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Le Fake Art n’est pas l’Art Fake : l’article vise à montrer que les artefacts numériques natifs sont fictionnels en ce que, ni faux, ni copie ni réplique pures, ils mettent en tension des traits des régimes autographique et allographique. Ensuite, il s’agit de s’interroger sur la dimension « imaginaire » de l’œuvre d’art numérique, à travers la mise en avant des notions de « fiction artistique », de simulation et de simulacre : passer de la fiction artistique à l’œuvre-simulacre et au virtuel, est-ce dépasser les oppositions « vrai vs faux » et « réel vs imaginaire » et mettre l’accent sur la puissance créatrice ? In fine, nous défendons l’idée de la fiction-façonnage, qui attire l’attention sur la fabrication de l’artefact numérique.

In this article, we examine the "augmented" work of art in the light of the filiations and genealogies of forms that underlie its forms of life. First, we study the notion of form, essentially from Gal’s Deep Formalism, Cassirer’s theory of symbolic forms, reviewed by Lassègue, and genetic constructivism based on Gestalttheorie (Visetti). We define the form as a field of convergent and divergent forces (Bordron) underpinning a double semiosis, plastic and figurative or iconic (Fontanille). Next, we aim to account for the modalities of filiation and genealogy (successivity, “tourbillon”, intrinsic variability), before showing how the analysis of Rosso Fiorentino’s painting Bacchus, Venus and Cupid (1531-1532) can benefit from two machine-guided approaches (Google keywords and SimArt-Datavalor query). The aim is to identify an interpretative approach and evaluate the conditions for success, from the point of view of the observer equipped with effective selection criteria.

Cet article focalise l’attention sur la sémiotique plastique et, plus particulièrement, sur la schématisation semi-symbolique, c’est-à-dire sur la corrélation entre des catégories du plan de l’expression et du plan du contenu, pour en montrer tout l’intérêt et inviter à son dépassement. Mettant les hypothèses à l’épreuve de tableaux de Georges Laurent, nous visons à établir des filiations à partir des travaux des pionniers de la sémiotique visuelle, surtout de Floch, de Greimas et de Thürlemann, afin de souligner le fait que certains développements de la sémiotique visuelle contemporaine (focalisation sur la matérialité du tableau, sur sa texture et sur son support, analyse tensive de la catégorie, approche dynamiciste des processus sémiosiques et pensée de la variation) s’autorisent directement des avancées considérables réalisées dans les années soixante-dix à quatre-vingt-dix, mais aussi réexaminent les bases qui ont été jetées.

While the literature in ecology on conservative plant translocations has developed significantly in recent years, very few studies on the practical conditions for their implementation, including the economic aspects, have been conducted. However, these non-strictly biological factors are important to consider because they can influence the feasibility and efficiency of translocation operations. Through a series of interviews with national botanical conservatories (CBN), one of the major actors in plant translocations, as well as a few complementary actors, we review the regulatory, organizational and economic dimensions of the practice of conservative plant translocations in France. In particular, we collected the economic costs of the involvement of six CBN in 34 translocation operations, associated with three stages that we feel it is interesting to differentiate in a translocation: preparation, the translocation itself, and the post-translocation phase. It is the two phases upstream and downstream of the translocation operation per se that involve the largest share of costs. We also showed that the motivation underlying a translocation operation, that is within or outside the mitigation hierarchy of development projects, did not significantly influence its cost, which suggests an equivalent implication of the actors interviewed (at least economically) in the two cases identified. The analysis of the economic costs of plant translocations, limited to the involvement of the CBN in this article, should now be completed for the other actors involved. The detailed network of the actors involved in translocations as well as the description of the different stages they encounter and that we propose in this article constitute an essential starting point.

This introduction reviews the reflections that were at the basis of the argumentation accompanying the call for contributions. It outlines a first assessment of the texts received with regard to the initially planned research axes, reconfigures the thematic field by following and interweaving the proposals from the different authors, and carefully considers the corpora and the examples used in the articles to observe how the heuristic spin-offs of and the resistant gaps in the methodological approaches employed impact the conceptual heritage that usually structures the modal territories in linguistics and semiotics. Not wanting to limit itself to a series of short summaries of the contributions contained in the issue, this introductory text offers some interpretative keys and, above all, some open theoretical proposals, trying to promote a virtuous circle between corpus analysis and theory, epistemological starting points and descriptive tensions.

First, in order to cross the points of view of semiotics and of linguistics, we reflect on the different statuses of modality, as they are defined in semiotics (presupposed condition to which a process is subjected, modal device and [passionate] disposition). We then call upon some oppositions dear to linguistics (modality vs. modalizer, conceptual intensity vs. enunciative intensification). In order to clarify the notion of disposition, on the one hand, and the notion of “emotion” or “attitude” (Perrin), on the other hand, we try to go back to the very beginnings of the quest for meaning. Thus, we define an attitude (diathetic) towards the primitive world, characterized by proto-modalities, in relation to modulations. In a second part, we re-examine the notion of modality from the “grammar of existence” according to Souriau. We ask ourselves in what way modality and modalization act on the relations that the instance in search of a modal identity has with the world or with objects of meaning to be established. We try to show that modality and modalization provoke alterations, conjunctions and disjunctions. The impulse towards something comes up against conflictualities. Finally, a reflection on the fictive and fictional dimensions, following Souriau and Latour, leads us to place “fictional overmodalization” — constitutive or constituting — at the basis of the modulation of values and, more broadly, of the enunciative construction of “signifying worlds”.

Le présent article cherche à ériger le format, qui est inhérent à la forme modalisée par l’espace et le modalisant en retour, en catégorie d’analyse. Il s’agit de décrire les manifestations du format : la taille (maxi et mini, macro et micro), le volume, la masse et le poids. L’attention se porte sur les (dis)proportions et les changements d’échelle ainsi que sur les effets produits sur une instance non seulement perceptivo-cognitive, mais sensible. Plus particulièrement, l’article s’interroge sur le sublime, sur le kitsch et sur le monstrueux, en dégageant un soubassement axiologique, en fonction d’esthétiques spécifiques.

Pour approcher le phénomène de la violence, cet article mobilise le bagage conceptuel et les outils d’analyse de la sémiotique, en dialogue avec la phénoménologie et la sociologie. D’abord, prenant appui, surtout, sur des écrits de Hannah Arendt, il se propose de déterminer les conditions sous lesquelles la violence, illégitime et antipolitique, qui produit un effet de désubjectivation de la victime (négation du sujet), peut être considérée comme légitime, voire comme nécessaire à l’équilibre sociétal. Ensuite, l’analyse concrète vise à dégager la syntaxe sous-tendant la violence racontée dans le vidéoclip Racial Profiling, diffusé en Allemagne en 2020. Plus généralement, on aborde la question du pouvoir critique de la satire qui porte sur la violence et peut, dans certains cas, être taxée elle-même de violente.

This paper, which analyses extracts of Le balcon en forêt by Julien Gracq, aims to question once more the notion of enunciative posture that has been examined by Alain Rabatel in his point of view theory. Attention is focused on the posture of co-enunciation, which is approached from three different viewing angles: first, we reflect upon the notion of “recessive diathesis”, in relation to a centripetal force; second, we distinguish between tonic and low regimes of consensual and dissensual co-enunciation; third, we want to show that the posture of co-enunciation is based on a sensitive proto-posture, which underlies it.

Il s’agit, dans cet article, de réfléchir à l’événement de style, en mettant la notion d’écart, revisitée, en relation avec une double logique, concessive et implicative, qui sous-tend respectivement l’impertinence et l’hyperpertinence. Dans ce contexte, le mérite de la notion de saillance réside dans la mise en avant d’une appréhension sensible de l’événement de sens, dont l’« énergétique du mot » italiqué selon Julien Gracq peut être une manifestation. Conjointement, il est possible de penser le style comme événement, en mettant en avant trois composantes du style : outre la pratique textualisante, la praxis énonciative, par exemple générique, et l’expérience sensible. Le style constitue alors un événement dans l’exacte mesure où il est porté par une forme de vie.

La mesure de l'activité de l'eau est issue de l'industrie agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique pour optimiser la stabilité et la conservation des produits. Adaptée avec succès par une équipe scientifique d'Irstea pour améliorer la qualité des semences et des pollens forestiers, cette méthode de gestion de l'état hydrique des semences est, depuis 2006, l'objet d'une coopération scientifique bilatérale et de transfert avec la recherche forestière québécoise. Retour sur cette coopération active aux productions multiples qui contribue à l'émergence de nouveaux projets de recherche et développement entre les deux pays.

The definition of environmental policies in developing countries is affected by globalization of such issues and the change in governments’ interventions. Based on regulatory approaches for ages, environmental policy tends nowadays to promote more incentive tools called market-bases instruments.This article aims at illustrating the trend in Cambodia from data field surveys conducted in 2010 with a sample of local stakeholders: policy makers, NGO officers and donors. The objective is to understand the emergence of the pair of notions eco-system services (ES) and payment for environmental services (PES) in conservation policies implemented in the country (areas of biodiversity and carbon sequestration mainly) and international influence in this process.The paper shows that the initial conservation strategies based on regulatory approaches with the establishment of protected areas, have had mixed success in particular to reduce deforestation. Over the recent years, the concept of SE has been quickly circulated within government offices (Forestry Administration, Ministry of Environment). Number of conservation projects conducted by international NGOs (such as CI, WCS) has also sought to recognize the value of protected ecosystems. In this objective, they have experienced payment devices to rural/forest communities sitting on environmentally-friendly practices related to the conservation of fragile habitats. Cambodian legal framework has not yet recognized, so far, the concept of PES (based on the beneficiary pays principle) and significant obstacles remain in the development of such mechanisms on a large scale.

La mesure de l'activité de l'eau est issue de l'industrie agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique pour optimiser la stabilité et la conservation des produits. Adaptée avec succès par une équipe scientifique d'Irstea pour améliorer la qualité des semences et des pollens forestiers, cette méthode de gestion de l'état hydrique des semences est, depuis 2006, l'objet d'une coopération scientifique bilatérale et de transfert avec la recherche forestière québécoise. Retour sur cette coopération active aux productions multiples qui contribue à l'émergence de nouveaux projets de recherche et développement entre les deux pays.

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In the Lettres persanes, Montesquieu gave a striking formulation of the optimum in political philosophy, according to which the 'most perfect government is the one that reaches its goal at the lowest cost' (Letter LXXX). But the narrative tells a different story, one that constantly contrasts the formulation of ideal efficiencies and the reality of waste in all the areas mentioned. What can we think of a narrative philosophy in which the explicit philosophies of efficiency are inseparable from the stories of deficiency? Starting with a commentary on the "standard" formulation of the optimum in Letter LXXX, we will identify as systematically as possible the different formulas that state optima, in the organisation of the seraglio, in religious economy, in the description of political life, by confronting them with the different facets of this narrative of failures, that of Usbek, that of the French monarchy, that of world history. The investigation of the formulations of efficiency and the way in which they are worked on narratively makes it possible to understand how a political philosophy can expose itself as true and at the same time be caught in a sceptical network, which is the very dimension of the narrative. Will we thus be able to propose a solution to the critical conflict about the meaning of the Lettres persanes between the proponents of a philosophical interpretation and the defenders of a carnivalesque reading?

L’accessibilité routière revêt un caractère particulièrement stratégique pour le maintien des activités économiques, mais également pour les interventions de secours. En montagne, les avalanches représentent une menace particulièrement forte car, outre les victimes et dommages directs qu’elles peuvent causer, elles entraînent très souvent une perte d’accessibilité plus ou moins prolongée à une époque de l’année où les réseaux sont déjà fortement altérés par les fermetures saisonnières. Pourtant ces incidences sont rarement étudiées à l’échelle régionale. Afin d’évaluer la vulnérabilité physique, fonctionnelle et humaine des réseaux routiers, la première étape de notre étude a consisté à géo-référencer et harmoniser au sein d’un SIG les informations provenant des principales bases de données disponibles sur les conséquences des avalanches pour trois départements alpins (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes). Cela a permis d’identifier les impacts avalancheux sur les routes depuis 1937, de dresser la typologie et l’intensité des dommages, et d’évaluer la vulnérabilité fonctionnelle du réseau. Une seconde étape a consisté à produire des indices de risque de dysfonctionnement et d’isolement à l’échelle régionale. Ces indices intègrent les données historiques sur les dommages aux routes et reposent sur des calculs d’accessibilité utilisant la théorie des graphes dans un environnement SIG. Les cartographies produites présentent une valeur ajoutée pour l’aide à la décision en cas de crise et l’analyse spatiale comparative à l’échelle régionale.

Road accessibility is highly strategic for the maintenance of economic activities but also for the emergency services. In mountains, snow avalanches are a particularly strong threat because, in addition to the victims and direct damage, they cause a loss of accessibility more or less prolonged when the networks are already strongly altered by seasonal closures. Specifically, risk to traffic roads caused by snow avalanches has been very rarely assessed at a regional scale. To assess the physical, human and functional vulnerabilities of road networks in three Alpine departments (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes), the first step of this research was to geo-locate and harmonize within a GIS all information sources about the consequences of avalanches on roads. This allowed identifying the road impacts of avalanches since 1937, to characterize the intensity and typology of damages and to evaluate the functional vulnerability of networks. The second step was to produce simple risk indexes of dysfunction and isolation at this regional scale. These indicators were modeled using the graph theory in a GIS framework, integrating avalanche activity indicators derived from the past activity with the road network. The obtained output maps should facilitate the decision support for crisis management and a comparative spatial analysis at the regional scale.

This paper gives an overview of the contribution of institutional economics to the analysis of payments for environmental services (PES) in the recent scientific literature. This work is based on the review of a selection of papers that appeared to us as the most significant dealing with this topic. Three main analytical themes were identified : the conceptualization of PSE, architecture and governance of PES mechanisms and the understanding of their impact. Our analysis shows that different theoretical approaches from institutional economics coexist, sometimes within the same analytical framework. This leads us to discuss the complementarities and potential contradictions inherent to the epistemological pluralism.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities.

This article uses the Ostrom’s notion of socio-ecological system in order to characterize agricultural practices generating social and environmental benefits and to identify factors that ease or limit their implementation. The methodology is based on three case studies in France on sustainable agricultural practices in Langres, about preservation of water quality and quantity in Volvic and on agro-pastoralism in the Cévennes National Park. Five main factors could be identified that point to the importance of public intervention when it matches with concerted local governance between public and private actors at different management scales.

Résumé Les maladies allergiques sont en constante augmentation depuis quelques années. Avec le vieillissement de la population, les dépenses de santé vont s’accroître également. Le coût de la médecine curative, qui a considérablement été développée ces dernières décennies ne pourra plus être supporté demain. Ainsi les traitements de nombreuses maladies chroniques telles que les allergies doivent être reconsidérés. Les thérapies existantes telles que l’immunothérapie ne sont pas efficaces pour tous les types d’allergies et il n’existe aucun moyen validé de prévenir ces maladies. Les nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques des maladies chroniques se focalisent aujourd’hui sur le développement de la médecine personnalisée ou médecine 4P (prédictive, préventive, personnalisée et participative). Ainsi, l’élaboration de vaccins ou encore d’aliment-santé à destination des populations à risque est en cours. Allergic diseases have been increasing constantly over the past few years. With the population aging, the rising cost of healthcare is inevitable. The increasing cost of curative medicine, which has developed considerably during recent decades, will no longer be accepted. Thus, the treatment of many chronic diseases, including allergies, must be reconsidered. Current treatments such as allergen immunotherapy are not effective enough for all the different types of allergies and no valid preventive treatment exists. New strategies for the treatment of chronic diseases are now being focused on the development of personalized medicine and on 4P (preventive, personalized, predictive, and participative) medicine. For instance, vaccines or health food products are currently being developed for populations at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Problématique: Le diagnostic d’allergie médicamenteuse est fréquemment posé chez l’enfant et, probablement de façon surestimé. Nous avons évalué un protocole de réintroduction médicamenteuse rapide afin de diminuer la lourdeur de la procédure diagnostique classique se basant sur des tests cutanés puis un test de réintroduction en hospitalisation. Patients et méthodes: Cent-huit enfants chez qui avait été porté le diagnostic d’allergie médicamenteuse ont été inclus dans cette étude entre octobre 2011 et novembre 2012. Le choix du type de protocole de réintroduction, soit prudent en hospitalisation, soit rapide en consultation, a été décidé en fonction du type et du délai de la réaction initiale ainsi que des comorbidités de l’enfant. Résultats: Trente-sept enfants (34 %) ont suivi un protocole de réintroduction prudent et 71 enfants (66 %) ont suivi un protocole rapide. Les principaux médicaments testés au cours de cette étude étaient les antibiotiques (95 %) avec le plus souvent l’amoxicilline±l’acide clavulanique. Deux enfants ont réagi, l’un au cours du protocole rapide, l’autre au cours du protocole prudent. Aucune réaction sévère n’a été observée. Conclusion: Cette étude ainsi que la revue de la littérature nous ont permis de proposer un arbre décisionnel pour déterminer le choix du type de réintroduction médicamenteuse. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)