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The long-lasting make-up was created to avoid migration of the product on the skin throughout the day. Currently, the formulation technology most commonly used to obtain it is based on the use of film-forming agents with volatile oils. However, with the growing trend in natural cosmetics, petroleum-based volatile compounds are increasingly being abandoned. The objective of this study is to determine whether a mixture of plant-based butters can be chosen to replace a mixture of volatile oil and synthetic wax in a long-lasting eyeshadow. Initial comparisons were made between two jojoba butters and a wax/volatile oil mixture in order to identify the best candidate to replace the latter. Then, the best candidate was incorporated into formula and finished formulas were compared using sensory evaluation, rheology and X-ray scattering. The results show that it is possible to preserve texture, rheological properties and structural organization of a formula by replacing a wax/oil mixture with vegetable butters. However, this does not mean that the formulas will behave the same on the eyelids over time. This work illustrates the real complexity faced by formulators when they must replace one raw material with another while guaranteeing the durability of all the product’s properties. This challenge is more relevant today as consumer demand for products based on natural ingredients is growing.

Realizamos una estimación de los déficits de inversión pública en una muestra de países en vías de desarrollo, utilizando una función de demanda de inversión pública. Luego empleamos proyecciones del producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita, previsiones de transformación estructural y tres metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) (pobreza, mortalidad infantil y finalización de la enseñanza secundaria de primer ciclo) para pronosticar las necesidades de inversión pública en 2030 en países de América Latina y el Caribe. Nuestras estimaciones sugieren que en 2015 el déficit total de inversión pública de esos países era de cerca de 170 mil millones de dólares (3,1 % del PIB de la región) y se esperaba que para el año 2030 este superara los 1,4 billones de dólares (12,4 % del PIB de la región) si se alcanzaran los ODS.

We estimate public investment gaps in a sample of developing countries using a public investment demand function. We then use gross domestic product (GDP) per capita projections, forecasts of structural transformation, and three Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets (poverty, infant mortality and lower secondary school completion) to predict public investment needs in 2030 in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Our estimates suggest that in 2015 their total public investment gap was close to USD 170 billion (3.1 per cent of the region’s GDP) and expected to surpass USD 1.4 trillion (12.4 per cent of the region’s GDP) by 2030 if the SDGs were to be reached.

Cet article traite de la littérature sur la finance et le développement économique. Il propose tout d’abord une description des rôles de la finance, ainsi qu’une définition de l’efficacité financière. Il poursuit avec une discussion autour de la question suivante : les pays peuvent-ils présenter des secteurs financiers « trop importants » pour la taille de leur économie nationale ? L’article décrit ensuite plusieurs indicateurs du développement financier, puis examine la littérature traitant de la relation entre développement financier et croissance économique. Cet examen de la littérature aborde en détail des indicateurs récents prouvant que la contribution marginale du développement financier à la croissance du PIB devient négative lorsque le crédit au secteur privé atteint 110 % du PIB. L’article propose pour terminer des conclusions politiques à l’intention des pays en développement.

This paper traces the various stages of geomorphological evolution of the plain area around Modena from the VIth millennium B.C.E. (Neolithic) to the Present, through a reconstruction of the ancient landscape and human settlements.By means of a GIS platform, geomorphological investigations led to the implementation of a Microrelief Map, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), a Map of Surface Deposits and a Geomorphological Map.The most striking altimetric features in the study area are the morphological changes of the Rivers Secchia and Panaro: south of Modena they run deep in the alluvial plain whereas north of the town they flow elevated over the plain. The surface lithology consists mainly of silt, with bands of sand and clay; mainly gravel deposits crop out only near southern tracks of the main Apennine watercourses. The geomorphological landscape is mainly characterised by alluvial fans, fluvial ridges paleo-riverbeds fluvial scarps, natural springs and some depressed areas; worth of note are also forms connected with human activity.There have been several attempts to cross–date geological and geomorphological evidence with archaeological data, on both detailed and wide territorial scales. A further advancement can now be attempted by comparing data obtained from systematic research on fluvial forms with data contained in the archives.In the area studied, some 800 archaeological sites were identified and catalogued. Such a high number of archaeological sites can give a great deal more information than is found in any other place in northern Italy.The research took into account the overlapping of archaeological and geomorphological data, with the implementation into a GIS (ArcGis 8.3) of geoarchaeological maps divided in main periods and here represented from the Neolithic to the to Iron Age and from Roman period to the Early Middle Ages. The dating thus obtained for fluvial forms was mainly based on the relationship between these forms and archaeological evidence.The upper layers of stratigraphical deposits of the urban center of Modena are quite well-known. These layers can be divided macroscopically into two large stratigraphic sequences, one belonging to the ancient Roman town of Mutina and the other to the medieval and modern town, separated by a substantial alluvial layer up to 2 meters thick in places. The archaeological strata of Modena go down to about 7-8 meters below the present surface level, reaching a depth of 11 meters in places. In this work, a three-dimensional model indicates the thicknesses of the large stratigraphic levels of the Roman Age, the alluvial deposits and the Medieval/Modern Age.The comparison of geomorphological and archaeological data allowed many fluvial forms to be dated. In particular, the formation of some alluvial fans and ridges south and south-west of Modena took place before or during the period dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. The investigations have confirmed more in detail the shift to the east of the R. Secchia and to the west of the R. Panaro in the area downstream of Modena starting from the Bronze Age.It was also possible to reconstruct the ancient soil levels in the Modena city centre starting from the Roman Age. Similarly, it was possible to measure the thickness of both archaeological stratigraphies and the various alluvial levels. Therefore, starting from the end of the Roman Age, an aggradational-type model of fluvial evolution was hypothesised for the first time thanks to this reconstruction. According to this model, the watercourses, even the minor ones, passed from a runoff occurring in deep riverbeds to one hanging over, or at least at the same level as, the surrounding plain. The plain aggradation from the Roman Age could be ascribed to different causes, such as previously occurring processes (northbound shift of the R. Po) or coeval events (climatic changes, subsidence, deforestation, abandonment of the countryside, degradation of the water flow system set up by the Romans).After the hydrological degradation which reached its peak at the end of the VIth century C.E., the morphological evolution of the study area in the Middle Ages and Modern times shows more stability, even if the area of Modena is still characterised by the risk of floods. In the last centuries an important factor of geomorphological changes in the Modena plain has been human interventions.In conclusion, in the Modena plain, as in other parts of the Po, the dominant geomorphic drivers switched from natural processes to processes strongly influenced by anthropogenetic activities.

The northeastern brazillian coast is experiencing rapid land cover changes. The growth of cities, tourism and some prawn fisheries are responsible of these changes, which alter the natural systems and can affect the quality of human life. This work brings part of the research results developed during a post-doctoral position conducted in the laboratory COSTEL (Climat et du Sol Occupation par Télédétection) of the University of Rennes 2 (France) and funded by the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), during the years 2005 and 2006. We propose a study of the dynamic of the landscape of the municipalities of Extremoz, Natal and Parnamirim (State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The images of the satellites Landsat TM5 and ETM +7 are the main sources used to generate spatial data. We use multi-temporal image, years 1992, 2001 and 2003 to detect land cover changes. We see that the urban and residential has continued to grow during the period study, which represented an expansion of 62 km². Opposite behavior occurred with the classes that represent the vegetalized areas, which have suffered reductions of their areas. This information has been applied in the construction of a spatial model (Brunet, 1980 and 1990) to highlight the basic structures of the geographical area. The graphic representation proposal for the model space highlights the forms and spatial structures, as well as its duties and tries to explain the land cover changes of this area. We note that a fragmented arc surrounding the areas of human occupation, which generate environmental and social problems.

Abstract The development and implementation of instruments with high psychometric standards for the assessment and monitoring of socio-emotional skills is considered an important step in the agenda for their promotion in educational contexts. This article describes the process behind the development and validation of a large-scale assessment instrument of socio-emotional skills – including interpersonal and intrapersonal skills and aspects related to motivation and self-regulation –, for sixth grade primary school-children in Uruguay. We present results regarding factor structure and internal consistency obtained in throughout three studies. We conclude that the final instrument presents proper psychometric qualities, including evidence of convergent validity. Nonetheless, it is recognized that the development of assessment instruments of this type requires continued efforts for its improvement based on a longitudinal and iterative review.

Published by Palgrave Macmillan This chapter reviews the literature on finance and economic development. It starts with a description of the roles of finance, a definition of financial efficiency, and a discussion of whether countries may have financial sectors that are ‘too large’ compared to the size of the domestic economy. Next, the author describes several indicators of financial development and reviews the literature on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. In the literature review, he discusses in detail some recent evidence indicating that the marginal contribution of financial development to gross domestic product (GDP) growth becomes negative when credit to the private sector reaches 110 per cent of GDP. The chapter concludes with some policy conclusions targeted to developing countries.

Within the framework of geomorphosite assessment with reference to tourism potential, a new field of research has opened up focusing on sites used for outdoor activities, like free climbing. This line of research in particular focuses on the suitability of geological and geomorphological characteristics of a specific site for a particular sport. Concentrating on geomorphological hazard, rock quality, tourism capacity and site vulnerability, a method of assessment was designed and tested on a number of important Itahan climbing sites. Using the results of the Monteleone Rocca Dona (Sardinia, Italy), the article presents the proposed approach of assessment. Although the site in question is recognised for its «scientific», «aesthetic» and «cultural value», it has drawn attention for its attractiveness for rock climbers in particular. Thus, the aim of the assessment was to support management of the site by proposing options for utüisation that are sensitive to both the needs of the climbers and the environment in which the site is embedded. In particular, attention was given to potential geomorphologically-related risks for climbers, the impacts linked to human presence and the specific characteristics of the geomorphosite.