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In 1800, the “Grand dessein” established under Henri IV that aims at uniting the Louvre and Tuileries palaces was relaunched and the completion of the Cour Carrée was undertaken. Historiographical debates followed, with the idea of understanding better and respecting the ancient parts of these buildings. The result was that the Louvre of Lescot and Goujon could be used as a reference for the construction site, or even for everything that had been built up until Henri IV, but the contribution since Louis XIV took a back seat. This historicizing approach made it possible to finally begin the completion process.

A combination of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to investigate the three-dimensional in-cylinder flow within an optically accessible Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine at motored engine operation. The PIV measurements were used to guide the meshing procedure by identifying the regions were refinements and improvements were needed. From the iteratively optimized meshes LES results are shown from two selected meshes, an intermediate coarse mesh and the final optimized mesh, and compared to PIV measurements. The evolution of the intake flow and the tumble in the central tumble plane during compression are presented and discussed. Exploitation of the LES results allowed showing the influence of out-of-plane velocities along the cylinder liner impacting the formation of the tumble flow. The optimized mesh was then used to investigate the influence of the spark plug on the in-cylinder flow. For the studied engine the spark plug had a significant impact on the evolution of the tumble flow during compression. Finally 35 engine cycles were simulated using the optimized mesh with the spark plug in place. Velocity distributions in a region below the spark plug are shown and compared with PIV results. The two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed a strong similarity between the velocity distributions obtained by PIV and LES, thus validating the potential of LES for investigating cycle-to-cycle variability.

Résumé La maladie de Buerger, ou thrombo-angéite oblitérante, est une vascularite touchant principalement les veines et les artères de petit et moyen calibres, préférentiellement chez l’homme jeune tabagique. Le diagnostic est basé sur la clinique et l’imagerie, mais reste un diagnostic d’exclusion. Il n’existe pas de traitement spécifique de la maladie de Buerger. Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient âgé de 43 ans présentant une insuffisance rénale aiguë par micro-angiopathie distale bilatérale en lien avec une maladie de Buerger, et faisons la mise au point sur les atteintes rénales au cours de cette maladie. Buerger's disease or thombo-angiitis obliterans disease is a small vessel's vasculitis, frequently observed in young and smoker's males. Diagnosis is based on both clinical and radiological arguments. There is no specific treatment designed for this disease. We report the case of 43 years old patient presenting with an acute kidney injury associated with Buerger's disease. We reviewed the different case of kidney disease in this rare disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Mythistoire barragouyne de Fanfreluche et Gaudichon," by Guillaume Des Autels is presented. It is suggested that the work should be attributed to French author Etienne (Estienne) Tabourot. Topics discussed include historical and textual elements used in the book, hypothesis of the literature, its linguistic aspects and literary career of Des Autels.

La Carte gastronomique de la France, the gastronomic map of France, was engraved during the First Empire to illustrate a book entitled Cours gastronomique ou les dîners de Manant-Ville written by Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt as part of the publications of the ‘Société épicurienne du caveau moderne’. This group sought to place for the first time on a territorial representation pictograms that refer to the objects of their own culinary knowledge and pleasures. Some pictograms are intriguing, even though the representation would invite us to inventory these riches and a list published in the Cours gastronomique (which we publish in the appendix) helps us to read the map. The present article attempts to analyze the status of this document, based on its cartographic and aesthetic qualities, then going on to investigate its gestation and to determine its symbolic, technical and heritage significance.

As part of the territorial reorganization initiated under the Consulate, the law of 28 Pluviôse year VIII created the arrondissement, an intermediate administrative district between the department and the municipality, headed by a sub-prefect with whom sat a deliberative assembly, the arrondissement council. Although the arrondissement still exists today, its assembly disappeared after the law of 12 October 1940, which only suspended its sessions. If no text expressly suppressed the arrondissement councils, these assemblies, despite their limited activities concerned with local interests, were contested from the moment they were created, considered useless and insignificant, and ignored in the best cases. These assemblies disappeared with general indifference, because there was no room between the municipalities and the departments for an administrative district and not for a local authority with an elected assembly which could have challenge both the existence of thousands of municipalities and the authority of the departments, which continued to assert themselves as an essential collective body throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

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This article discusses the advancements in modern medicine which took place during the middle ages as seen through academic research into medieval societies and artwork. Contrary to common academic discourse, medical specialization did occur and medical fields expanded during the time period. This dynamic is examined in medieval Italy, specifically. Themes discussed include the founding of medical schools with a clear curriculum, the creation of a body of medical academic literature, and medical guidelines for living a healthy lifestyle.

Buerger's disease or thombo-angiitis obliterans disease is a small vessel's vasculitis, frequently observed in young and smoker's males. Diagnosis is based on both clinical and radiological arguments. There is no specific treatment designed for this disease. We report the case of 43 years old patient presenting with an acute kidney injury associated with Buerger's disease. We reviewed the different case of kidney disease in this rare disease., (Copyright © 2017 Société francophone de néphrologie, dialyse et transplantation. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)