quality (PAR1). By implementing this preventive action, companies can manage risks well to reduce losses and improve the company's business performance.

Efforts to reduce the rural-urban gap are expected to be able to erode the poverty gap, grow job opportunities, and increase rural economic growth. This research aims to analyze strategies for strengthening rural innovation and reducing the rural-urban development gap. This research itself was conducted in 2022-2023 in 4 provinces: West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta. The analytical methods used are the Location Quotient, Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), and Quintuple Helix Innovation (QHI). Based on the LQ analysis, the study villages are centers of superior agricultural commodities. Agribusiness activities are related to the socio-economic areas of the surrounding cities, such as upstream (production facilities) to downstream (marketing) activities. The results of the SLA analysis show several innovations supporting the development of superior commodities, starting from the cultivation subsystem to digital-based marketing infrastructure. Furthermore, QHI's analysis shows that these more developed villages are supported by the synergistic strength of the five pillars driving innovation, where village government figures and reformers have an important role and are key to accelerating the village economy. Strengthening cooperation on these five pillars also strengthens applied rural innovation so that accelerating rural economy and rural-urban economic linkages are sustainable.