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Genetik yapısı değiştirilmiş organizma, modern biyoteknolojik yöntemler kullanılarak kendi cinsi dışında bir cinsten gen aktarılarak özellikleri değiştirilen hayvan-bitki ve mikroorganizmaları ifade etmektedir. Bu organizmalara doktrinde transgenik veya genetiği değiştirilmiş organizma (GDO) adı verilmektedir. GDO ve ürünlerinin sosyal hayattaki kullanımının artması ve ticaret hacminin genişlemesi nedeniyle insan sağlığı üzerindeki riskler konusunda endişeler artmaktadır. GDO ve ürünleriyle beslenmenin veya bu ürünlerin yem olarak kullanımının kamu sağlığı üzerinde ciddi riskler taşıdığı bilimsel çalışmalarla ileri sürüldüğünden birtakım hukuksal düzenlemelerle anılan ürünlerin kullanımın düzenlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ülkemizde, 5977 sayılı Kanun ve bu kanuna dayanılarak çıkarılan yönetmelikte, söz konusu ürünlerin ithalatı, ihracatı, deneysel amaçlı serbest bırakılması, piyasaya sürülmesi ile kullanımına ilişkin başvurular belli bir usule bağlanmıştır. Bu usulün yönetilmesi için ilk olarak Biyogüvenlik Kurulu görevlendirilmişti. 09.07.2018 tarihli Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanan 703 sayılı KHK ile Biyogüvenlik Kurulu kaldırılmış olup, kurulun görevleri Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM)’ne verilmiştir. Kaldırılan kurulun yapısı objektif ve nesnel risk değerlendirmesi bağlamında doktrinde eleştirilmekte iken, başvuruların değerlendirilmesi ve neticelendirilmesi yetkisinin bakanlıkta toplanması ve idari sürecin tamamına bakanlığın hakim kılınması biyogüvenlik kaygılarını artırmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, başvuruların alınmasından itibaren idare tarafından yürütülen sürecin ve risk analizinin kamu sağılığının korunması bakımından yeterli olup olmadığı irdelenecektir. Burada teşkilat ve faaliyet boyutuyla değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Değişen idare anlayışına rağmen sürecin geleneksel bakanlık bürokrasi eliyle yürütülmesinin, bu ürünlerden kaynaklanan riskleri engelleme, insan, hayvan ve bitki sağlığı ile çevrenin ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunmasına etkisi tartışılacaktır. GDO ve ürünleri için yapılan başvurular üzerine verilen idari kararların idari yargıdaki denetimi ortaya konularak tespit edilen usuli eksikliklere dair önerilerde bulunulacaktır. Genel yargılama usulü dışında bir usulün geliştirilmesinin mümkün olup olmadığı tartışılacaktır. Yargılama usulümüzde bazı konularda getirilen ivedi yargılama ve usuli güvençlerin, bu başvuruların yargısal denetiminden hangi ölçüde kullanılabileceği irdelenecektir. Yakın tarihte verilen Danıştay kararları üzerinden yargılama usulünün biyogüvenlik üzerindeki etkisi ortaya konulacaktır.

The article describes soil bacterial isolates isolated from technogenic zones of Kyrgyzstan, possessing high oil-oxidizing and bioemulsifying activity, capable of decomposing petroleum hydrocarbons in the temperature range of 4 - 39°C at pH 4 - 9 in the presence of 18% salt. Our research has confirmed the possibility of bioremediation of the damage caused to soils as a result of chemical pollution of soils (lands) due to spillage of oil products on the territory of the oil depot in Balykchy city of Kyrgyzstan. The used bacterial consortium consisting of spore-forming bacteria of Bacillus genus: B1-025-4(2), B1-05-3(2), B1-025-5 had high oil-degrading activity both at low (4°C) and moderate (18-25°C) temperatures. In this work, special attention was paid to the molecular genetic properties of 4 bacterial strains isolated from oil-contaminated and different types of soils. The maximum biodegradability of these strains for many hydrocarbons (hexadecane, benzene, naphthalene, diesel fuel, gasoline) was also noted. Based on physiological-biochemical and molecular genetic analysis, the isolated petroleum destructor bacteria were found to belong to Bacillus pumilus (strains B1-05-3(2) and B1-025-4(2), B1-025-5) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain H-5-2). These selected strong bacterial strains are of great interest for biotechnological applications as effective microorganisms for environmental cleaning. Keywords: bacteria-destructors, effective strains, oil-contaminated soil, bioremediation, identification, molecular methods.

The article substantiates the need for further development of the program of formation of a healthy lifestyle among young people of the Kyrgyz Republic. It is the basis of the general health of the society. The purpose of this work is to understand the process of formation of healthy lifestyle (HL) as a tool for primary prevention of substance use and HIV infection in the Kyrgyz Republic. The main objective of the work was to analyze legal and regulatory acts and programs on healthy lifestyle formation among the population, review the most important international recommendations in the field of psychoactive substances (PAS) use and HIV/AIDS prevention, and study evidence-based interventions and strategies conducted in the Kyrgyz Republic. The researchers found that with joint activities and appropriate contribution of all participants involved in the process of formation of a healthy lifestyle of young people, it is possible to realize preventive education in the field of substance use and HIV infection, as well as timely detection and quality provision of medical, social and psychological assistance.

The article analyzes the state of the environment in the East Kazakhstan region. The authors, having analyzed official sources, showed that as a result of the restoration of production volumes at non-ferrous metallurgy and thermal power enterprises, there is an increase in emissions of hazardous waste by individual enterprises in this industry into the environment. In the atmospheric air of large industrial cities and towns in the region, maximum permissible concentrations of lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, phenol, formaldehyde and other components are observed to be exceeded. The authors emphasize that mining enterprises have a negative impact on the state of water resources and the unsatisfactory technical condition of sewer networks and treatment facilities, which leads to bacterial contamination of water sources, including sources of drinking water supply. The authors also discuss the state of forest resources and wildlife in the region. The conclusion that was done by the authors – there is a real threat of environmental pollution from waste from non-ferrous metallurgy and mining enterprises in the region and at the present moment.

Beginning of the 21st century brought the development of digital and green technologies based on the information revolution and the processes of ecological globalization of the economy and society. Information in society and economic processes has become the main resource. In the hands of a person, it is transformed into knowledge, and socio-economic relations are increasingly transferred to the network space. A key factor in digital transformation in the activities of market entities is the development of digital culture. One of the most important areas of economic development at present is the comprehensive introduction of modern digital and green technologies, which will change economic activity, communications, and the social sphere, and ultimately ensure the formation of a new “digital” economy with the introduction of “green” technologies into it . In order to reap the digital dividends from the digitalization of our society, a strong foundation must be immediately laid, which consists of non-digital factors. These factors include such important elements for development as the construction of modern and adaptive public institutions, investments in human capital, the creation of flexible mechanisms for developing and updating the regulatory framework, encouraging research activities and green innovation in business, consolidating the business environment, which will become the engine of economic growth and environmental conservation.

This article is devoted regulation of foreign exchange operations of commercial banks in financing construction projects. The expansion of international relations and internationalization of economic life, especially in view of the foreign economic activities of enterprises, make it necessary to study currency operations in special currency markets. In this context, commercial banks play an important role in reducing financial risks, especially currency risks in financing construction projects. Over the years of existence of the currency market in Kyrgyzstan, the experience of currency operations, currency trading and currency services for corporations and individuals has been accumulated, which proves the efficiency and profitability of such operations. In addition to receiving commissions, commercial banks also play a role in the financial stabilization of national monetary systems and international payment and settlement systems. In the context of inter-bank competition, the range of services offered to satisfy the foreign exchange needs of market participants is steadily growing, thanks to the development of international trade integration and considerable simplification of monetary circulation in the currency operations of banks around the world. The purpose of this study is to reveal the need for regulation of currency transactions in financing construction projects and in the financial-credit system and the digitalization of these processes.

In this article, we will look at the economic landscape of Kyrgyzstan, the potential benefits and risks of investing in the regions of the country, as well as some strategies for successfully investing in Kyrgyzstan for sustainable development. The main sectors of the country's economy are analyzed regionally, including agriculture, tourism, gold mining and other resources, taking into account the principles of green economy development. Government measures aimed at attracting foreign investment, such as tax breaks and simplification of business registration procedures, are also considered. Thus, attracting foreign investment in sustainable regional development will fundamentally increase the economic effect as a result of the joint use of individual elements of the system. As a result, the presence of economic and political stability of the country, reduction of external debt and attracted green investments will give expected changes in the future, which may affect the investment climate. Therefore, the article will be a valuable source of information for those who are planning to invest in the economy of Kyrgyzstan. Since the regions represent a promising market for investors who are ready to invest their funds in the development of the country’s economy.

The Kyrgyz way of life is closely connected with plants. Local residents unsustainably use pastures and plants used in traditional medicine, which leads to the extinction of some species. Therefore, studying the current state of the local flora is one of the relevant tasks of modern science. The article presents the results of a study on the biological and operational reserves of the medicinal plant fern-leaf yarrow, which is often found on the northern slopes of the Alay Range. The number (abundance) of species was estimated. The distribution of plants in the study area was determined according to special criteria. The yield was calculated using arithmetic formulas. The result of research on a total area of 12.3 hectares was the characterization of the association of four plant coenopopulations and the identification of reserves of St. John's wort, fern-leaf yarrow and common chicory. The results of this work can be used in teaching students and postgraduates in biological and pharmaceutical specialties. Also used in licensing companies involved in the collection of medicinal plants.

In recent years, special attention has been paid worldwide to medicinal remedies derived from medicinal plants for the healthcare system. There is a high demand for them, as a result of which medicinal plants are becoming relevant all over the world. Currently, their use is becoming increasingly important in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. This article examines the natural distribution of common plants grown in phytocenological and ecological conditions involving medicinal plants Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in the Naryn region, which belongs to the high-mountain valley of the Inner Tien Shan. A comprehensive study of medicinal plants in the region made it possible to formulate scientific approaches to the study of medicinal plants and substantiate their resource characteristics and the possibility of their use in medicine. Currently, there is increasing interest and demand for raw materials for the industrial production of drugs based on medicinal plants, for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. There is very limited scientifically based information on the natural distribution of medicinal plants in the valleys of the Inner Tien Shan and their reserves.

The article has provided an analysis of the problem of parts of speech in modern linguistics, addressing the linguistic criteria for identifying parts of speech, the composition of parts of speech in specific linguistic types, and the grammatical categories inherent to particular parts of speech within specific linguistic types, and emphasizes the relevance and importance of their issues in the current field of linguistic research. The mention of prominent scientists and their contributions to the field adds historical context and demonstrates the development of the study of parts of speech over time. Recognizing the methodological challenge with describing faced in studying parts of speech, noting the three main principles used in linguistics: semantic, morphological, and syntactic. It is concluded that it is impossible to apply all these principles simultaneously and sets the stage for further exploring the intricacies of parts of speech in linguistic research.

The water-physical and strength properties of the soil from the site of a landslide were determined in laboratory conditions. According to the results of shear tests, the dependences of shear indices (adhesion, angle of internal friction) of loam samples on humidity were constructed. The magnitude of the landslide mass is determined. By constructing various possible sliding surfaces, the most dangerous sliding surface was determined and the stability coefficient was determined for each of them. The reliability of using a mathematical model to determine the magnitude of the landslide mass is shown.

This article discusses the environmental problems of our time, in connection with the increase in population and cities and the impact of global urbanization on the global climate change of the Earth and its use to reduce surface temperature by increasing the albedo reflectivity of urban surfaces. The study improved previous similar works due to the global spatial coverage of all settlements of the Earth's development and developed a comprehensive assessment of the degree of influence and detailed measurements of 15 parameters of modifications of surface albedo calculations using data developed by the Research Institute of Building Physics of the CIS and using satellite sensing Google Earth Pro, from a height of 5 km. As a result of the study, it was found that the urbanized territories of the Earth amounted to - 0.1514% of the Earth's area and the heat release from the development of the whole world will decrease by - 7.8 million MW, which will be -8.6 Gt CO2. The average value of the Earth's temperature will decrease by 0.003°C in a year and by 2100 by 0.35°C. This measure is recommended as an addition to the main approaches to solving the climate problem.

In this article discusses the relevance of the development and creation of a multipurpose single-bucket loader with a transforming working body with the reduction of the branches of the national economy, where machines and equipment with dump and bucket working bodies are successfully operated when performing basic construction and installation budget-forming works. Also, an analysis of the difference between a transforming working body and an adapting working body with fundamental differences is given, since there are no similar working bodies in the world with the ability to move from one type to another, like traditional separately existing road construction machines. As noted above, due to the design features of the proposed loader, the construction with descriptions given in detail with schematically and in the form of a calculation scheme, as well as the method of force calculation with obtaining a standard dynamic equation.

The purpose of this study is to develop policy recommendations for indebted developing countries which have big balance of payment deficits due to high energy costs. For this reasons, the study initialy explores developed countries’ nuclear energy policies and hence, to guide developing countries (especially for Turkey and similar countries) who can adopt alternative energy resources to reach a sustainable and higher GDP per capita and to protect themselves against energy price volatilities. Therefore, in available theoretical studies, developing countries, also named as middle income countires whose GDP per capita is lower than developed countries, have been searching for different strategies to catch up the wealth level of developed countires from the aspect of catch-up effect in the Growth Theory. In the context of cross sectional and time series data, the paper anlaysis all available retroperspective panel data method which uses time interval between 1977-2014 for 14 developed and developing countires. The study employs Panel ARDL approach to serve the aim of the study. According to the emprical results, as expected, vector error correction coefficient was founded negaitvely and accepted numerical interval. Therefore, test results indicate that there has been significant and positive relationship between the increment of nuclear share in electricity production and GDP per capita. Countries, especially dependent on raw materials, can reduce reliance on energy import with nuclear energy sources, then they will have a stabilizer for a reasonable level of current deficits which may be necessary for economic growth. In conclusion, the results also indicates that nucluear energy production in developing countries can stimulate economic growth by lowering energy import related production costs in favor of country-wide producers.

INTRODUCTION: Household Contacts (HHCs) of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) patients have a higher risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, its prevalence and risk factors among adults living with PTB patients are poorly documented in Kenya. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for LTBI among adult HHCs of PTB patients in Kenya. METHODS: this was an analytical cross-sectional study of HHCs of PTB patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Socio-demographic data was captured on questionnaires and blood samples drawn for Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) quantification. Univariate and multivariate analyses using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) was used to determine the prevalence of LTBI and risk factors at 95% Confidence Interval (CI). RESULTS: a total of 166 PTB patients yielded 175 HHCs of whom 29.7% (52/125) were males and 70.3% (123/125) were females. A majority of HHCs [65.7% (115/175)] lived in a single-room house with the patient and [37.7% (66/175)] were in the age group 30-39-years. The overall prevalence of LTBI was 55.7%, peaking among spouses of the patients [70.0% (14/20) and the 30-39 year age group [63.5% (42/66)]. Potential risk factors for LTBI included cohabiting with a PTB patient for 8 to 12 weeks [OR = 3.6 (0.70-18.5), p = 0.107], being a spouse of the patient [OR = 2.0 (0.72-5.47), p = 0.173] and sharing a single room with the patient [OR = 1.58 (0.84 - 2.97), p = 0.158]. CONCLUSION: the high prevalence of LTBI among adult HHCs of PTB patients in this population demonstrates the need for targeted contact-screening programs in high TB transmission settings.

The spatial analysis of population areal of snow leopards in the Central Tian Shan Mountains and monitoring of their population dynamics and reproduction is needed by nature conservation activities. The study area is located in the unique and remote transboundary region between the Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Kazakhstan and People’s Republic of China. The population areas, feeding base and movement of snow leopards within the Khan Tengri State Nature Park were realized by using camera traps and Geoinformation Systems (GIS). Camera traps have been used for recording the existence and activity of snow leopards in the high mountainous and uninhabited area. 14 adult and 5 snow leopard cubs are detected and recorded within the survey period in 2018-2019 with various individual characteristics of animals. The spatial distribution of snow leopard’s population was mapped and analyzed by applying open source GIS software (Quantum GIS) and satellite positioning.

The principles of green finance and social investment are relevant directions not only from the point of view of studying practical experience, but also the formation of theoretical and methodological aspects of the conceptual platform of resource-saving technologies and sources of their financing. Today, the global transformation toward clean development requires a reconsideration of many aspects of economic activity, but it especially requires a reworking of the financial architecture of the global economy and a shift in emphasis from problems of economic efficiency to sustainability and resource conservation. In the global context, the issues of financing the universal greening of economic relations at every level require, firstly, the involvement of an increasing number of participants in this process, and secondly, they require not only a formal declaration of participation in the green movement, but also confirmation through the implementation of appropriate public policies in each of the fields of economic relations. Moreover, the supranational policy documents adopted at the 11th G20 Summit on September 4-5, 2016 in PRC have prioritized the green finance development at the national and regional levels to achieve the Millennium Development Goals or 17 Sustainable Goals. It should be noted that in the context of Russian practice the green finance mechanism is developing quite dynamically, there is a comprehensive redesign of the financial architecture and national features emerge that somehow identify the Russian financial system in the context of green finance and social investment, which undoubtedly acts as a relevant research area and requires approaches of an applied nature. Determination of the fundamental features and specifics of the green finance mechanism will allow to formulate a comprehensive program of effective transformation of the entire economy in the direction of green growth and sustainable development. This study attempts to systematize the conceptual foundations of green finance in modern transformational practice and identify the problem field of research, actualizing the most important aspects of the entire financial ecosystem from the perspective of rational choice and capital-saving production.

Given the demand for green economic growth and sustainable development, many economic practices demonstrate different rates and characteristics of the transition to a green economy, which in one way or another are determined by the initial socio-economic factors and the economic policy implemented by the state. Stimulating green growth and increasing the well-being of society through the rational use of natural resources, natural capital and ecosystems require the elaboration and development of alternative measures for ensuring the rational use of natural resources, the development of environmental innovations and human capital. An equally important factor contributing to green growth is the formation of a state policy of green economic growth, as well as tools and mechanisms for its implementation. The conceptual foundations of a supranational green growth policy have already been developed and the methodological basis has been elaborated. The study of the experience and best practices of green growth in different countries allows us to identify certain shortcomings that require a deeper study and revision of state regulation documents. In addition, the post-Covid economy requires a separate consideration from the point of view of both the relevance of the policy of green growth and the measures and tools for its implementation. Thus, the study of modern trends and principles of the implementation of the state policy of green growth is a topical area of research that requires critical rethinking for the introduction of more constructive measures for reaching the set goals and objectives.

Recently, Japanese wine law has changed dramatically. In October 2015, the definition of “Japan wine” and the labelling rules were introduced, and the registration guidelines for the geographical indication (GI) were formulated. Up to now, the Commissioner of the National Tax Agency has designated two wine GIs: “Yamanashi” and “Hokkaido”. However, it is not easy for Japanese consumers to understand the value and the role of GI. The National Tax Agency, prefectures, municipal authorities and winery associations organise from time to time promotional events of GI wines to spread the notion of GI. Even though the majority of “Japan wine”, including GI wine, is consumed in the internal market, it is necessary to protect the Japanese GIs in foreign countries. Due to the EU-Japan EPA that ensures the mutual protection of GIs, it is quite probable that the GI will play an important role in the export of Japanese wine, liquor and agricultural products.

The aim of this study is to determine the barriers in the innovation process in Turkey’s conditions, investigate the interrelations among them and develop a model that can measure the interacting effects of the barriers on the other barriers and in the innovation system. Since there has not been a research in the relevant literature, which has identified the innovation barriers in Turkey, a detailed review related with innovation barriers has been conducted. After identifying 32 internal and 29 external barriers from the literature review, the second step was to determine the valid barriers for Turkey. This validation was performed by means of a DELPHI study. After identification of 12 valid barriers for Turkey’s conditions, interrelations between 12 barriers were established by using ISM (Interpretive Structural Modelling). The research was conducted based on the opinions of the experts about innovation barriers. It was found that “finance of innovation” barrier affected all of the barriers in Turkey. In order to increase innovation performance of Turkey, “finance of innovation” barrier should be settled. There have been a number of researches about innovation barriers in general. The researches are either on firm level, sector level, or country level. However, there has been no research in literature specifially looking for the interrelation among the innovation barriers. This paper is should be taken as the first study not only in investigating the barriers in the innovation process in Tureky, but also in developing a model which could be used in solving the innovation barriers. The findings of this research warn the related academicians, managers and policy makers about the importance of defining and determining the barriers to innovation.

In response to Japan’s increase on coal dependence, co-firing of woody biomass in a coal power plant has been considered as the most feasible sustainable alternative. We propose torrefaction as an effective method to improve the quality of biomass fuel. To measure how much CO2 can be avoided by utilizing torrefied fuel, Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) of woody biomass co-firing in the Japanese coal power plant was conducted in this study. As a comparative analysis in the LCCO2, scenarios constructed included the use of woody biomass in the form of chip, pellet, and torrefied fuel. Due to the unavailability of large quantity domestic feedstocks in Japan, Indonesia was chosen as the origin of the imported woody biomass in the simulated scenarios. The results showed that significant CO2 reduction could be achieved especially in the co-firing that includes torrefied fuel. In the case where 30cal% of torrefied fuel or 5cal% of pellets were used for co-firing in a 50 MW capacity coal power plant, 95,000 t of CO2 could be avoided annually compared to using 100% coal.

Recently, Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly method under applied voltage (voltage-applied LbL) attracts great attention. It is reported that the method enables more abundant film adsorption than conventional LbL method. However, a small proportion of experimental results about adsorption of polyelectrolytes by voltage-applied LbL have been reported. In this study, voltage-applied LbL method using weakly charged polyelectrolytes was examined. Poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and Poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) as cationic solutions and Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) as anionic solution were chosen. The pH of solutions was adjusted to several conditions and film of PAH/PAA and film of PEI/PAA were fabricated by voltage-applied LbL method. Change of adsorption behavior and film morphology by applying voltage depended on pH condition of solutions. When pH of PAH/PAA solutions was 3.9/3.8, respectively, the film adsorption was accelerated by applying voltage. Moreover, in this condition, the surface morphology remarkably changes and texture structure appears by applying voltage. Consequently, it was found that applying voltage in LbL method was effective in controlling film adsorption and the surface nano structure.