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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: A recurring question in Romani studies is why it is difficult to achieve breakthrough successes in inclusion programs. These programs focus mainly on school subjects, although the role of parents is crucial to solving the problem. This study, therefore, concerns parents and their roles in school success. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The purpose of this study is 1) to reveal how Roma and non‑Roma pupils perceive their parents’ involvement (PI) and 2) to come closer to explaining how PI affects students’ school success under the control of other variables. The analysis sheds light on the views of children of Roma and non‑Roma parents in Hungary. Cross‑tabulation analysis and linear regression analysis were applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The database called Discovery of Hidden Value of Mentoring (DHVM) was analysed, which includes data from 13–14‑year‑old students (N = 206; 31.1% Roma, 68.9% non‑Roma). RESEARCH RESULTS: For all school‑based and home‑based PI indicators apart from one (parent–teacher conferences), Roma and non‑Roma parents showed the same results. A student’s disadvantaged financial situation most strongly determined their level of school success, overriding the compensatory effect of PI. The variance explained by the regression model was 30.4%, and the model was significant (F(7) 5.18, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: Although financial disadvantage overrides the compensatory effect of PI on school careers and political entities need much action to improve people’s financial situation, schools and families cannot look only to the outside for solutions. The most significant finding of the research is that there is a hidden resource to improve the school success of Roma pupils, namely PI. Based on the results, the schools are recommended to conduct the partner cooperation with parents, because together they can increase the children’s future opportunities and resilience.

The author addresses questions raised in the professional literature of public law (e.g.: the applicability of the Hungarian Civil Code to public law contracts), alongside the contradictions (e.g.: there isn’t a unified set of denotations and categories) and problems included therein, and the one-sidedness thereof (the disregarding of the respective works of private law). We analyze the selected material by concisely explaining the relation between public law and private law in Hungary. The author pays special attention to the Hungarian public law definitions as well as the contract-types with their characteristics, and finally, conclusions are drawn, and compatible perspectives are proposed.

The modern Anglo-American common law tends toward a hardline stance on intoxication, typically not treating it as an excuse to a criminal charge but offering a few well-guarded exceptions, most notably the idea in some jurisdictions that intoxication may be invoked to negate specific intent given its deleterious effect on cognitive capacity. A similar ambivalence toward the intersection of intoxication and criminal responsibility may be found in early English felony law, which offered no formal, intoxication-based exceptions to liability, but nevertheless countenanced jurors exercising their prudential judgment to treat intoxication as either an inculpatory or exculpatory factor in particular cases. Medieval English felony law treated drunkenness similarly to anger, recognizing that both conditions – which could be intertwined – often traced their roots to condemnable character formation and long-cultivated habit, and yet could result in a person’s detachment from their capacity to reason and exercise self-control while under the influence. In the legal context, drunkenness was not equated with insanity, which was presumptively exculpatory, despite the fact that the two conditions could result in similar effects on a defendant’s observable behavior. Evidence from non-legal texts, including vernacular literature and guides for confessors, helps explain the concerns medieval English judges and jurors brought with them to the task of felony adjudication when faced with alcohol-laced facts, revealing a world in which tavern culture ensured alcohol’s omnipresence, but in which drunkenness was nevertheless not generally available as an excuse, partial or otherwise, for allegedly felonious behavior.

Different housing technology, breed, age and nutrition can contribute to changes in the composition of microbial communities in pigs. Faecal samples from groups of Mangalica and commercial pigs were collected and analysed by qPCR in order to identify changes and differences regarding the quantity of total faecal bacteria, Prevotella genus, Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. and the family Enterobacteriaceae. In both Mangalica and commercial pig samples, quantities of total faecal bacteria increased from weaner pigs to lactating sows. The relative quantity of total bacteria was larger (p

The aim of this article is to analyse the relations of the three Ottoman vassal provinces (Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia) during the last years of the Long Turkish War (1591/93–1606). The provinces rebelled against the Ottomans at the beginning of the war. Then influenced by the policies of their dynasties or due to the military occupation of the neighbouring great powers such as the Habsburg monarchy, Poland and the Ottoman Empire, they changed the sides of the conflict. The Movilăs (or Movilă family) tried to govern two Romanian voivodships, Moldavia and Wallachia simultaneously. They had a good relation with the Ottomans and they supported rule of István Bocskai (r. 1604–1606), who rebelled against the Habsburgs in 1604 and was elected as the Prince of Transylvania and Hungary by the Hungarian rebels. The voivode of Wallachia, Radu Şerban (r. 1601, 1602–1610, 1611), who secretly allied himself with the Habsburgs, while simultaneously being recognised by the Ottoman side also endorsed him. The Prince of Moldavia, Ieremia Movilă (r. 1595–1606), tried to remove him from the Wallachian throne. He wanted to install his younger brother, Simion (r. 1600–1602 in Wallachia, r. 1606–1607 in Moldavia) – who had once held the title of the Prince of Wallachia – on the Wallachian throne after deposing of Radu Şerban. They formed an alliance with the Ottoman military dignitaries as well as with Bocskai to achieve their goal. Although this was an unsuccessful attempt, they strongly supported the Hungarian uprising. After the death of Ieremia Movilă, his sons tried to gain the power over Moldavia with Polish assistance. By contrast, the Hungarians gave military assistance to Simion against Ieremia’s sons. * This essay based on the research project of the MTA–SZTE Research Group of the Ottoman Age. The research related to this paper was supported by the Ministry of Human Capacities (Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma) through the grant (code no. 20391-3/2018/FEKUSTRAT). This paper is written as a contribution of the Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, the Department of Medieval and Early Modern Hungarian History (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences) (University of Szeged), and the MTA–SZTE Research Group of the Ottoman Age.

Despite the improving level of education in Hungary, the proportion of people with low school qualification who are permanently excluded from the labour market is still significant. For them – even under current labour market circumstances – the supply of jobs is very limited, hence, their employment rate is decreasing, while their unemployment and inactivity are rising. The study focuses on the issue of secondary school dropout in international and Hungarian, theoretical and empirical contexts. The importance of the subject is due to the fact that early school leaving is a complex phenomenon that affects a range of areas outside the educational and training system, therefore the management of the problem is a priority. Using the methodology of questionnaire surveys and semi-structured conversations, the study aimed at the exploration of the school life of people who dropped out of vocational training, the conditions of dropping out and the applied compensatory measures. The sole solution for the people concerned is public employment and the various types of aid that further increase their marginalization. Results of the study pointed out the impact of family background, the positive experience of school reintegration, and the role of career choice based on misinformation or compulsion. Conclusions of the study provide an adequate framework for the development of an action plan that may serve as a basis for future prevention, intervention and compensation developments. The conclusion of the research is that due to the strong family ties of the dropped out people it would have been rational for the school to focus on preventive measures in the form of closer contact with parents. Increasing the role of homeroom teachers might also be a key factor in preventing early school leaving. The results point to the conclusion that the presence of career guidance sessions is not sufficiently emphasized in educational institutions. As a suggestion, it could be argued that higher level teaching of learning techniques and the elimination of skill deficits could be a key element of education not only in the field of adult education but already in ninth grade, trying to prevent dropping out before it is realized.

In the 19th century, one of the most important national events in Hungary was the 1896 millennial celebration of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. A central act of the festivity’s symbolical episodes was the erection of the so-called Millennium Memorial (or Millennial Monument) at Heroes’ Square in Budapest. The monument consists of a colonnaded architectural framework that embraces a sculpture gallery featuring Hungarian leaders and rulers. My paper presents the history of the monument from concept to completion. Besides the artistic patterns of the architectural framework designed by Albert Schickedanz, special attention is given to the sculptures of the Hungarian sculptors who worked under the direction of the artist György Zala, as well as to the relations between the sculptors and the artistic scene of Vienna, and to the models they used. In addition to these primarily art historical aspects, my paper discusses the cultural context of the Memorial. It seeks answers to the questions of how the Memorial became a symbol of national identity already at the stage of planning and what ideas about the shaping of the national self-image defined the final form of the Memorial.

Our Lexicon Has Gone “Viral.” The Vocabulary of the Health, Economic and Social Emergency at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health crisis which has radically changed our lives. Its impact goes far beyond the health sector, affecting all aspects of the society and of our lives, including our vocabulary. Since its outbreak it has led to thousands of newly coined words and expressions (neologisms) both in English and in other languages. This paper explores the linguistic impact of the pandemic on the Hungarian language compared to Italian and English and offers an overview of the most frequent or of the linguistically most interesting Hungarian neologisms and expressions related to Coronavirus (COVID-19). The analysis is performed on a trilingual glossary (Hungarian-Italian-English) created by the author and published on Lexonomy.eu. The glossary was compiled containing those common terms that are important for understanding the COVID-19 pandemic. This study would suggest that the most frequently occurring word formation processes of the Hungarian neologisms related to the pandemic are compounding, syntagms, blending, derivation and semantic extension. REZUMAT. Lexiconul nostru a devenit „viral.” Vocabularul urgenţelor medicale, economice şi sociale în timpul pandemiei de COVID-19. Pandemia de COVID-19 este o criză sanitară la nivel global care ne-a schimbat în mod radical vieţile. Impactul ei se extinde mult dincolo de sectorul sanitar, afectând fiecare aspect al societăţii şi al vieţii noastre cotidiene, inclusiv vocabularul pe care îl utilizăm. Din momentul declanşării sale, criza a dus la mii de cuvinte şi expresii nou inventate (neologisme), atât în engleză, cât şi în alte limbi. Prezenta lucrare propune o analiză a impactului pandemiei asupra limbii maghiare, în comparație cu fenomenele similare înregistrate în limbile italiană și engleză, conturând o imagine de ansamblu a celor mai frecvente sau mai interesante neologisme şi expresii maghiare privitoare la Coronavirus (COVID-19). Analiza a fost efectuată în baza unui glosar trilingv (maghiar-italian-englez) creat de autoare şi publicat pe Lexonomy.eu. Glosarul a fost compilat în așa fel încât să conţină termenii comuni importanţi pentru înţelegerea pandemiei COVID-19. Studiul de față sugerează că cele mai des întâlnite procese de formare a neologismelor maghiare cu privire la pandemie sunt compunerea, sintagmele, telescoparea, derivarea şi extinderea semantică. Cuvinte-cheie: neologisme, inovare lexicală, coroneologisme, împrumut, formare de cuvinte, coronavirus, impact lingvistic al COVID-19, pandemie

At the development and to the comprehension of the regulation it is necessary to ascertain that in our view, the subject of the regulation is the operation of the company. The regulation regulates the problems arising specifically during the course of the operation of the company, as an „ex ante” tool and by the avoidance of that upon the cessation of the public company, any unjustified or inconcievable costs (social costs) should rise. As an example, there are the infamous earlier corporate scandals (Enron, Parmalat, Vivendi Universal), the infringements of which drew critical social (budget) costs, as they left behind unsettled creditors’ claims, plenty of workplaces got terminated, etc. To prevent this, one of the techniques is corporate governance, as it focuses on such mechanisms during the course of the operation of the company as direction and control. With this, the cessation of the company can presumably be avoided, as it is publicly acknowledged that the majority of corporate scandals descend from the faults of leadership, direction and control. Based on the above, we may ascertain that in our perception, under ’corporate governance’ it’s the legal facts or interests relevant in the course of the operation of the company what become regulated in terms of corporate law.

The study deals with a thus far little considered compilation of rituals. It emerged in a corner of southern Hungary saved from the Ottoman occupation where no liturgical chant book sources from the Middle Ages survive. The clerical copyist must have been familiar not only with Péter Pázmány’s Rituale Strigoniense of 1625, which came into being after the Council of Trent, but also with some of the ritual editions printed after 1500 that preserved the old Gregorian liturgical usage. The musical examples of the tonary, chosen in an unusual manner, point to the fact that for this scribe the local, ingrained medieval Gregorian tradition was a living treasury as late as around 1650.

Ten manuscript books (called „graduals”) from the 17th and 18th century testify to the music of the Hungarian unitarians. Among others, they include 25 antiphons which may be considered as the core musical repertoire of this Hungarian denomination. The antiphons in question have Hungarian texts; less than a half of them came into being as adaptations of Gregorian antiphons, whereas the others appear to be new music creations.

With the conclusion of a contract of civil law, the parties may take some reasonably unforeseeable economic risks that might disrupt the synallagmatic character of the contract; therefore, disproportionate, unviable extra burden may appear in the contractual relations on the side of some parties. The sudden increase of inflation or prices, the intense reduction of the purchasing power of wages, the radical changes in the relations between supply and demand, the collapse of the product market, the insolvency of the economic actors (especially in case of a contractual party), the negative changes of the market and financial relations and the production and liquidity problems of the economic sector shall result in this incalculable risk. In case of maintaining the original contractual content, an economic crisis affecting the whole economy and society of one or more countries may cause any or all the parties to take inequitable and intolerable risks. In the following, we analyse those reasons in the Hungarian judicial practice that are based on the Hungarian Civil Code and referred by the parties in order to get rid of the contractual obligation in the name of economic/ business risk and finally, we make a conclusion with respect to the current European regulations.

In water/2-propanol mixtures [RhCl(mtppms)3] (mtppms = monosulfonated triphenylphosphine) was an efficient catalyst for the selective C=C reduction of trans-3-phenyl-2-propenal (trans-cinnamaldehyde) by hydrogen transfer from formate at temperatures as low as 30 °C. An outstandingly high catalyst turnover frequency of 1214 h–1 was determined at 70 °C. A possible mechanism of the reaction is suggested on the basis of kinetic studies and 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopic identification of the major Rh(I) species in the reaction mixtures as cis-mer-[H2RhX(mtppms)3] (X = HCOO– or H2O). It was established that a large part but not all of the rate increase observed in water/2-propanol mixtures in comparison with systems with neat water as solvent was the consequence of complete dissolution of trans-cinnamaldehyde on the effect of the co-solvent. Nevertheless, the rate showed a significant further increase with increasing 2-propanol concentration even in homogeneous solution and this was ascribed to changes in the solvent structure. The high catalyst activity in this solvent mixture allowed the transfer hydrogenation of citral. Although good to excellent conversions were observed at 30–70 °C, a useful degree of selectivity in hydrogenation of C=C vs. C=O bonds could not be achieved.

In the Archeological Archives of the Hungarian National Museum you can find a series of photographs depicting fictile ivory. Made up of 265 items, the series were produced by John Brampton Philpot, born in the UK and settled in Florence in the middle of the 19th century, then donated to the museum by Ferenc Pulszky in 1868. Turned to exile in 1849, Pulszky inherited his belated uncle's valuable ivory collection, which was exhibited in London in 1853. Since technologies, which made it possible for sensitive artefacts to be reproduced without any damage done to the original, had become available by that time, upon request of his colleagues at South Kensington Museum, Pulszky gave authorization for the reproduction of his ivory collection. In 1863 Pulszky started to live in Florence, where he got into professional contact with Philpot and is likely to have been instrumental in the making of the above photo series of fictile ivory. Philpot published an individual catalogue of these series, which despite its misspellings and erroneous data has provided great assistance in identifying the photographs from Budapest. Philpot's series of photographs supplied a lot of important information for the European history of photographing and collecting art treasures in the 19th century, and also contributed to the art reproduction movement of the 1850-60s. New technologies (electrotyping, photography) came to play a dominant role in the institutional development of art history, archeology and historic conservation. The network established and widened between European public and private collections, which enhanced exchange and sales of art reproductions, with the intention of serving both educative and scientific aims.