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The early fourteenth-century Voie d'Enfer et de Paradis by Pierre de l'Hôpital (of which the first critical edition is currently being prepared) has drawn only passing interest from critics, in spite of its importance for the development of the genre of the allegorical voyage. This paper aims to locate the still unedited work attributed to Pierre de l'Hôpital within the oitanic literature, specifically highlighting the differences that distinguish it from other literary representatives of the journey through the Afterlife and suggesting a possible intertextual link between the text typology of the Voie d'Enfer et de Paradis and that of the Songe d'Enfer by Raoul de Houdenc. Besides, after confirming the date of composition and the vast Fortleben that concerned the Voie, as well as the dynamics of reception that have influenced its fruition and subsequent theatrical re-writings, we will offer first precise account of all the four manuscript witnesses conserving the text. Moreover, we will also try to shed more light on the possible social identity and the origin of the author, whose figure has been richly miniated in some illuminations decorating a witness of the first re-adaptation of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le médecin généraliste (MG) est régulièrement consulté par des personnes en situation de perte d'emploi. Des estimations modélisent que le chômage serait responsable en France de 14 000 morts par an et de quelques centaines de suicides. Dans un premier article, nous nous employions à faire une revue de la littérature afin de mettre en lumière le développement du chômage de masse, de définir la crise de la perte d'emploi et ses typologies. Puis dans un deuxième article, nous décrivions l'épidémiologie du phénomène. Enfin, ce troisième nous permettra d'élaborer un référentiel de pratique en MG et décrira la place des différents acteurs impliqués dans l'accompagnement et le soutien de la personne en situation de perte d'emploi. Ce travail configure une sorte de médecine du chômage à l'instar de la médecine du travail. The general practitioner (GP) is regularly consulted by people who are losing their jobs. Unemployment in France could be responsible for 14,000 deaths per year and a few hundred suicides. In a first article, we reviewed the literature to highlight the development of mass unemployment, define the job loss crisis and its typologies. Then in a second article, we described the epidemiology of the phenomenon. Finally, this third article will allow us to develop a reference framework for GP and will describe the place of the various actors involved in the accompaniment and support of the person in a situation of job loss. This work configures a kind of unemployment medicine in the same way as occupational medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artice proposes a modeling method in order to realize both form and content phraseologies. It notes that the advent of corpus linguistics gives rise to new phraseology processing. It adds that the idiom principle posed by Sinclair considers that the phraseologies are prefabricated from the language with specific constraints. It states that frequency being measured by yardstick of the representativeness of units in a textual corpus.

The article examines freezing and translation in bilingual Franco-Italian dictionaries. It notes that before tackling freezing and translating, one wants to stop on some concepts basic in order to better understand the issue freezing and translation in bilingual dictionaries. It adds that the bilingual dictionary is a dictionary in which expressions in a language are translated into another.

The article examines description of the nominal determinants in dictionaries. It notes that the syntax of the name in French is characterized by the need for it to add in postposition a linguistic unit called determinant. It adds that the extended definition of determination leads to widen the field linguistic units. It states that a typology of well-founded determination on morphosyntactic criteria results from the extended definition of determination.

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper „Concept, typologies and research methods for the study of political elites" is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the definition of „elite" in relation to the following correlative concepts: „sub-elite", „counter-elite", „non-elite", with applications in political science. The second section presents a typology of elites based on fourteen classification criteria, focusing on describing the typology of political elites developed by John Higley in collaboration with other representatives of democratic elitism (G. Lowell, Field, M. Dogan, M. Burton). The third section of the paper inventories the research methods of the political elites: historical-deductive method, positional method, reputational method, decisional method (event analysis), comparative method and combined approaches of the political elites. The purpose of this epistemological and methodological incursion is highlighting the concepts, criteria of classification and methods applicable to research the role of political elites in democratic consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Twelve percent of seven to 17 year-old children have been involved in a dangerous game [23]. Nowadays, it distinguishes non-oxygenation games, aggression games and challenge games. Often mixed together, they are part of the broad spectrum of risk taking behaviors. The objective of this research is to identify psychological factors associated with each type of dangerous games. A multisource assessment (832 adolescents and 416 parents) found that asphyxial games could become addictive; challenge games would be the response to a high novelty-seeking and that aggression games could be the indicator of an emotional detachment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emotions as a link between collective action and professional activity. The case of organic farming. Our paper investigates the role of emotions in the organic farming movement which we consider as a "new social economic movement" comprised of two components: "collective action" and "professional activity". This duality may generate tensions that can be tempered or heigthened by emotions. Our research shows that, as far as the organic farming movement is concerned, the first scenario applies. Relying on in-depth interviews with 21 organic farmers in the French region of Alsace, we compare the emotions experienced in the field of collective action and those experienced in the field of professional activity (farming). We successively consider the challenges, the conflicts and the sense of social belonging (identity) experienced in both areas. Our analysis shows that the emotions experienced are particularly close in terms of their nature (we refer to a typology which distinguishes between "emotional fulfillment" such as pride and joy, "emotional approach" such as hope or interest, "emotions of resignation" such as sadness or fear, and "antagonistic emotions" such as envy or anger). Their valence, either positive or negative, and their intensity are also very close. Due to this proximity (in nature, valence and intensity), we consider that the emotions experienced contribute to reducing tensions between the two components of the organic farming movement, thus strengthening the movement. Our analysis also leads us to reconsider the typology of emotions which we mobilized, adding a new category, i.e., "sensory emotions" which includes taste, touch, visual pleasure, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a critique of the book "Mont-Cinère," written by Julien Green, particularly commenting on the study of happiness as it relates to the characters in the novel. It addresses the representation of character typology in the novel, the poetics of emotion in literature, and the impact of Romanesque aesthetics on the work of Green.

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This research seeks to reflect the diversity of the forms of attitude towards learning among gifted adolescents. We met, in their class environment, 255 academically gifted junior high school students (48 girls and 207 boys) aged 9 to 15 years (average: 12.5), enrolled in the French 6th to 3rd levels (British equivalents: Year 7 to Year 10 / USA: 6th to 9th grade). From a corpus consisting of 195 “assessments of knowledge” (Charlot et al., [1992] ), we conducted a lexicometric analysis using the Alceste software (Reinert [1990] ). The results lead to the highlighting of a typology of procedures and attitudes with regard to knowledge and learning, reflecting the heterogeneity of the relation to knowledge and learning among young gifted students. Such results support the stance of going against a standardized and stereotypical representation of these gifted youths, often perceived as a homogeneous population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'Regards croisés 2009' survey was conducted following the first French Cancer Plan, on 300 cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia and 359 health professionals (physicians and nurses), to evaluate and compare their perceptions of fatigue and chemotherapy-induced anemia management. The patients included were diagnosed with breast, lung or colorectal cancer, or non-myeloid malignant hemopathy, their anemia (defined by an Hb level < 11 g/dl according to 2007 European recommendations) was either treated or not. The main populations' analysis and secondary subgroups' analysis, by types of cancer and physician specializations, have been reported in previous articles. This article aims to present the results of an exploratory analysis of subgroups classified by age (< 70 and ≥ 70 years of age) and of a typological analysis performed in order to identify patient profiles with similar attitude and/or behaviour regarding fatigue. Subgroup analysis by age did not show any difference related to age, concerning perception of fatigue and expectations of its management. Fatigue in elderly patients must therefore be managed in the same way as fatigue in young patients. The typological analysis has identified four types of patients with clearly defined differences in their attitude and behavior towards fatigue: 'highly fatigued and demanding' (33%), 'highly fatigued andmoderately demanding' (30%), 'coping with fatigue' (26%), 'relatively undemanding' (11%). Identification of patients' profiles during consultation may enable fatigue management adapted to their expectations. A typological analysis of physicians is also briefly presented. It emphasizes differences in physicians' attitudes toward patients' fatigue, irrespective of their overall involvement in fatigue management. The 'Regards croisés 2009' survey thus provides valuable insights on the perception of fatigue and the improvements required at the dawn of the second Cancer Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present research involved 11 high potential pupils (HPP), at school in a French CE2 (third grade). It aims at questioning the sociopsychic processes that come into play during the children''s relationship with knowledge. Based on 11 semi-directive interviews conducted with these pupils, we found out the relevant typology for the modalities and attitudes these respondents have developed regarding learning, but also concerning the framework and the rules promoted by the educational institution. From the data we collected, and in order to deduce at promoting the integration of these pupils, it can be asserted that it is necessary to work out pedagogical adjustments and to promote psychological strategies of accompaniment that are better-suited to stimulate children''s impulsive curiosity and appetency, which is often looked down upon, as these are considered as “atypical”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Since the first edition, the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), studies related to juvenile antisocial and aggressive behaviors have led to an important evolutionary conceptualization of the conduct disorder (CD) diagnosis. Clinical research shows the majority of delinquents suffer from other psychiatric disorders in association to their CD, such as the well-documented comorbidity of CD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, during the last decade an atypical presentation of bipolar disorder (BPD), which primarily affects children and adolescents, has captured the attention and held the interest of clinicians. Frequently, a comorbidity of CD and this atypical BPD has been noted among aggressive, irritable and impulsive juvenile delinquents. This comorbidity, identified as dysphoric conduct disorder, represents a new typology in the conceptualization of conduct and behavior problems. The validation of an affective form of CD is an important clinical issue that would allow the development of new therapeutic approaches adapted to a type of CD that can be treated in psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This paper reviews the present work in the field of criminology, and precisely about female sexual offenders. First, in this study, we would like to submit a critical reading of some Canadians and Americans articles. In a second time, we’ll try to do the same work with French studies. These two points of view, the first one with typologies and the second one with psychopathology are really different. The North American authors began earlier than French to work on the women who sexually abuse subject. So, in the middle of 1980s, they were able to find some descriptions of modus operandi and also of these women''s personalities. Appeared later in France, this subject is actually still only on a discovery state with some propositions about the psychopathology. From a methodological and a theoretical position, we will ask two questions. First, about the sexual abusers categorisation: how the psychologist or the psychiatrist can they work with a category coming from the law? Secondly, about the sexes difference: can the psychologist and the psychiatrist work in criminology with taking men like the standard point of view? In other words, it seems that the questions we have to ask are both, “can the psychologist and the psychiatrist have a therapeutic approach only on the basis of the comportment”? and “is there a specificity in female criminality”? [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

France has a state administration that takes care especially of the delinquent minors. The Juvenile Justice Protection Services are the only ones allowed to implement certain measures, such as setting one free on parole or giving one suspension followed by a testing period. Thus, The Juvenile Justice Protection Services guides a number of specialists that they will finally hire. But what happens in other states? We have done a short review of the situations of other European countries to put forth, by comparison, the French specificity. Indeed, the issue of juvenile delinquency in Europe has been rising over the past few years tending to transform the predominant trends of education and prevention into a security one that toughens the measures regarding these minors. The main tendencies in juvenile justice protection prove the fact that the European states employ a common typology regarding the different degrees of penal accountability. Youngsters are considered responsible, irresponsible, or having limited responsibility according to their chronological age. With all these, the age threshold varies a lot amongst countries. In some countries, a 13 or 14 years old minor has a low responsibility in case of a misdemeanour whereas in Scotland or Great Britain a minor can be held responsible once he becomes 8 or 10 years old. Although these variations imply different practices within the assistance given to minors, still, they do not tell us much about the way this assistance is organized, educationally wise. In this context, the questions that are of interest for us are: Are there, in the European states, educators trained especially in juvenile justice protection? What is their training? What institutions they belong to? Where do they work? If there are no such educators, who takes care of the delinquent minors? These are the questions that I have addressed through this article to the professionals being in key positions in different European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is one of the most widespread diagnostic scales of psychoses, in particular for Schizophrenia. The scale distinguishes between positive and negative subtypes. A consequent number of researches explored the cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia by distinguishing these negative and positive subtypes. However, findings are inconsistent. On the other hand, multidimensional diagnostic criteria show the specificity of cognitive disorders within the different spheres of schizophrenia. Literature findings: Studies show that principal components analyze applied to PANSS''s 30 items attain from three to nine components. Therefore, psychotic, negative and disorganized dimensions were regularly obtained. Every one of these dimensions has specific neuropsychological and cognitive correlations. Objectives: Our purpose was to explore cognitive disorders related to the negative and positive subtypes as defined by typological criteria and negative, disorganised and psychotic dimensions defined by multidimensional criteria. Our particular interest was selective attention and problem-solving abilities. Materials and methods: Our sample incorporated 42 subjects responding to D.S.M.-IV criteria for schizophrenia (APA, 1994). The mean age was 40.58±7.95 years, the mean years of education were 9.88±2.74, the mean duration of illness was 12.26±6.49 years and the number of hospitalisations was 4.41±2.27. Clinical assessment was reached by using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). In order to define schizophrenic dimensions, the principal components analysis was performed with Varimax rotation. To assess problem-solving and selective attention, subjects were asked to complete the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Parlor Game, the Stroop test and the Word Recognition Scale (ADAS-cog). Statistical significance was based on non-parametric measures: the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman correlation test. Results: Typological diagnostic criteria based on PANNS show no cognitive differences between positive, negative and mixed sub-types in selective attention and problem-solving ability. On the other hand, the principal component analysis applied to PANSS shows three components ; negative, psychotic and disorganisation. Clinical assessment: the negative component included blunted affect, lack of spontaneity and active social avoidance, the psychotic component included delusions, hallucinatory behaviour, grandiosity, suspiciousness and unusual thought content, and finally the disorganisation component comprised conceptual disorganisation, difficulty in abstract thinking, disorientation and poor attention. Cognitive assessment: the disorganisation dimension was associated with low performances in the Stroop test and in the Word Recognition Scale. Negative dimensions were correlated to low performances in the indicators of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (number of errors, number of perseverant errors, number of failures to maintain the set, number of trials to achieve the task and number of achieved categories) and the Parlor Game. However, no significant correlation was found between psychotic dimensions and cognitive dysfunctions. Conclusion: Our study contributes to the comprehension of specific patterns of cognitive disorders of schizophrenics by using multidimensional criteria. Results are detailed and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Goethe's eclectic contribution to the natural sciences may seem outdated today, a product of its time. Goethe's obsession for natural types (typos), the effort he invested in his theory of colors, all seem to emanate from a profoundly inquiring spirit, but also seem to lack the exactness usually associated with scientific research. What Goethe was trying to achieve through his research was in fact as distinct as it was against the current: the building of an alternative epistemology, equally (maybe even predominantly) intuitive as it was conceptual, the kind of epistemology that would unite the sensorial and the intellectual. His main tool for founding this science of perception was the concept of "form" (Gestalt), which for Goethe meant that the internal structure of any object or being that makes it instantly recognizable as individuality and as a part of a whole. Hence, all the apparently disparate efforts to describe typologies were steps in the greater purpose of defining form, not only as a distinctive concept, but as an effort to bridge the gap between rationalism and sense-based philosophies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article focuses on the impact of life histories in the analysis of global processes. The biographical approach regroups in sociology and in related disciplines, such as demography, the social anthropology, the history, the geography and varied methods. They, however, are characterized by the crossing of two prospects. The first one is diachronic on the scale of told life--of the fragment of life in the lives of descendants, his and that of its ancestry. The second is synchronic and transverse in various fields since it is a question of totaling what social sciences cut up in specialties. These methods often share a comprehension of the individual understood as a social individual. They sometimes meet difficulties to acknowledge their scientific legitimacy, notably in history and in sociology. The article states that to select, collect and compile accounts of life, to compare them item by item, allows to constitute typologies. It also locates recurrences, to advance first assumptions by adding up what sociology cut out in specialized fields.

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Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article, a by-product of a research project, starts off with a critique of available typolooies of Latin American Catholicism. Pin, Buntig, Camargo, Azevedo, Comblin, Rolin and others have made indisputable contributions to the sociology of Catholicism, but their typologies are still deficient. In emphasizing the multiplicity of forms that Catholicism takes, they play down its unity. It is not the writer's intention to produce a new typology. Any typology is finally tied down to the observer's frame of reference: while it can describe phenomena, it gets us no nearer to their explanation. A different approach to the study is here proposed, one which takes into account both the unity and the polymorphism of Catholic religiosity. The author achieves this by putting forward the notion of constellation of acts, i.e. that set of acts which establish the same type of relationships between man and the sacred. He analyzes direct and mediated relationships, as well as their effects on the pattern of Catholic practice. This leads to a definition of popular Catholicism that is cast in terms of the individual's relationship with the sacred, thus bypassing the Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Possible failures of the quality approach are described. A simple typology is suggested to describe quality approaches. The first axis shows the relative importance of description and prescription. The second one shows the relative importance of the interplay among actors and resources management. The relevant questions relate to a central one: in a given situation, what balance do we want between description and prescription, between the interplay of actors and resources management by experts? [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Women's sexual offending has long been unknown or denied, now it is slowly rising in the collective consciousness. This article provides a literature review, both Anglophone and Francophone, on various aspects of women who commit sexual abuse. According to the studies reviewed, it appears that these women are on average 30 years old at the moment of the abuse and that the vast majority of the victims are prepubescent children who belong to the aggressor's family circle. Different typologies are presented in order to better understand the profile and the psychopathology of women sex offenders, and to develop our understanding of this problem so that better prevention may be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]