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Describes three types of interpretation possible in the face of bilingual legislation: (1) monolingual, in cases where the two versions agree; (2) bilingual, where one version adds to the other; and (3) bilingual, where the two versions differ. (AM)

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the identity and diversity within the framework of the law on the official languages of Canada. It deals with the issue relationship to identity and ethnic diversity and racial in the context of the French-speaking minority who lives outside Quebec, more specifically in Ontario. Francophones reportedly represent one of the two official language minorities recognized by the Canadian federal government in the Official Languages ​​Act, an act born in 1969, following the Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada. It adds that at the outset that French speakers belonging to the official language minority are confronted with the reality of a living environment where English predominates in the sphere public and often even in the sphere of life Private.

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Water Quality Research Journal of Canada (Canadian Association on Water Quality) is the property of Canadian Association on Water Quality and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dentofacial deformities of the jaws, teeth and middle and lower thirds of the face affect both function and appearance. Epidemiological studies show that many Americans suffer from a malocclusion, which alters the proportions of the face. Moreover, in about 5 per cent of cases, the deformity is great enough to cause a severe handicap. A number of years ago, only orthodontic therapy was available, its aim being to achieve an acceptable occlusal relation while improving appearance as much as possible. However, this therapy provided limited improvement. Consequently, serious cases were later treated surgically. Since the 1970s, new surgical techniques have made it possible to reposition the jaws or dentoalveolar segments. As a result, today many more cases are treated in collaboration with orthodontists and surgeons. This article summarizes the main orthognathic surgical techniques, their procedures and their effects on temporomandibular disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the "1998 Health and Social Survey", questions were included to verify the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases and also of wheezing. The objectives of this study were 1) to verify the prevalence of wheezing and its validity as an indicator of chronic respiratory diseases in Québec; and 2) to examine the relationship between chronic respiratory diseases and some of their potential determinants. A total of 30,386 individuals participated in the study. For all ages, the prevalence of wheezing was 5.4%. It was associated with asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A low familial income and tobacco smoking were associated with wheezing, asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Passive smoking was associated with wheezing whereas the presence of carpets was associated with wheezing and asthma. Between 32 and 48% of families with an asthmatic or an allergic member modified their dwelling to alleviate respiratory problems. The prevalence of wheezing documented here was lower than in anglosaxon countries. This result could be explained by a cultural factor (the French translation or the perception of wheezing). This study emphasizes the role of reducing tobacco smoking in the prevention of chronic respiratory diseases.

Potential hazards associated with the use of agricultural pesticides are a growing concern for society. We describe the relationships between the mortality data for cancers of the brain, the lymphatic tissues and leukemia, and the spatial distribution of agricultural pesticide use for 34 drainage basins in Quebec, from 1976-1985. The basins were grouped into three categories (low, intermediate, and high exposure) according to the level of sales of pesticides. For cancers of the lymphatic tissues among women 35 to 64 years of age, a high relative risk (RR) was observed (RR = 1.91, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.14, 3.18) in basins highly exposed to pesticides compared to those with low exposure. Analysis of correlation for this cancer at 34 basins showed significant associations between geographical distributions of the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and those of numerous variables indicative of pesticide use in agriculture. Agreement between the results for mortality data in this exploratory study and the results from another study on cancer incidence data for 1982-1983, supports the hypothesis of a potential relationship between the use of pesticides in agriculture and cancer of the lymphatic tissues.

Data on the use of pesticides in agriculture and three types of cancer among the rural farm population were compiled for 34 drainage basins of the province of Québec for 1982 and 1983. The basins were divided following three categories of exposure (low, intermediate, high) on the basis of the level of pesticides sales. Results at the scale of the three categories show that among women living in rural farm areas, the relative risk (RR) for cancers of the lymphatic tissues is of 1.62 when highly exposed basins were compared to low exposed basins (95% Confidence Interval = 1.16; 2.25), and of 1.63 (95% CI = 1.08; 2.45) when they were compared to basins with intermediate exposure. For women of 35-64 age group, RR values are respectively of 3.15 (95% CI = 1.67; 5.93) in the first case, and 3.73 (95% CI = 1.54; 9.01) in the second case. By another way, at the level of the 34 drainage basins, correlation analysis have shown statistically significant positive associations between several variables representing pesticides utilization in agriculture and geographic variations of some cancers, according to sex and age groups, especially for the following: men, cancer of the brain (1-14 and 15-34 age groups), cancers of the lymphatic tissues (34-64) and leukaemia (1-14); for women, cancer of the brain (35-64), the lymphatic tissues (35-64, 65 and more, all ages) and leukaemia (15-34, 35-64, 65 and more and all ages). After that, principal components analysis has been performed using variables representing pesticides utilization and socio-economic status by basin. Height factors have been produced, including two socio-economic and six pesticides-factors. Factor scores have been introduced in multiple regression analysis to see the role of each factor in the explanation of spatial distribution of those cancers who had been identified in the correlation analysis before. Results have shown that in most of the cases, only pesticides-factors have significant relationship with those cancers. Socio-economic factors play a significant role only for the following cancers: men, lymphatic tissues, 65 years old and more; women, cancer of the brain all ages, leukaemia 1-14 and 65 years old and more. However, these results must be interpreted with caution for the goal of the study is to describe potential relationships.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)