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El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una aproximación teórica y didáctica a la interacción oral (IO) en las clases de conversación de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE) desde la perspectiva de la neurociencia social. Actualmente, debido al desarrollo tecnológico de la espectroscopia funcional del infrarrojo cercano mediante el hiperescáner es posible medir la actividad cerebral simultánea de varios estudiantes mientras realizan tareas de IO. Estos hallazgos pueden redimensionar nuestros conceptos pedagógicos en la clase de conversación. Por eso, venciendo las reticencias de los profesores de lenguas a los tecnicismos científicos, de manera rigurosa, y, a la vez, didáctica, esta investigación expone a los profesores de ELE las bases teóricas de la neurociencia social sobre la IO, y plantea sugerencias pedagógicas, que podrían ser incorporadas en las clases de conversación de ELE. ORAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE IN THE SPANISH CONVERSATION CLASSES The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical and didactic approach to oral interaction (OI) in Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) conversation classes from the perspective of social neuroscience. Currently, due to the technological development of functional near-infrared spectroscopy using hyperscanning it is possible to measure the simultaneous brain activity of several students while performing OI tasks. These findings can resize our pedagogical concepts in the conversation classes. Therefore, by overcoming the reluctance of language teachers to scientific technicalities, in a rigorous and, at the same time, didactic way, this research exposes to SFL teachers the theoretical foundations of social neuroscience about OI, and makes pedagogical suggestions, which could be incorporated into SFL conversation classes.

Este artículo investiga las actitudes sociolingüísticas en estudiantes taiwaneses universitarios de español lengua extranjera (ELE). Concretamente, explora las orientaciones instrumentales e integradoras, así como, los cambios producidos en cada curso académico universitario. Una muestra representativa de 160 estudiantes de ELE procedentes de Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages en Taiwán respondieron a cuestionarios en escala Likert. Los resultados muestran un predominio de las orientaciones instrumentales y su persistencia en todos los cursos académicos. Finalmente, se exponen algunas implicaciones didácticas concretas que se derivan de los resultados obtenidos.

El propósito de este artículo es sugerir una metodología holística para la clase de español como lengua extranjera basada en los hallazgos de la neurolingüística. En primer lugar, la investigación define el concepto de educación holística. En segundo lugar, se exponen las bases neurolingüísticas que apoyarían la mencionada metodología. Y finalmente, se enumeran varias propuestas didácticas para la clase de lenguas extranjeras. La importancia de esta investigación es la novedosa fundamentación didáctica que ofrece, ya que establece un puente entre una metodología sociolingüística y neurolingüística.

Presentamos un trabajo basado en la enseñanza del español y del inglés para los Medios de Comunicación en el aula universitario en el que coinciden hablantes nativos de español con alumnos Erasmus nativos de habla inglesa. En nuestro trabajo presentamos los planteamientos y objetivos iniciales, la metodología teórica y práctica, el material primario, algunos ejemplos de explotación didáctica y los resultados y evaluación de éstos. Entendemos que el enfoque contrastivo favorece la visualización y toma de conciencia de los usos lingüísticos en ambos idiomas. En definitiva, este método contribuye al enriquecimiento lingüístico, cultural y académico de los alumnos.

A pesar de la importancia de las terrazas agrícolas en la configuración actual del paisaje valenciano, su estudio arqueológico ha sido prácticamente desatendido. Con el objetivo de entender la profundidad histórica de estos parcelarios de montaña, en el siguiente artículo se realiza una revisión de las evidencias arqueológicas de terrazas residenciales y agrícolas en el área central de valenciana desde la prehistoria hasta época romana. Estas evidencias se ponen en relación con paisajes aterrazados de otros ámbitos geográficos con la finalidad de entender las contingencias ecológicas y socio-históricas que condujeron a la construcción de estos paisajes antropogénicos.

Se estudia el papel de la caza en el momento en que la economía de recolección deja paso a la de producción, así como la relación de esta actividad con el arte rupestre levantino y macroesquemático.

Apelin is a peptide involved in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions, that was recently isolated as the endogenous ligand for the human orphan APJ receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor which shares 31% amino-acid sequence identity with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The predominant molecular forms of apelin naturally occuring in vivo are apelin 36, apelin 17 (K17F) and the pyroglutamyl form of apelin 13 (pE13F). We investigated the structure-activity relationships of apelin at the rat apelin receptor, tagged at its C-terminal end with enhanced green fluorescent protein and stably expressed in CHO cells. We compared the abilities of N- and C-terminal deleted fragments of K17F (KFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF) to bind with high affinity to the apelin receptor, to inhibit cAMP production and to induce apelin receptor internalization. The first five N-terminal and the last two C-terminal amino acids of K17F were not essential for apelin binding or cAMP response. In contrast, deletion of the arginine in position 6 drastically decreased binding and cAMP response. The full-length sequence of K17F was the most potent inducer of apelin receptor internalization because successive N-terminal amino-acid deletions progressively reduced internalization and the removal of a single amino acid, the phenylalanine in position 17 at the C-terminus of K17F abolished this process. Thus, K16P binds with high affinity to the apelin receptor and strongly inhibits cAMP production, but does not induce apelin receptor endocytosis. These data indicate that apelin receptor signaling (coupling to Gi) and endocytosis are functionally dissociated, possibly reflecting the existence of several conformational states of this receptor, stabilized by the binding of different apelin fragments to the receptor. We then investigated the consequences for biological activity of this functional dissociation by evaluating the effects of various apelin fragments, injected iv, on arterial blood pressure in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. We showed that apelin fragments, that did not induce receptor internalization in vitro but kept their ability to activate receptor coupling to Gi, did not decrease arterial blood pressure. Our data showed that hypotensive actions of apelin peptides correlate with the ability of those ligands to internalize. Thus, the depressor response of apelin may be controlled by apelin receptor endocytosis, which is probably required for initiation of a second wave of signal transduction. The development of biaised agonists of the apelin receptor capable of promoting only one specific signal transduction pathway may therefore offer new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.

Traumatic aneurysms constitute a very small percentage of all intracranial aneurysms. A high mortality results of a catastrophic rupture and they run an unpredictable course. Traumatic aneurysms usually involve the large basal arteries or the middle meningeal arteries. We report a case of an association of a traumatic aneurysm with a congenital aneurysm located on the same middle cerebral artery. At our knowledge, it is the first described case of the literature.

Good long-term results obtained with homologous valve grafts, specially for correction of congenital cardiac defects, prompted us to create a local cryopreserved homograft bank. A 5-year experience is described, including indications for harvesting, techniques of preparation, cryopreservation and thawing. During this period, 195 homografts entered the bank and 92 were used. Among these 92 clinical cases, 74 consisted of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (47 valved conduit and 27 monocusp bearing patch) and 17 were left ventricular outflow tract reconstructions (11 free hand aortic valve and 6 aortic root replacement). Only one case was a tricuspid replacement with a stented homograft. Short-term results, with these homografts, are satisfactory and are compared with long-term results reported in the literature. The authors insist on using very thorough techniques and constant quality control. New developments should include viability control and immunological studies.

Computarized axial tomography has shown the localization of adrenal lesions in four cases of hypertension of adrenal origin: two phaeochromocytomas, one primary hyperaldosteronism, one Cushing's syndrome. This method has the advantage of being neither invasive, nor time-consuming. Unfortunately, it cannot localize tumors smaller than two cm in diameter. It seems to be highly beneficial in phaeochromocytoma, where it can advantageously take the place of arteriography. It is less fruitful in primary hyperaldosteronism and in Cushing's syndrome because lesions are smaller.

The authors report a case with a double mitral orifice associated with a single auricle; it was operated on successfully. It was unnecessary to carry out any surgical procedure on the mitral valve itself, as it was functioning normally. A review of the literature follows.

In a preliminary communication, the authors compare the success coefficients of pertechnate 99m-Tc and of a new labelled molecule: calcium gluconate 99m-Tc, in a group of 32 patients. The results obtained showed the undoubted superiority of the gluconate in comparison with the pertechnate in the detection of intracranial metestases, and in particular those of the posterior fossa. It proved equally effective as bleomycin labeled with 57-Co. Amongst the other types of tumour studies, the use of the gluconate seems to be particularly indicated for neoplasms of the posterior fossa and in those close to the base of the skull and venous sinuses, given the marked reduction in "background noise" obtained when this method is used.

The implantation of a bio-artificial pancreas, in a totally depancreated dog, allowed to underline the functional limits of this system. This study would want to explain in vitro a defect of the bio-distributor artificial picked out in vivo. Double stimulation by glucose have been realised composing the conventional system of perifusion (Millipore) to the artificial bio-distributor. While the insulin secretion increases directly at every raise of the glucose concentration in the conventional systems, it seems to hot move during the first test with the artificial biodistributor of insulin. It increases during the second phase of rest and reaches its maximum during the second phase of raise. The insulin concentration represents at the end of the test approximatively 1/5 of this obtained by the conventional system (the experimental conditions and the islets number are the same in the two cases).

Gamma-ray angioencephalography and computerized tomography (CT) were used to explore 151 patients with suspected intracranial tumour. The reliability of each method for the aetiological, topographical and pathological diagnosis was evaluated. The results obtained showed that the two methods correlated well and supplemented each other, bringing the proportion of positive diagnosis of intracranial tumour to more than 90%. While CT remains the first-choice examination to detect expansive lesions, gamma-ray angioencephalography represents the finest physiopathological approach and provides the most precise information on the nature of the tumour.

An increase concentration of pertechnate in the choroid plexus was demonstrated in 21 patients pretreated with tin pyrophosphate injected intravenously 24 hours before the examination. Using this technique, the choroid plexus are seen quite clearly, giving indirectly a picture of the intracerebral ventricles. A dynamic study was carried out in 12 patients, 3 of whom had abnormalities of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation demonstrated by isotope cisternography. The results obtained were characterised by a typical diphasic curve with variations in the pathological cases.