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A movement of professionalization started 20 years ago, affects the French paramedical professions. Professional writing, which is an issue for these different professions, takes many forms. Institutional electronic messaging, created by healthcare institutions, is a form of professional writing but also a management tool. The contribution concerns the professionalization of salaried physiotherapists, approached from their uses of institutional electronic mail. The ethnographic approach, implemented in three health establishments, includes participant observations, interviews and writings. The theoretical framework of institutional analysis makes it possible to work on professionalization as an institutionalization of professional practices and standards. The results show the positioning of these professionals, the place given to professional networks, to the various institutional territories and to the patient's body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Ecolinguistics as a relatively new branch of linguistics concerned with the interaction between human being and nature; how they influence each other. It handles systemic functional linguistics, usually referred to as (SFL) presented by M K Halliday, a new approach to grammar and to Ecolinguistics as well. Transitivity, as an important aspect of SFL, is applied to an article about climate change in Egypt. The six processes, participants and circumstances are analyzed as important parts of transitivity in this article.

Paremias are specific to a cultural space. They have aroused specialists’ interest because their decoding proves to be difficult for foreigners when their meaning is non-compositional, metaphorical. As an important part of the intangible cultural heritage and as linguistic elements which particularize the activities, beliefs and know-how of a community, they constitute a priceless treasure for every people. This is why their preservation becomes imperative because losing one's language is losing one's roots. Made up of elements of everyday life, some of them are common to the pan-Romanic space; others are deeply rooted in a specific culture and territory. In addition, some paremias are regional or dialectal and translators do not always find them in phraseological dictionaries. Also, there are cases when their meaning can be rendered only partially, which implies stylistic, semantic or prosodic losses. Glossaries, data-banks and indexes, heritage documentation centers are important tools that translators should have at their disposal in order to transfer their meaning. In this article we deal with the translation solutions used to restore their meaning and their prosody into the language of the Other, in order to ensure the sharing and safeguarding of the cultural specificity of each language. Our aim is to highlight their specificity and the difficulty of transferring them into another language, without too many semantic or stylistic losses. Although many paremias are almost identical in several languages, their belonging to a well-defined cultural space leads to difficulties in their decoding, sometimes even for the natives, when certain practices have disappeared or when their meaning has become opaque. We study in the first place the syntactic properties of paremias, we will then present some considerations on their lexicon and finally, the translation techniques supposed to render them as faithfully as possible in the other language. The corpus is drawn from the dictionaries of Romanian proverbs of Hinţescu (1985), Zanne (2006), Candrea (2002), Cuceu (2006) and Cărare (2003), from Gheorghe's dictionary of Roman world proverbs (1986) and from Gorunescu’s Romanian-French phraseological dictionary (2000). The structure of the paremias is easy to render in another language, because it is generally binary, composed of a subordinate and a main clause, but it can also be constituted of a simple sentence, of definitional nature. When elliptical, the message is concentrated so as to express a lot in just a few words. However, despite the similarities between languages belonging to the same family, the transfer of paremias from one language to another raises many problems for translators, because of proverbs’ intralinguistic aspects which relate to their sociolinguistic, stylistic and metaphorical nature. The translator's intervention in this situation is limited, because he is only applying a pre-established equivalence, learnt by heart or found in a bilingual dictionary (Ballard 2003 : 183). The difficulty therefore lies in the different degrees of intelligibility of a proverb, highlighted by the four techniques (participant, thematic, synonymic and hyperonymic), established by Sevilla Muñoz, 2004, which we have illustrated with sets of Romanian proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory design is a method that involves stakeholders in each design process, from the beginning to the end of the process. This method focuses on the opinions expressed by the participants. This method refers to Scandinavian method of participatory design. This paper presents how to build an animated comic website that fits the needs of end user. The main participants are the 11th grade students of SMAN 3 Lamongan in East Java, Indonesia, and supported by the history teacher and an IT expert.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un análisis sistémico funcional de procesos verbales en textos estudiantiles. El trabajo realizado forma parte de un proyecto de investigación que actualmente se desarrolla en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El análisis que presentamos está basado en textos de literatura e historia pertenecientes a dos géneros: pregunta-respuesta y ensayo. En primer lugar, se define el grupo de procesos verbales y se determina su frecuencia; posteriormente se explora el contexto de su uso y se identifican los participantes en las cláusulas verbales. Finalmente, se comparan las dos áreas y los dos géneros analizados a partir de las características de los procesos verbales presentes en cada uno de ellos.Este trabalho visa apresentar uma análise sistémica funcional de processos verbais nos textos dos alunos. O trabalho faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa em andamento na Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A análise apresentada baseia-se em textos de literatura e história de dois gêneros: pergunta-resposta e ensaio. Em primeiro lugar, definimos o grupo de processos verbais e determinamos sua frequência; a seguir, exploramos o contexto de seu uso e se identificam os participantes nas cláusulas verbais. Finalmente, se contrastam as duas áreas e analisados os dois gêneros a partir das características dos processos verbais presentes em cada um deles.The aim of this paper is to present a systemic functional analysis of verbal processes in student texts. This work forms part of the on-going research project developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The present analysis is based on literature and history texts belonging to two genres: question-answer and essay. First, a group of verbal processes is defined and their frequency is determined; then the context of their use is explored and the participants in the verbal clauses are identified. Finally, the two areas and the two genres under analysis are compared according to their verbal process characteristics present in each of them.

The aim of this paper is to present a systematic functional analysis of verbal processes in student texts. This work is part of an on-going research project developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The paper is based on literature texts belonging to two genres: question-answer and essay. First, I define the group of verbal processes and determine their frequency. Then I explore the context of their use and identify the participants in the verbal process characteristics.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When work in social science focuses on the socio-political and intellectual trends of a given period, it reflects the spirit of the times (see Varro in the present number). Consequently, the way in which researchers comprehend the subjects of their investigation is time-related, but also space-related, i.e. linked to the context in which they are situated. We thus determined that it would be of interest to visit the various theoretical perspectives that have led to the building up of the study area of mixed conjugality and to do so by starting with a synthesis of the theoretical frameworks that for a long time now have played a determining role in research on mixed couples. Following this, we would highlight the coming to the fore of the new perspectives that give a preferential role to the participants involved and which consider personal identity to be central to their analysis. These perspectives, which open up new subjects, and new viewpoints, while contributing to a change in the very language that structures this field of research, most certainly reflect the concerns of our present time.

Copyright of Enfances, Familles, Generations is the property of Enfances, Familles, Generations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the full implementation in France of the European Directive 2001/20/EC about biomedical research, a written information form must be given to any participant in research, who must give in return his / her written consent. The written and consent form must be validated by a referent ethics committees prior to the research, but guidelines for the redaction of such document are missing. Thus, the investigators who are often in charge of the redaction could be helped by a tutorial that may consider the legal aspects, the rights of the participant and the quality of information. For this, a group from the French network of the clinical investigation centres - directed by the Inserm - worked on a tutorial which is presented here. This tutorial has been built stepwise, with review of the literature, enquiry within the French clinical investigation centres, primary redaction, internal validation, and final validation by external experts versed in the field of ethics for biomedical research., (Copyright © 2010 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS.)