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Copyright of Traitement Automatique des Langues is the property of Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues (ATALA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médecine is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the challenges of e-health will be to give concrete form to personalised therapeutic solutions using connected objects, information and decision-making systems, and patient management behavioural programmes. Developed to improve the empathetic relationship with patients, virtual companions are the subject of research programmes., (Copyright © 2017. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Management of insomnia : drug approach The prescription of a hypnotic can be proposed in transient acute insomnia, but only for a short period and in this indication only. Chronic insomnia disorder is not an indication. The gold standard treatment for this disorder is cognitive and behavioral therapy. The prescription of a hypnotic should not be trivialized and is part of a short-term strategy. In the long term, hypnotics have poor effect on sleep duration, have side effects (excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired memory or attention, risk of falls and accidents), and have a high risk of dependence. The modalities of discontinuation of hypnotic treatments are to be anticipated with the patient as soon as the prescription is initiated. The discontinuation will be done by a gradual decrease of the doses to avoid a rebound effect at the end of the 4 weeks of prescriptions. In the context of chronic consumption of hypnotics, a strategy of discontinuation has to be proposed at any request for renewal of hypnotics. The decision must be discussed and considered with the patient during a shared decision-making process. Implementation requires precise evaluation of the severity of insomnia, the presence of a hypnotic dependence and the presence of a comorbid psychiatric disorder., Competing Interests: J.-A. Micoulaud- Franchi déclare avoir été pris en charge lors de congrès par VitalAir, Avad, Inspir et UCB. S. Bioulac déclare des liens ponctuels avec Shire (interventions et congrès), Avad et Bastide (prise en charge lors de congrès). P. Philip déclare avoir été pris en charge lors de congrès par VitalAir, Bastide, Inspir et UCB.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common disorder that has been identified as a contributor to cardiovascular disease making it a major public health problem. Continuous positive airway pressure is the standard treatment but compliance is suboptimal. Mandibular advancement devices and surgery have limited indications, inconstant efficiency and potential irreversible side effects. Stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve, that innervates the genioglossus, a protrusor muscle of the tongue, is now a new treatment option for moderate and severe cases of OSAHS. Two types of stimulation are currently available: stimulation synchronous with inspiration and continuous stimulation. The indication of each type of stimulation and long-term effects still need to be assessed but the implantable nerve stimulation is a promising treatment for patients without a therapy solution so far., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The evolution of society and labor organization (24/7 working) has significantly changed our lifestyles and increased the number of workers with sleep debt and staggered hours. Populations are particularly at risk of excessive sleepiness due to sleep deprivation (professional obligations), circadian factors (e.g. night driving) and sleep disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypersomnia). Excessive daytime sleepiness (i.e. difficulty staying awake) is estimated to affect about 5 % of the population. Public health studies have shown that sleepiness at the wheel and other risks associated with sleep are responsible for 5% to 30% of road accidents, depending on the type of driver and/or road. Strategies to reduce accidents related to sleepiness include--reliable diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders,--management of chronobiological conflicts,--adequate catch-up sleep, and--countermeasures against sleepiness at the wheel.

The literature contains inconsistent data on the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the superior cognitive functions. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of inhibition, one of the functions of the working memory executive centre (EC), over an extended, 36-hour waking period. Inhibition is a cognitive mechanism whereby individuals ignore non-relevant information recorded in their working memory. We also tested the effects of a 36-hour period of acute sleep deprivation on simple reaction time. Twelve young, healthy volunteers (M = 21.5 years, sigma = 2.3) performed a random generation task involving letters and a simple reaction time psychomotor test over four sessions held at 10-hour intervals. Each participant was assigned a "constant routine." Participants were kept awake in a prone position within a room whose environment was held strictly constant (light, noise, temperature, meals, etc.). This control procedure provided assurance that any variation in participant performance was solely caused by sleep deprivation. The random generation task, nearly two minutes in length, consisted in verbally producing a sequence of 100 letters in a random fashion (i.e. by inhibiting, for example, alphabetical order) and by keeping to a set rhythm. Our assumption was that capacity for inhibition diminished as the number of hours of sleep deprivation increased. The simple reaction test, 10 minutes in length, involved pressing a button as swiftly as possible to cause a black square to disappear from a screen. In this case our assumption was that acute sleep deprivation alters simple reaction time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) through repeated measures using the "sessions" factor as an intra-subject variable showed no significant changes in randomization indices of the random generation task, contrary to analysis of average simple reaction times. Participants' reaction times deteriorated over the first two minutes of the test during the night they were deprived of sleep. It would seem that the contradictory results of previous studies of the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the inhibition function would be due to errors in factor identification. In conclusion, the inhibition function, as measured during the performance of a brief task, seems to remain intact during an extended, 36-hour waking period. Simple reaction time assessed by means of a brief psychomotor test is affected during a night of sleep deprivation. The working-memory inhibition executive function shows greater resistance to acute sleep deprivation than does psychomotor reaction time for the performance of short tasks.