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Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in France. Research has shown that immune cells play a major role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and promotion of metastasis. While the density of intra-tumoral adaptive immune cell infiltrate is associated with a favorable prognosis, the presence of polynuclear neutrophils (innate immune cells) is associated in different types of cancer with a poor prognosis. The reviewed studies underline the abundance of intra-tumoral neutrophils involved in tumor progression by their immunosuppressive activity. More specifically, it has been shown that the neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio is a prognostic marker. Different mechanisms promoting tumor progression have been identified, particularly the pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive activities of neutrophils. However, under certain conditions, they can also exert effective anti-tumor activity through their interactions with the adaptive immune system. The complexity of the role of neutrophils in oncology resides in the diversity of subpopulations and their plasticity under the influence of the tumor environment. In this review, we will discuss the different properties of neutrophils not only as pro- and anti-tumor effector cells, but also as immunomodulatory cells, and we will conclude by considering therapeutic perspectives in lung cancer., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

In 2004, a novel feature of neutrophil was discovered: their capacity to release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps or NETs. Since then, immunologists investigate these structures to unravel their functions in various diseases. In a first study, we demonstrated a main contribution of NETs, released by particular neutrophils, to allergic asthma onset triggered by three distinct pro-allergic environments in the mouse. In a second study, we observed NETs-enriched areas in lung biopsies of severe COVID-19 patients and characterized their locations. NETs were found in the airways, in the interstitium but also in blood vessels. These discoveries point out an important contribution of NETs to lung inflammatory diseases and suggest that NETs could be promising therapeutical targets in both allergic asthma prevention and in the severe forms of respiratory viral infections.

Introduction: Methotrexate-induced pneumonitis is a rare but potentially fatal side effect. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. There are early and late forms and different cell patterns in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)., Case Report: We present a case of acute interstitial lung disease in a 54-year-old patient who had been taking methotrexate for a year and a half for rheumatoid arthritis. After excluding other causes and based on the diagnostic criteria of Searles and McKendry, we could reasonably identify methotrexate as the cause of the lung disease. It was of late onset and the BAL showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia., Conclusion: Methotrexate-induced pneumonitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. A late onset combined with the predominance of neutrophils and eosinophils in BAL is rare in the literature, demonstrating the wide heterogeneity of methotrexate-related interstitial lung disease., (Copyright © 2020 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chronic recurrent annular neutrophilic dermatosis (CRAND) is a rare form of neutrophilic dermatosis characterised by chronic annular progression, histological impairment similar to that seen in Sweet's syndrome and the absence of association with generalised signs, abnormal laboratory values or underlying systemic disease. Herein we report two new cases., Patients and Methods: Case n o  1. A 41-year-old woman had presented with four annular lesions on the forearms and neckline which she had had for one year. Examination revealed a 5-cm annular lesion on the right forearm and four similar adjacent lesions. The condition spontaneously resolved after 4 weeks. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine 400mg per day for three months proved ineffective in preventing a further episode. However, following treatment with colchicine at a daily dose of 1mg for two months, no further relapses in the rash occurred over a 10-year observation period. Case n o  2. A 38-year-old woman consulted for recurrent annular erythema confined to the legs. Examination showed the presence of a red papular annular lesion on the right leg, encircling a yellowish macule with a central ring of fine scale; the lesion had been present for three weeks. Treatment with colchicine was initiated but the patient was lost to follow-up. In both cases, histological examination was evocative of Sweet's syndrome but no inflammatory or neutrophilic syndrome and no underlying systemic disease were demonstrated., Discussion: CRAND presents as a stereotypical and benign form of neutrophilic dermatosis. A diagnosis of chronic recurrent annular dermatosis with gyrate progression should be considered in the absence of general signs, neutrophilia or underlying systemic disease., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA) (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare small-sized vessel vasculitis belonging to the group of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides. MPO-ANCA is present in only 31 to 38% of patients. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of EGPA, which is characterized by a genetic predisposition, an environmental association, and a cellular dysfunction of eosinophils, neutrophils, and T and B cells., (Copyright © 2015 Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) associated with a complication comprising ascending aortic dissection (neutrophilic aortitis) in a setting of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Patients and Methods: A 79-year-old female patient was hospitalized in late 2009 for vegetating PG. Treatment with general steroids followed by colchicine and topical steroids resulted in complete healing of skin lesions. During hospitalization, the patient presented dissection of the ascending part of the aorta, for which emergency surgery proved effective. Histological examination of the excised tissue revealed diffuse neutrophilic aortitis. Diagnoses of Takayashu's disease and of lupus were ruled out. A chest CT scan showed interstitial lung disease with mild lymphocytosis in the bronchoalveolar fluid, but with no isolated pathogenic organisms. Relapse of skin lesions occurred 3 and 4 years later, associated with the development of RA, and worsening of the interstitial lung disease was noted in a scan carried out it in 2013, following which stabilization was observed in April 2014. There was no recurrence of the PG lesions., Conclusion: To our knowledge, no other cases involving association of neutrophilic aortitis with PG and RA has been published to date. The literature describes the emergence of the concept of systemic neutrophilic dermatoses, and this notion is reinforced by the presence of a cutaneous and aortic site of the neutrophilic disease in a single patient., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Platelet satellitism is considered an uncommon phenomenon with an estimated frequency at 0.008%. About 100 cases have been published. If not recognized, this artifact can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. We report the case of a patient, with cutaneous leishmaniasis, who developed an isolated thrombocytopenia. The blood smear prepared from peripheral blood sample collected with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid showed platelets rosetting around polymorphonuclear. This phenomenon disappeared after treatment with Glucantime® for fifteen days and improvement of the lesions. We discuss also possible mechanisms to better understand this phenomenon.

Background: Rhumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease. It appears to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It may be accompanied by well-known extra-articular damage (e.g. lung, kidney, heart), while cutaneous involvement such as rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND) is much less frequent., Patients and Methods: A 64-year-old woman was referred by rheumatologists after she developed a cutaneous eruption on the forearms, elbows and scalp in a setting of progressive RA. A skin biopsy showed a dermal neutrophilic infiltrate throughout its entire thickness as well as leukocytoclasia, with fibrinoid material visible in certain areas. No vasculitis was observed. This histological examination led to a diagnosis of RND. The eruption was successfully treated with topical corticosteroids., Comments: RND is a rare sign in RA that presents clinically as plaques, erythematous nodules or urticarial lesions. The lesions tend to disappear naturally or on treatment of RA. Topical corticosteroids or systemic therapy, in particular dapsone, may be suggested to treat cutaneous damage., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Sweet syndrome is a non infectious febrile disease with a neutrophilic infiltrate of dermis. Extracutaneous involvement can occur. We report two cases of Sweet syndrome with cutaneous and pulmonary involvement and give a short review of the literature of pulmonary involvement in Sweet syndrome.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) account for a new mechanism of anti-infectious innate immunity that may lead to important tissue damages. Indeed, a growing number of studies demonstrate the involvement of NET in the pathogenesis of several human diseases as diverse as autoimmune diseases, thrombotic disorders or some inflammatory diseases. After a short description of molecular mechanisms of NETosis and its host-defense function, we will review their detrimental effects. We will then examine the potential therapeutic approaches for modulating excessive or inappropriate NETosis and thereby minimize tissue injury., (© 2014 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

Background: Neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis is a very rare disease with only three reported cases, all involving men. Herein, we describe the first case in a woman., Materials and Methods: A 25-year-old woman presented erythematous and indurated circinate plaques on the face, upper chest and upper limbs, associated with some pustules. The eruption started immediately after sunny holidays and extended progressively with low-grade fever and axillar polyadenopathies. Blood tests showed moderately elevated neutrophils and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Cutaneous biopsy showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes and neutrophils with perisebaceous distribution, infiltrating sebaceous glands with focal necrosis of sebocytes. Treatment consisting of topical steroid and photoprotection quickly resulted in regression of the lesions, with no relapse after two months., Discussion: Classically neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis presents as erythematous and violaceous, indurated, circinate plaques with raised edges on the face and upper chest. Spontaneous regression is frequently reported. Histological examination is typical with an inflammatory infiltrate containing neutrophils with primarily perisebaceous distribution and penetrating sebaceous glands in places with necrosis of sebocytes. The aetiology is unknown but in a recent case, photodermatosis was suspected because lesions occurred every summer. This hypothesis is consistent with our observation but the presence of lesions on non-exposed areas raises questions about heat as a possible trigger factor in this disorder., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Large-cell transformation in mycosis fungoides [MF] is associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor survival. In addition to tumour progression, infectious complications may be the cause of death. We report a case of aseptic pustular dermatosis in transformed MF that very quickly became aggressive and was followed by rapid death of the patient., Patients and Methods: A 47-year-old man presented with disseminated CD30+ transformed MF skin tumours refractory to chemotherapy for nine consecutive months. Ten days after a first course of dexamethasone, cytarabine and carboplatin, he was hospitalized for febrile neutropenia. Following this episode of neutropenia, he developed a febrile pustular rash disseminated on the tumours and on plaques, associated with marked neutrophilic leucocytosis. Bacteriological and mycological skin and blood samples were negative. Tumour biopsies showed a dermal infiltrate of CD30+ T-cells corresponding to the transformed MF, mixed with neutrophils. The pustule biopsies revealed intra-epidermal pustules and dermal-epidermal infiltration of neutrophils. The pustular eruption regressed with corticosteroids. Despite a last line of treatment with romidepsin, the patient died 6 weeks after the "neutrophilic" event., Discussion: Episodes of neutrophilic dermatosis [ND] are frequently seen in haematological disease and some substances can induce a variant form of eccrine hidradenitis. However, our patient's presentation was different, without the appearance of "classic" ND but rather diffuse pustular lesions carrying a poor prognosis, which was followed by rapid death. Once the hypothesis of infectious complications has been ruled out, treatment is based on systemic corticosteroids associated with specific treatment of the lymphoma., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: In 1964, based on eight cases, R. Sweet described a form of "acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis" that was quickly renamed Sweet's syndrome. Over time, other entities (pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema elevatum diutinum, etc.) came to be included in the same nosological group, giving rise to the concept of neutrophilic dermatosis. In addition to types of passage between these different diseases, neutrophilic dermatoses may have a variety of atypical presentations such as that described as "neutrophilic dermatosis of the hands", of which we present a case herein., Patients and Methods: A 60-year-old woman with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and mild psoriasis was consulting for an eruption mainly on the hands. The lesions, of various shapes, comprised pustules and large bullous lesions on purple oedematous skin; these were painful and some were progressing to ulceration. They measured between 0.5 and 3 cm and were filled with an opaque liquid. These lesions were painful and some were progressing towards ulceration. The patient was also presenting inflammatory joint pain. The histopathology study revealed infiltration of the dermis, predominantly by neutrophils. A diagnosis of neutrophilic dermatosis was made without any clearly discernible distinction between Sweet's syndrome, palmoplantar pustulosis or pyoderma gangrenosum., Discussion: Since the initial description of Sweet's syndrome in 1964, many unusual cases have been described in the literature (associated with neoplasias or systemic diseases, concomitant pustular or bullous lesions, etc.). In 1995, Strutton et al. described a new entity, pustular vasculitis of the hands, based on six cases, which is fairly similar to the present case. Understanding of this syndrome developed and Gallaria renamed it neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands. Walling and Duquia termed this form of dermatosis palmoplantar Sweet syndrome., Conclusion: This case highlights the difficulties in clearly distinguishing forms of neutrophilic dermatosis, adding to the notion of a continuum in neutrophilic disease., (Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Background: Lipoatrophic panniculitis is generally considered to be a rare disease affecting children. We report a case involving this condition in an adult patient presenting with striking clinical features and responding to hydroxychloroquine therapy. We discuss the nosological relationship between lipoatrophic panniculitis and connective tissue panniculitis., Patients and Methods: A 62-year-old woman was referred to our institution with a six-month history of painful erythematous nodules and plaques on the calves, thighs, buttocks, breasts, abdomen and arms. With each outbreak of new lesions, she felt unwell and experienced fever, chills and sweating. After a few weeks, the lesions progressed circumferentially and led to large areas of subcutaneous atrophy showing a central depression covered with a yellowish, supple skin and surrounded by an annular, infiltrated, erythematous and tender inflammatory margin. Deep subcutaneous biopsy specimens showed typical features of lobular and septal lipophagic panniculitis, with a dense inflammatory infiltrate composed of large histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and few neutrophils, without vasculitis. The patient was started on hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily. Three weeks later, her pain and tenderness had completely resolved and the inflammatory margin of the lesions had clearly regressed., Discussion: This unique condition, with distinctive clinical and histological features, is similar to cases described under the term "lipophagic panniculitis", seen mostly in children, but also "connective tissue panniculitis". Their clinical resemblance and response to hydroxychloroquine therapy leads us to think that these two entities, previously subsumed under the eponym of Weber-Christian disease or Rothman-Makai syndrome, are closely related., Conclusion: Dermatologists and dermatopathologists should be made aware of this unusual entity, and of the fact that it can arise in adult patients, so that they may make an early diagnosis and thus prevent the unsightly consequences of lipoatrophy., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Neutrophilic dermatoses are inflammatory disorders where normal neutrophils infiltrate the skin without infection. Sweet's syndrome, pyoderma gangrenosum, subcorneal pustulosis, erythema elevatum diutinum and a few other conditions are included in the spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses. In addition to their typical presentation, atypical and overlap forms of these disorders may be observed. According to the location of the neutrophilic infiltrate, three clinical forms are distinguished: superficial (epidermal), en plaques (dermal) and deep (dermal and hypodermal). During the disease course, other tissues can be affected by the same neutrophilic infiltrate. An association with other systemic diseases including malignant blood disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases and autoimmune disorders is frequent. The mechanisms leading to the invasion of the skin by neutrophils remains not completely elucidated. Treatment depends on the intensity and the acute or chronic form of the disease. In acute and severe forms, systemic corticosteroids are first-line therapy, whereas colchicine, dapsone, and even topical corticosteroids could be used in milder presentations of the disease., (Copyright © 2010 Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now established as valuable therapy in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). They induce several types of cutaneous side effect, the most common being non-specific maculopapular rash and periocular oedema. Rare cases of panniculitis have been described in patients with CML treated with imatinib mesilate and dasatinib. We report a case of recurrent panniculitis in a patient with CML treated successively with imatinib mesilate and dasatinib., Case Report: An 81-year-old woman diagnosed with chronic CML experienced two episodes of neutrophilic panniculitis following imatinib mesilate therapy, as well as relapse following replacement of imatinib mesilate by dasatinib. Several skin biopsies showed a neutrophilic infiltrate throughout the fatty tissue lobules, without vasculitis and without any evidence of bacterial infection. The symptoms gradually subsided without discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy., Discussion: Neutrophilic panniculitis is uncommon among patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and has only been described in patients treated for chronic myeloid leukaemia. We discuss the potential causative role of imatinib mesilate and dasatinib in onset of the disease, as well as differential diagnosis of neutrophilic panniculitis, which resembles subcutaneous Sweet's syndrome., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Aspergillosis is an uncommon fungal infection in which primary cutaneous sites are very rare. Most cases occur in immunodepressed patients and are disseminated in the blood. We report a case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a 37-year-old immunocompetent farmworker presenting as a kerion-like lesion., Case Report: A 37-year-old farmworker presented erythematous and nodular lesions of the face. These lesions were not associated with any general symptoms and failed to respond to antibiotic treatment. Histological examination of a skin biopsy sample showed a granulomatous reaction in the dermis associated with an extensive neutrophilic infiltrate. PAS staining revealed the presence of right-angled branched hyphae with conidia. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated and identified in cultures. Clinical and biological examinations did not reveal any systemic localisation of aspergillosis, ruling out the hypothesis of blood dissemination. This primary cutaneous infection occurred in an immunocompetent patient, in whom laboratory tests ruled out any underlying immunosuppression. Systemic antifungal treatment with voriconazole led to complete resolution., Discussion: Reports in the literature of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients are extremely rare. Clinical lesions may comprise often painful weeping or necrotic macules or papules or subcutaneous nodules that can progress towards abscess or necrosis. The semiological similarity between these lesions and kerions can lead to misdiagnosed cases and delayed treatment., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a very rare form of chronic dermatosis clinically characterised by reddish-violet papular nodules extending to the surfaces of the limbs and extremities. Histologically, there are classically two phases of progression initially involving associated neutrophilic dermatosis and leucocytoclastic vasculitis, which is later followed by fibrosis of characteristic appearance. We report the association of EED and pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient infected with HIV., Patients and Methods: A 53-year-old male seen since 1989 for HIV infection had been presenting firm bilateral and symmetrical nodules on the feet for 6 months. Histological analysis of one of these nodules resulted in diagnosis of chronic erythema elevatum diutinum and treatment with dapsone was initiated. Three months later, despite regression of the EED lesions under dapsone, two large pustules appeared on the outer aspect of the right leg; they were confluent and progressed towards a superficial ulcer with rounded edges with a clinical appearance evocative of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). Histopathological analysis demonstrated a massive dermal infiltrate beneath the ulcer comprising neutrophils with evidence of leucocytoclasia, all of which militated in favour of the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum., Discussion: We report for the first time the association of two forms of neutrophilic dermatosis, EED and PG, in an HIV-positive patient. This case report and certain data in the literature suggest that the various forms of neutrophilic dermatosis tend to result in a range of lesions rather than in clearly distinct entities., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Tobacco increases the risk of pulmonary infection, especially tuberculosis. We try by this study to analyse this action. It's a comparative study between two groups of patients hospitalized in our department between January 2006 and June 2008. The first group was made of 30 smokers patients hospitalized because of confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. The second group consists of 30 non smokers patients and also hospitalized because of confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Delay of diagnosis was longer in the group of smokers (3, 1 +/- 3 months versus 2 +/- 1 month with p = 0.039). The most frequent symptoms in both groups were cough and loss of weight. The biological investigations showed a high level of white blood cells with predominance of neutrophil cells especially in smokers (p = 0.024). Chest X ray showed essentially nodules in both groups. These nodules were bilateral in smokers (P = 0.045). Evolution after antituberculosis treatment was favourable for all patients. A delay of recovery (time between symptoms and recovery) was longer in smokers than in non smoker patients (p = 0.043). Pulmonary Sequels such as dyspnoea (p = 0.016) and fibrosis (p = 0.041) were most frequent in smokers. No patients had tuberculosis relapse. Tobacco may delay the recovery of pulmonary tuberculosis and may induce pulmonary sequels in spite of correctly antituberculosis treatment.

Background: We report the case of a 25-year-old patient developing pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) during the third trimester of her first and second pregnancies., Case Report: A 25-year-old woman developed PG on her left calf during week 32 of her second pregnancy; previously, during week 36 of her first pregnancy, the patient had presented abdominal pain with inflammatory syndrome. She underwent caesarean delivery at week 37 of pregnancy. Surgery was complicated by aseptic abdominal and parietal abscesses as well as aseptic endometritis with neutrophil infiltrate. She underwent two further surgical interventions that were followed by skin manifestations typical of PG. The two newborns were otherwise healthy. After five years of follow-up, we found no disorders usually associated with neutrophilic dermatosis., Discussion: Pyoderma gangrenosum is extremely rare in pregnancy, with only 16 cases being reported in the international literature: nine during pregnancy and seven post-partum. The question is thus raised of a possible relationship between this neutrophilic dermatosis and pregnancy. The association could be due to the pathergy phenomenon or to the increase in G-CSF levels occurring in pregnant women., (Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Neutrophils are well-recognized phagocytes in the first line of host defense, and are also a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators, thereby contributing to the onset and early orchestration of the inflammatory response. In contrast, recent studies indicate that neutrophils have tools to limit the magnitude and length of an inflammatory response, and may take part in engaging the resolution process. This article describes endogenous signals that may transform the phenotype of a neutrophil: from a pro-inflammatory cell to one that promotes resolution. Adenosine, an autacoid which can be found at high concentrations in inflammatory sites, inhibits several inflammatory functions of the neutrophil via engagement of the A2A receptor and reshapes the profile of lipid mediators and cytokines released, causing cells to terminate the release of pro-inflammatory signals while progressing toward resolution. These endogenous resolution pathways may represent a key target for better treatments of inflammatory diseases.

Introduction: Bortezomid is a potent proteasome inhibitor used in patients with relapsing or refractory multiple myeloma and provides a 35% response with a median duration of response of 12 months. Numerous adverse effects are known, mainly comprising haematological and neurological complications. A wide variety of cutaneous complications have also been described in 10 to 20% of patients., Case Report: We report a case of bortezomib-induced Sweet syndrome. The diagnostic criteria required for drug-induced Sweet syndrome were present., Discussion: The importance of this description is that this induced Sweet syndrome may not necessarily require cessation of bortezomid since administration of corticosteroids prevents its recurrence.

Background: We report the case of a female patient who developed polymorphic expressions of neutrophilic dermatosis associated with p-ANCA while receiving benzylthiouracil for hyperthyroidism., Case Report: A 41-year-old-woman was treated with benzylthiouracil for Basedow's disease. After 21 months of therapy, she developed fever with different expressions of neutrophilic dermatosis: pyoderma gangrenosum of feet, Sweet's syndrome of the forearms and the face. Biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of neutrophilic dermatosis. The histological examination of a skin specimen taken from the developing border of a foot lesion showed polynuclear neutrophilic infiltration with leucocytoclastic vasculitis and the presence of anti-myeloperoxydase p-ANCA. Abdominal ultrasound showed multiple splenic microabscesses. The myelogram, gastroscopy and colonoscopy findings were normal. Benzylthiouracil was stopped and systemic corticosteroid therapy resulted in regression of the skin lesions and splenic microabscesses., Discussion: Different types of neutrophilic dermatosis were described in our case, confirming the notion of neutrophilic dermatosis continuum. The occurrence of neutrophilic dermatosis and p-ANCA after benzylthiouracil therapy suggests the involvement of polynuclear neutrophils in a common pathogenic mechanism. However, to date there have been no other reports analogous to ours, and inclusion of neutrophilic dermatosis as a benzylthiouracil-induced adverse effect would require confirmation by other instances of such associations.

Introduction: Update on the state of knowledge in the mild asthma (intermittent and persistent mild asthma, according to the GINA classification) literature, and position of a French Mild Asthma Working Group., State of the Art: The French Mild Asthma Working Group (11 lung specialists, 4 paediatricians, 1 pharmacologist, and 1 general practitioner) selected, analysed, and summarised the literature on the epidemiology, physiopathology, clinical signs, and management of mild asthma. The present article shows the position of the working group on mild asthma descriptive epidemiology (causal factors excluded) and the nature of the bronchial inflammation. Clinical signs and medicinal treatments will be presented in a second article., Perspectives: Between 50% and 75% of asthma patients, depending on the study, present mild asthma. Childhood-to-adulthood cohort monitoring found severity to be unchanged over developmental time. Its generally benign evolution may in some (<10%) cases be complicated by severe episodes. Inflammation and airway-wall remodelling were always found, although of variable intensity, and non-specific (except for absence of infiltration by polymorphonuclear neutrophils). Corticosteroid therapy by inhalation reduces bronchial inflammation, but with little impact on airway-wall remodelling., Conclusion: The present findings should help clinicians in identifying and understanding mild asthma.

We report the case of a 8-year-old girl diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. This case was morphologically characterized by the presence of bundle of Auer rods in the neutrophils. The evolution of the disease was marked by a quick transformation in a acute myeloid leukaemia with t(8;21) refractory to treatment. We reviewed the literature for clinical, biological and therapeutic features of this rare childhood hemopathy.