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This study investigates the synthesis of activated carbon from waste tires, focusing on how heating rates influence activation energy and product quality. Through controlled experiments, the research evaluates the impact of varying thermal treatments on the activation energy and the resultant activated carbon’s surface area, pore size, and volume. The objective is to establish the optimal conditions that enhance adsorptive properties while maximizing energy efficiency in the production process. Findings indicate that slower heating rates are conducive to producing activated carbon with higher surface areas and smaller, more uniform pore sizes, traits desirable for effective adsorption. Specifically, activated carbon produced under slow heating exhibited a surface area of 621 m²/g and a pore size of 292 Å, compared to 570 m²/g and 308 Å under faster heating conditions. This demonstrates a direct correlation between the heating rate and the material’s structural characteristics that affect its adsorption capacity. Incorporated within this study parametric model that forecasts the qualities of activated carbon for various heating regimens, facilitating the precise adjustment of the synthesis process. The study reveals a nuanced understanding of energy consumption in the synthesis process. Lower heating rates, while beneficial for product quality, necessitate a reevaluation of energy expenditure to ensure economic viability. Conversely, the slight reduction in quality observed with rapid heating suggests a potential for time and energy savings, offering a trade-off between efficiency and product performance. The research bridges the gap between process parameters and activated carbon quality, providing valuable insights for the development of more sustainable, cost-effective production methods. By identifying ideal heating rates, the study paves the way for advancements in activated carbon manufacturing, promising significant improvements in environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. This contributes to a broader application of activated carbon in pollution control and resource recovery, underscoring the importance of optimized manufacturing processes.

Agriculture is a sector in Malaysia where the usage of drones has been widespread throughout seeding, surveying, and crop spraying. It has been well known that the current usage of drones in pineapple farms specifically in Malaysia can be further improved upon. This novel design combines the long flight capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft with the efficiency of the common multirotor UAV hence it is a hybrid of both. The methodology of this research uses flight simulations to extract the data concerned with its flying quality such as coefficient of lift, drag, and moments. This research evaluates the longitudinal stability within the computationally simulated data extracted from a mission-profiled flight. The aim of this is the understanding of practical uses as well as the modification needed prior to manufacture.

myStudentStatus is a student course status tracking system that has been developed to address the challenges academic advisors face in managing and monitoring student course status. This system provides academic advisors with comprehensive information about students’ final exam results and their performance in each course they have taken in quickly and accurately monitoring students’ academic progress. This system has also been able to assist academic advisors in identifying students who may be at risk of falling behind or dropping out of a course. This includes the student’s course status, including grades, completion of prerequisites and overall academic performance. This quantitative study involved 57 respondents consisting of lecturers and students of Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak. Overall, 100% of respondents acknowledged the effectiveness of the myStudentStatus application where the response for each evaluation item received the approval of respondents above 80%. This user-friendly myStudentStatus application is instrumental in increasing the productivity of academic advisors, reducing errors and indirectly improving student support services. By leveraging technology to streamline administrative processes, myStudentStatus contributes to a more efficient and effective education system that benefits both academic advisors and students.

My Intelligent Buzzlamp is a teaching aid tool designed to assist students during practical sessions for examining vehicle electrical systems. This tool facilitates the examination process by providing light and audible beeps as indications of fuse status. This examination process is crucial when issues arise, such as non-functional audio systems or vehicle electronic components. Visual impairment, especially among older mechanics or those facing glare-related problems, as well as difficulties in using a multimeter for examination, are challenges addressed by this innovation. The use of this tool is highly straightforward, where students only need to connect the alligator clip to the battery terminal and touch the tip of the innovation to the fuse terminal. If the fuse is functional and in good condition, the tool will light up and emit a beeping sound. In conclusion, this innovation has succeeded in assisting students in carrying out practical tasks more easily and effectively, conserving labour and space, and reducing the duration of execution.

The HEPAS (HEP Application Letter Approval System) system was developed to facilitate HEP (Student Affairs) to generate approval letters efficiently and systematically. This system was developed because there are often dropouts in processing confirmation letters submitted by Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak students. The HEPAS system is a web-based system and has been developed using PHP, HTML, CSS and JavaScript programming languages. The development of this system also involves XAMPP as a server and PHPMyAdmin as a database used to store all the data sent through the HEPAS system. Application for a confirmation letter by students through the HEPAS system will be sent to the system administrator which is HEP for the process of generating the confirmation letter. Based on the results of the tests carried out, overall the HEPAS system is 100% working well. With this system in place, it can help the HEP to manage confirmation letter applications more effectively and efficiently, thereby increasing HEP’s productivity in managing students.

Anabas testudineus, the climbing perch, is a valuable and well-liked freshwater fish with significant commercial worth. This fish is found in Indonesia and other parts of Asia. Nonetheless, there hasn't been much research done on the genetic relationships across Asian populations of climbing perch. Thus, the aim of this work was to use the mitochondrial COI gene to examine the phylogeography of A. testudineus in freshwater Asia. The population sample was taken from South Aceh, Indonesia. The sample was extracted using a modified C-TAB protocol. In all, 48 sequences from the Genbank and three sequences from South Aceh were included in this investigation. Seven samples came from Indonesia, three from Malaysia, nine from Philippines, seven from Vietnam, eight from Thailand, ten from India, and four from Bangladesh. According to the findings, the sequences formed 17 different haplotypes. For every population, the haplotype diversity (Hd) value is 0.897. The genetic distance measuring the closest populations is 0.0007 between Indonesia and Philippines, whereas Indonesia and Vietnam populations are the furthest apart, at 0.0904. Between 0 and 0.0157 is the genetic distance within the population. Thus, the populations of A. testudineus in Aceh and Indonesia and the Philippines are genetically more similar.

Hydrogen-rich syngas from palm empty fruit bunch has been produced using CaO and bentonite as absorbent and catalyst. The gasification process is carried out at 550–750 °C at atmospheric pressure in the fixed bed gasifier with steam to biomass ratio (S/B) of 0–2.5 and Ca/C ratio of 0–2. The results showed that CaO only acts as $\mathrm{CO}_2$ absorbent during the process. Increasing the ratio of Ca/C and S/B has increased the concentration of $\mathrm{H}_2$ and absorption of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ in the syngas. The addition of CaO did not significantly increase the production of $\mathrm{CH}_4$ and CO in the syngas. The $\mathrm{H}_2$ concentration reaches about 78.16 vol% at 700 °C and Ca/C 2.

Abstract Background Selection of livestock based on their robustness or sensitivity to environmental variation could help improve the efficiency of production systems, particularly in the light of climate change. Genetic variation in robustness arises from genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions, with genotypes performing differently when animals are raised in contrasted environments. Understanding the nature of this genetic variation is essential to implement strategies to improve robustness. In this study, our aim was to explore the genetics of robustness in Australian sheep to different growth environments using linear reaction norm models (RNM), with post-weaning weight records of 22,513 lambs and 60 k single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The use of scale-corrected genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for the slope to account for scale-type G × E interactions was also investigated. Results Additive genetic variance was observed for the slope of the RNM, with genetic correlations between low- and high-growth environments indicating substantial re-ranking of genotypes (0.44–0.49). The genetic variance increased from low- to high-growth environments. The heritability of post-weaning body weight ranged from 0.28 to 0.39. The genetic correlation between intercept and slope of the reaction norm for post-weaning body weight was low to moderate when based on the estimated (co)variance components but was much higher when based on back-solved SNP effects. An initial analysis suggested that a region on chromosome 11 affected both the intercept and the slope, but when the GEBV for the slope were conditioned on the GEBV for the intercept to remove the effect of scale-type G × E interactions on SNP effects for robustness, a single genomic region on chromosome 7 was found to be associated with robustness. This region included genes previously associated with growth traits and disease susceptibility in livestock. Conclusions This study shows a significant genetic variation in the slope of RNM that could be used for selecting for increased robustness of sheep. Both scale-type and rank-type G × E interactions contributed to variation in the slope. The correction for scale effects of GEBV for the slope should be considered when analysing robustness using RNM. Overall, robustness appears to be a highly polygenic trait.

Abstract Background Imputation to whole-genome sequence is now possible in large sheep populations. It is therefore of interest to use this data in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate putative causal variants and genes that underpin economically important traits. Merino wool is globally sought after for luxury fabrics, but some key wool quality attributes are unfavourably correlated with the characteristic skin wrinkle of Merinos. In turn, skin wrinkle is strongly linked to susceptibility to “fly strike” (Cutaneous myiasis), which is a major welfare issue. Here, we use whole-genome sequence data in a multi-trait GWAS to identify pleiotropic putative causal variants and genes associated with changes in key wool traits and skin wrinkle. Results A stepwise conditional multi-trait GWAS (CM-GWAS) identified putative causal variants and related genes from 178 independent quantitative trait loci (QTL) of 16 wool and skin wrinkle traits, measured on up to 7218 Merino sheep with 31 million imputed whole-genome sequence (WGS) genotypes. Novel candidate gene findings included the MAT1A gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the sulphur metabolism pathway critical to production of wool proteins, and the ESRP1 gene. We also discovered a significant wrinkle variant upstream of the HAS2 gene, which in dogs is associated with the exaggerated skin folds in the Shar-Pei breed. Conclusions The wool and skin wrinkle traits studied here appear to be highly polygenic with many putative candidate variants showing considerable pleiotropy. Our CM-GWAS identified many highly plausible candidate genes for wool traits as well as breech wrinkle and breech area wool cover.

Abstract Background In this study, we assessed the accuracy of genomic prediction for carcass weight (CWT), marbling score (MS), eye muscle area (EMA) and back fat thickness (BFT) in Hanwoo cattle when using genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), weighted GBLUP (wGBLUP), and a BayesR model. For these models, we investigated the potential gain from using pre-selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on imputed sequence data and from gene expression information. We used data on 13,717 animals with carcass phenotypes and imputed sequence genotypes that were split in an independent GWAS discovery set of varying size and a remaining set for validation of prediction. Expression data were used from a Hanwoo gene expression experiment based on 45 animals. Results Using a larger number of animals in the reference set increased the accuracy of genomic prediction whereas a larger independent GWAS discovery dataset improved identification of predictive SNPs. Using pre-selected SNPs from GWAS in GBLUP improved accuracy of prediction by 0.02 for EMA and up to 0.05 for BFT, CWT, and MS, compared to a 50 k standard SNP array that gave accuracies of 0.50, 0.47, 0.58, and 0.47, respectively. Accuracy of prediction of BFT and CWT increased when BayesR was applied with the 50 k SNP array (0.02 and 0.03, respectively) and was further improved by combining the 50 k array with the top-SNPs (0.06 and 0.04, respectively). By contrast, using BayesR resulted in limited improvement for EMA and MS. wGBLUP did not improve accuracy but increased prediction bias. Based on the RNA-seq experiment, we identified informative expression quantitative trait loci, which, when used in GBLUP, improved the accuracy of prediction slightly, i.e. between 0.01 and 0.02. SNPs that were located in genes, the expression of which was associated with differences in trait phenotype, did not contribute to a higher prediction accuracy. Conclusions Our results show that, in Hanwoo beef cattle, when SNPs are pre-selected from GWAS on imputed sequence data, the accuracy of prediction improves only slightly whereas the contribution of SNPs that are selected based on gene expression is not significant. The benefit of statistical models to prioritize selected SNPs for estimating genomic breeding values is trait-specific and depends on the genetic architecture of each trait.

The increasing concentrations of CO2 in the environment result in catastrophic phenomena like global warming. Hydrogenation of emitted CO2 to methanol is one of the economically viable strategies to tackle the problem. In the current work, methanol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation was studied over carbon nanofiber-based Cu/ZrO2 catalysts. The effect on rate of reaction by varying reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and feed gas ratio were investigated. Rate of reaction increased with increasing temperature and 220 °C was found as an optimum reaction temperature. The study revealed a linear relationship between the rate of reaction and applied pressure of the feed gases. The rate of reaction was accelerated by increasing feed gas ratio and the highest activity was recorded for H2/CO2$ = 3$.

Tourism becomes a human need lately in the busy modern urban lifestyle. Recreational and stress reliever destinations influence human personal health condition. The Government of DKI Jakarta establishes 12 coastal tourism destinations in North Jakarta, recently. However, the destinations are not well developed and integrated with the transportation. Moreover, they confront the tidal flood threats. In Marunda, North Jakarta, there are 2 potential tourism attractions that had been abandon and misused as ships parking and docks. Those conditions undervalue the land use and needs to be redesigned properly for the community benefits. Design analysis with the criteria of resilience to climate change response to the sea level rise, is used an approach to the problems. This research covers the responsive designs to solve the coastal flood and optimizing the land use as tourism destination.

The population growth in Jakarta stimulates the number of residential demands around the city. In contrast with the land availability, the feasible solution would be to create the high rise such as apartments. However, this result generates another problem, which is the clean water supplies. Apartment inhabitants at least consume clean water for 200 to 250 litres per person daily. This alarming circumstance should be solved by conserve the water. The paper is discussing the alternate way for apartment to recycle the used water. The careful calculation of water usage before design will affect the apartment design decisions. Integrated building services system are required in this designing process of the water recycle system. (FDAM).

Abstract Background Whole-genome sequence (WGS) data could contain information on genetic variants at or in high linkage disequilibrium with causative mutations that underlie the genetic variation of polygenic traits. Thus far, genomic prediction accuracy has shown limited increase when using such information in dairy cattle studies, in which one or few breeds with limited diversity predominate. The objective of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of genomic prediction in a multi-breed Australian sheep population of relatively less related target individuals, when using information on imputed WGS genotypes. Methods Between 9626 and 26,657 animals with phenotypes were available for nine economically important sheep production traits and all had WGS imputed genotypes. About 30% of the data were used to discover predictive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and the remaining data were used for training and validation of genomic prediction. Prediction accuracy using selected variants from imputed sequence data was compared to that using a standard array of 50k SNP genotypes, thereby comparing genomic best linear prediction (GBLUP) and Bayesian methods (BayesR/BayesRC). Accuracy of genomic prediction was evaluated in two independent populations that were each lowly related to the training set, one being purebred Merino and the other crossbred Border Leicester x Merino sheep. Results A substantial improvement in prediction accuracy was observed when selected sequence variants were fitted alongside 50k genotypes as a separate variance component in GBLUP (2GBLUP) or in Bayesian analysis as a separate category of SNPs (BayesRC). From an average accuracy of 0.27 in both validation sets for the 50k array, the average absolute increase in accuracy across traits with 2GBLUP was 0.083 and 0.073 for purebred and crossbred animals, respectively, whereas with BayesRC it was 0.102 and 0.087. The average gain in accuracy was smaller when selected sequence variants were treated in the same category as 50k SNPs. Very little improvement over 50k prediction was observed when using all WGS variants. Conclusions Accuracy of genomic prediction in diverse sheep populations increased substantially by using variants selected from whole-genome sequence data based on an independent multi-breed GWAS, when compared to genomic prediction using standard 50K genotypes.

Abstract Background This study aimed at (1) comparing the accuracies of genomic prediction for parasite resistance in sheep based on whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to those based on 50k and high-density (HD) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels; (2) investigating whether the use of variants within quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions that were selected from regional heritability mapping (RHM) in an independent dataset improved the accuracy more than variants selected from genome-wide association studies (GWAS); and (3) comparing the prediction accuracies between variants selected from WGS data to variants selected from the HD SNP panel. Results The accuracy of genomic prediction improved marginally from 0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.18 ± 0.01 when using all the variants from 50k and HD genotypes, respectively, to 0.19 ± 0.01 when using all the variants from WGS data. Fitting a GRM from the selected variants alongside a GRM from the 50k SNP genotypes improved the prediction accuracy substantially compared to fitting the 50k SNP genotypes alone. The gain in prediction accuracy was slightly more pronounced when variants were selected from WGS data compared to when variants were selected from the HD panel. When sequence variants that passed the GWAS $$- log_{10} (p\,value)$$ -log10(pvalue) threshold of 3 across the entire genome were selected, the prediction accuracy improved by 5% (up to 0.21 ± 0.01), whereas when selection was limited to sequence variants that passed the same GWAS $$- log_{10} (p\,value)$$ -log10(pvalue) threshold of 3 in regions identified by RHM, the accuracy improved by 9% (up to 0.25 ± 0.01). Conclusions Our results show that through careful selection of sequence variants from the QTL regions, the accuracy of genomic prediction for parasite resistance in sheep can be improved. These findings have important implications for genomic prediction in sheep.

Abstract Background The use of whole-genome sequence (WGS) data for genomic prediction and association studies is highly desirable because the causal mutations should be present in the data. The sequencing of 935 sheep from a range of breeds provides the opportunity to impute sheep genotyped with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to WGS. This study evaluated the accuracy of imputation from SNP genotypes to WGS using this reference population of 935 sequenced sheep. Results The accuracy of imputation from the Ovine Infinium® HD BeadChip SNP (~ 500 k) to WGS was assessed for three target breeds: Merino, Poll Dorset and F1 Border Leicester × Merino. Imputation accuracy was highest for the Poll Dorset breed, although there were more Merino individuals in the sequenced reference population than Poll Dorset individuals. In addition, empirical imputation accuracies were higher (by up to 1.7%) when using larger multi-breed reference populations compared to using a smaller single-breed reference population. The mean accuracy of imputation across target breeds using the Minimac3 or the FImpute software was 0.94. The empirical imputation accuracy varied considerably across the genome; six chromosomes carried regions of one or more Mb with a mean imputation accuracy of

This study aims to analyse the factors that cause the reluctance of Islamic bank customers in coastal areas to be loyal to the particular banks. The population in this study are conventional bank customers who live in Aceh, North Sumatra and Riau. The sample size in this study was 350 respondents. Sampling was carried out using a stratified random sampling method with the following proportions: Aceh 25%, North Sumatra 50% and Riau 25%. In this study, the sampling method used the census technique. Data analysis used SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) to verify the path of the relationship between variables. The results showed that of the 3 direct hypotheses tested, the effect of Emotional Attachment on Attitude. The effect of emotional attachment on continuance intention, the effect of Attitude on continuance intention, all of which show a significant effect. The significance that occurs in this direct test indicates that there is a match between the research model developed and the facts in which this research was conducted. On the indirect effect tested, although it showed significant results, the role of attitude in mediating the effect of emotional attachment on continuance intention through attitude is partial.

Ureteric injuries are known and preventable complications that may follow pelvic surgeries. These injuries are commonly ligation of the distal ureters and are frequently missed intraoperatively. Symptoms typically comprise of post-operative flank pain, fever, and flank swelling from urinary tract obstruction or urinoma. We hereby present a rare case of iatrogenic ureteric injury, ureterocutaneous fistula, and an associated incisional hernia in a middle-aged woman who had ovarian cyst excision.

The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition, quantitative of fatty acids analysis as well as the content in the seahorse sample, Hippocampus sp which originated from Sibigo waters, Simeulue, Aceh, Indonesia. In this study, proximate composition and fatty acids of seahorse were determined. Based on the proximate analyses that had been conducted, results showed that protein was the most abundantly found in the seahorse (39.32±0.22%), orderly followed by carbohydrate (28.48±0.25%), ash (25.43±0.16%), moisture (6.29±0.13%) (dry weight basis) and fat (0.47±0.30%). Fatty acids profiling and analysis were also conducted by using the a GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy). The analysis result showed that sample possessed of saturated fatty acids in big size were palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, and lauric acid. While unsaturated fatty acids were arachidonic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid. Traces of saturated fatty acids in small seahorse were found in the sample including palmitic acid, stearic acid, miristic acid and lauric acid, while unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid and oleic acid. The highest saturated fatty acid in seahorse was palmitic acid (60.67%), and unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (45.5%), arachidonic acid (25.08%) and linoleic acid (0.93%).

The purpose of this study is to examine the stock market’s resiliency in the face of economic fluctuations and a crisis caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. using monthly data from 2011 to 2020 and an error correction model with the Composite Stock Price Index (conventional stock market system) and the Jakarta Islamic Index (Islamic stock market system) as dependent variables and policy interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, and crises as independent variables. In both stock market models, the regression results reveal that there is a short-term to long-term equilibrium relationship. Interest rates set by policymakers and crisis variables have a detrimental impact. In the long run, the exchange rate has a beneficial effect, and inflation has no influence on the two stock markets. In the short run, the findings in both markets are nearly identical, meaning that inflation and policy interest rates have little influence, whereas exchange rates have a negative impact. The crisis, on the other hand, had no impact on the JCI stock market. The crisis had a positive impact on the JII stock market, unlike the JII stock market. These findings are significant because they reveal a distinction that leads to a significant increase in the number of investors who believe it is safe to invest in the Islamic stock market in the short term, notwithstanding the crisis.

Melanoma metastasizes to the skin in about 10-17% of patients. Although there are reports of metastatic melanoma masquerading as panniculitis and erysipelas, it is very uncommon for it to present as an inflammatory skin lesion. When malignant melanoma cells invade the superficial dermal lymphatic vessels it can result in erythema, edema and induration of the overlying skin. This presentation can be problematic for clinicians if they do not suspect melanoma and choose not to biopsy the lesion. We report a case of an elderly man with a history of invasive melanoma who presented with a furuncle-like lesion that was found to be in-transit metastatic melanoma.

Abstract Background The application of genomic selection to sheep breeding could lead to substantial increases in profitability of wool production due to the availability of accurate breeding values from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. Several key traits determine the value of wool and influence a sheep’s susceptibility to fleece rot and fly strike. Our aim was to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) and to compare three methods of combining information across traits to map polymorphisms that affect these traits. Methods GEBV for 5726 Merino and Merino crossbred sheep were calculated using BayesR and genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with real and imputed 510,174 SNPs for 22 traits (at yearling and adult ages) including wool production and quality, and breech conformation traits that are associated with susceptibility to fly strike. Accuracies of these GEBV were assessed using fivefold cross-validation. We also devised and compared three approximate multi-trait analyses to map pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL): a multi-trait genome-wide association study and two multi-trait methods that use the output from BayesR analyses. One BayesR method used local GEBV for each trait, while the other used the posterior probabilities that a SNP had an effect on each trait. Results BayesR and GBLUP resulted in similar average GEBV accuracies across traits (~0.22). BayesR accuracies were highest for wool yield and fibre diameter (>0.40) and lowest for skin quality and dag score (

Abstract Background Genomic prediction using high-density (HD) marker genotypes is expected to lead to higher prediction accuracy, particularly for more heterogeneous multi-breed and crossbred populations such as those in sheep and beef cattle, due to providing stronger linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms and quantitative trait loci controlling a trait. The objective of this study was to evaluate a possible improvement in genomic prediction accuracy of production traits in Australian sheep breeds based on HD genotypes (600k, both observed and imputed) compared to prediction based on 50k marker genotypes. In particular, we compared improvement in prediction accuracy of animals that are more distantly related to the reference population and across sheep breeds. Methods Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and a Bayesian approach (BayesR) were used as prediction methods using whole or subsets of a large multi-breed/crossbred sheep reference set. Empirical prediction accuracy was evaluated for purebred Merino, Border Leicester, Poll Dorset and White Suffolk sire breeds according to the Pearson correlation coefficient between genomic estimated breeding values and breeding values estimated based on a progeny test in a separate dataset. Results Results showed a small absolute improvement (0.0 to 8.0% and on average 2.2% across all traits) in prediction accuracy of purebred animals from HD genotypes when prediction was based on the whole dataset. Greater improvement in prediction accuracy (1.0 to 12.0% and on average 5.2%) was observed for animals that were genetically lowly related to the reference set while it ranged from 0.0 to 5.0% for across-breed prediction. On average, no significant advantage was observed with BayesR compared to GBLUP.

INTRODUCTION: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is among the major vector control strategies recommended for endemic populations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The success of IRS requires high coverage which is dependent on its acceptability. In Nigeria, IRS pilots have been ongoing and rejection has been a major setback to its coverage. We assessed coverage of IRS and determined factors associated with its acceptability in Nasarawa Eggon district, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. METHODS: a cross-sectional survey involving 409 households selected using multi-stage sampling was carried out. Trained data collectors administered pre-tested structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics of household heads or their representatives, their perceptions on IRS and factors associated with IRS acceptability. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were done at 5% level of significance. RESULTS: majority of respondents were male (79.7%) and married (82.6%), and their mean age was 36.4 , 13.3 years. Coverage of IRS was 99.3%. However, only 82.6% of those who previously accepted IRS were willing to accept it in again. Factors independently associated with acceptability were perceived effectiveness of IRS (aOR = 21.8; 95%CI = 6.9-68.8) and lower household cost of malaria prevention after IRS (aOR = 5.0; 95%CI= 1.1-21.8). CONCLUSION: IRS coverage in the communities studied met WHO minimum standard of 85%. However, for similar results to be achieved in future, acceptability must be promoted by providing information on its effectiveness and its ability to reduce household cost of malaria prevention.

Primary hepatic tuberculosis is a rare presentation and sporadically reported in the literature, mostly from our part of the world. Sometimes the presentation can be atypical and mimics hepatic tumor and poses diagnostic challenge. We, herein, present a case of a 58-year-old man who presented to us with abdominal pain and weight loss. Raised serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and imaging raised a suspicion of gall bladder carcinoma with hepatic invasion. Peroperative frozen section revealed hepatic chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis consistent with the diagnosis of hepatic tuberculosis. Surgery was postponed and he was put on antituberculous treatment. It is important to consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of the space occupying lesion of liver in a patient with vague symptoms and abnormal findings on imaging.

A young emaciated male, known case of celiac disease came with the complains of diarrhea along with 5kgs of weight loss in 3 months' time. He had severe electrolyte abnormalities along with low albumin, low calcium and a high phosphate with deranged liver function test. Ultrasound abdomen had shown fatty liver. Nutrition consult was sought and he was found to have a BMI of 6.8kg/m2. He was started on nutrition support along with supportive therapy, which resulted in weight gain and improvement in his condition.

Evidence supporting the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis in geotechnical engineering practice has been mounting since the nineteen-seventies. Current levels of computational power and its accessibility has allowed researchers to investigate the significance of the 3D numerical analysis output compared to conventional 2D limit equilibrium approach. This study compares results of stability analyses of unsupported vertical cuts in the vadose zone using both 2D (GeoStudio 2019 R2) and 3D (FLAC3D) software. Numerical analyses are carried out for various dimensions of unsupported vertical cuts excavated in an unsaturated glacial till. The findings from two different methods (i.e. 2D and 3D) and the limitations of 2D stability analysis are discussed.

The fluctuating development of chili prices implies that the maintained supply of chili is very important to maintaining the stability of food prices. The value chain integration of the chili commodity from upstream to downstream supported by the availability of adequate infrastructure and institutions is the main prerequisite in increasing the productivity of chili commodities. The purpose of this study is (1) to give a description of the chili commodity marketing chain in Banyuwangi Regency; (2) analyze the determinants of structure, conduct, and performance of the chili commodity market in Banyuwangi Regency. The analytical method used consists of the Autoregressive Integrative Moving Average (ARIMA) and Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) models.The results of the study show that price determination was based on market mechanisms and collective agreements for farmers who partner with collectors and food processing industries. However, the lack of price and knowledge information in market analysis and projections of price movements and the absence of special institutions that deal with chili governance and limited use of technology have led to the emergence of asymmetrical information from chili businesses and the growth of new players in the trade system that dominates the chili trade. The chili market structure tends to oligopsony, which has the power to influence market prices and is concentrated, causing little competition between chili traders in Banyuwangi Regency.

Rapidly growing food needs require a strategy to achieve self-sufficiency based on a diversity of local food resources. One source of carbohydrates based on local ingredients, namely cassava, which occupies a quite important role in the food structure of Indonesian society, after rice and corn. Institutional arrangement and transaction costs in managing cassava production in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia have strong implications in relation to specifications and estimates of production function responses. If transaction costs are fixed costs, discontinuities will occur in response to incentives that occur in the market. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of transaction costs and the development of cassava markets that occur in the business of managing cassava production in Jember Regency. The method used in answering the purpose of the study is value chain analysis. Based on the results of the analysis it was found that the largest transaction costs were at the level of sellers and industry compared between farmers and sellers. At the farmer level, social capital is one of the strengths for cassava marketing sustainability. The social capital is in the form of guarantees for the certainty of the sale of crops by buyers who already have a cooperative relationship. The policy recommendations that can be given are the optimization of the role of farmer groups for the sustainability of cassava production and the implementation of cassava-based processed product development programs and the provision of marketing.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of gallstones in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and to know about mean Body mass index (BMI) in patients of decompensated cirrhosis i.e End stage liver disease (ESLD) with and without gallstones. METHODS: It is a cross sectional descriptive study, conducted at the department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi from 1st August 2014 to 28 February 2015. Two hundred patients were enrolled from outpatient clinics of Hepato-gastroenterology that fulfilled the defined selection criteria. Questionnaire was filled for data collection. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze data. Mean value of age and BMI was calculated by mean S.D. values. Mean SD was also calculated for BMI in patients with and without gallstones. Stratification of the age, gender, and liver disease severity were done and Chi-Square test was applied. P-values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is one of the most common disorder resulting in end stage liver disease (ESLD) among children. Scarce data is available in this regard from Pakistan. In this study we have analyzed clinical and biochemical parameters of children suffering from this disorder. METHODS: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) Karachi from January 2005 to June 2016. Patients aged up-to 18 years were included. AIH was diagnosed by using International Autoimmune hepatitis group (IAIHG) pre-treatment and simplified AIH score. Patients with both probable and definite score were included. Biochemical, serological, sonographic and demographics were recorded at the time of diagnosis, liver biopsy was also performed in most of the cases. Data was analyzed by using SPSS ver.20 and p-value of = 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Total 51 patients were enrolled most of them were females (68.6%). Mean age of presentation was around 10 years. Males had statistically significant earlier age of presentation, p-value = 0.007. The most common presenting complain was jaundice. Hypergammaglobulinemia is seen in almost all patients. Type I AIH was the most common entity while Type II AIH was statistically more significant in males p-value = 0.019. Raised GGT was also seen in male patient specifically in Type II AIH, p-value = 0.001. CONCLUSION: Autoimmune hepatitis predominantly affects female children who have late age of presentation as compare to the males. Type I AIH was the most common while Type II AIH was more common in males and they also had raised GGT.

INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is the definitive treatment for end stage renal disease. Patients subjected to transplantation require lifelong immunosuppression and are prone to several gastrointestinal disorders. Dyspepsia is a common disorder in these patients. The objective of this study was to determine factors leading to dyspepsia in renal (kidney) transplant recipients. METHODS: it was a cross sectional study conducted at department of hepatogastroenterology and transplant sciences, SIUT Karachi, from 1-6-15 to 1-12-15 for six months. All renal transplanted patients having dyspeptic symptoms for more than 6 weeks. EGD was performed, biopsy specimens obtained from antrum and duodenum, these were sent for histopathological examination. Frequency and percentages were obtained for categorical variables, mean SD was calculated for continuous variables. Chi square test was used for categorical variable and student t-test for continuous variables. RESULTS: ninety patients were included in the study out of which 64 (71.1%) were males, mean age was 35.82 , 10.04 years (range: 18-65 years). Gastritis (non H.pylori associated) in 78 (78.6%), duodenitis in 35 (38.9%) and H. pylori infection in 29 (32.2%), renal transplant recipients. Most of the patients belonged to Sindhi ethnicity, 27 (30%), followed by Punjabi. Hypertension was the most common co-morbid condition in our patients found in 29 (32.2%), while most of them don't have any co morbid condition. Duodenitis was found to be associated with tacrolimus use (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: gastritis is the most common factor accountable for this symptoms, followed by duodenitis and H. Pylori. Patients taking tacrolimus as immunosuppressant are more prone to develop duodenitis.

Interactions of iturinic antibiotics with plasma membrane. Contribution of biomimetic membranes. Iturinic antibiotics are produced by Bacillus subtilis strains and constitute a family including iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycins D, F and Lc. These are cyclic lipopeptides with β-amino fatty acids linked up to a peptide constituted by seven α-aminoacids with an invariable LDDLLDL chiral sequence. The first three α-aminoacids containing the tyrosyl residue are the same for all members. They are well known for their strong antifungal activities but they also have antibacterial and hemolytic properties. These biological properties are due to their amphiphilic nature, allowing interactions with different membrane components. Sterols found in plasma membranes are the privileged interaction partners of these lipopeptides. Moreover, the tyrosyl residue of the iturinic antibiotics seems to play an important role during their fixation to the plasma membrane, the result of which is often cellular lysis. Within plasma membranes, there are particular regions with a high sterol content. These microdomains have a different composition compared to the rest of the membrane; they are rich in certain lipids and proteins and are involved in many key cellular processes. The perturbation of these microdomains could therefore have an important impact on the cell. Due to their composition, these microdomains may constitute the preferential target of iturin antibiotics. This review aims to summarize the studies relating to the biological activities of iturinic antibiotics. It focuses in particular on the existing knowledge regarding iturin antibiotics at the molecular level and discusses both the key chemical groups of these drugs and the potentiality of microdomains to constitute a target for these molecules.

INTRODUCTION: the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased over the last few years, and an emergent data suggests that some CAM modalities may be helpful in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. Our aimwas to find out the prevalence ofsuch practices for GI condition amongst patients visiting an OPD of a large tertiary care centre of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODES: patients visiting outpatient department of Hepatogastroenterology department at SIUT, Pakistan from March 2014 to March 2015, were included in this cross sectional study.A pre designed questionnaire was used that included the demographic data, primary disease of the patient, CAM modality used, reason for the use of CAM therapy and reasons for stopping it. Frequencies of different variables were computed using SPSS version 18. RESULTS: 906 patients were interviewed,Out of which 52% (471) weremales.The mean age at presentation was 39.81,12.4 years. 234 (25.8%) of the participants used one of the CAM modalities; Herbal medicine being most common one, seen in 122 (52.13%) followed by spiritual 61 (26%),and homeopathy 33 (14%). The duration of therapy was limited to six months in 161(68%), whereas 7 patients (2.9%) had prolonged duration of use of more than five years. Reasons for using CAM therapy included advice by family and friends in 66 patients (28%), personal will in 42 (17.94%), no benefit from allopathic treatment in 34 (14.5%),while high cost was the reason of use in 3(5%) of the patients. The most common reason for discontinuation of CAM was no benefit, seen in 113 patients (48.30%), followed by physician's advice in 32 (17%) patients, and side effects in 19 (8%). On the other hand 44 patients (18.80%) reported benefit from the therapy while 14 (5.9%) were still continuing with CAM modality. Among the CAM users 140 (60.09%) were un-educated or had primary education while CAM nonusers had 328 (47%) were either uneducated or had primary education only correlation reveals P value 0.004. CONCLUSION: significant numbers of patients used CAM therapy. A lower level of education was associated with increased usage of CAM while cost had no major impact on its usage.

Thermoelectric cooling (TEC) is a new attractive method that is can be used as a temperature controller. Thermoelectric module (TEM) is a device that environmentally friendly utilizing for cooling and heating application such as heat pump and power generation. Therefore, the understanding of relation between electrical conductivity and heat conductivity of the TEC material is essentially to improve the coefficient of performance (COP) efficiency. The figure of merit is addressed by focusing the best material in TEC with different cooling material. The critical finding of TEC for this review paper is the higher the electrical conductivity and the lower thermal conductivity, the maximum the COP. Finally, the possiblity of the TEC application is reviewed according to the advantages of TEC such as high reliability, less maintenance and compact size that commercially found in large range of thermoelectric cooling system. N

Conventional steel-concrete composite beams have been recognized to exhibit stronger structural characteristics, in terms of strength and stiffness, when compared to pure steel or reinforced concrete beams. However, currently most steel beam is fully attached to the concrete slab; this means that the shear connectors are welded through the steel decking on to the steel beam and cast into concrete slab to fulfill the necessary shear connection. Recently, the deconstruction and reuse of the components almost impossible. In order to achieve a sustainable structural system, precast concrete slabs are attached to a steel beam using bolted shear connectors in prefabricated holes have been introduced as an alternative to the conventional connectors in steel – concrete composite beam system. This paper reviews the structural behavior of composite beam system such as the strength, stiffness, slip behavior, failure mode and sustainability obtained by experiment and numerical studies in order to address the applicability and efficiency of the composite beams having precast concrete slabs and bolted shear connectors.

The modification is required to the conventional wind turbine in order to increase the power produced by the wind turbine located in the low wind velocity area. Attaching a diffuser to the conventional wind turbine is one of the ways to increase the wind velocity of the approaching wind thus increasing the extracted power. This research discussed the influence of geometry variation of diffuser augmented wind turbine equipped with inlet curvature and flanged. The analyzed geometry parameters were the length (L). the expansion angle (θ). the angle of inlet curvature (β). the radius of inlet curvature (R). and the flange height (h). In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to measure wind velocity ratio U/U∞ (wind velocity on the central axis/free stream wind velocity) of various diffuser geometry designs with an installed rotor/wind turbine in it. The present diffuser augmented wind turbine provided higher wind velocity at the inlet section reaching the maximum velocity ratio Umax/U∞ of 2.01 compared to a bare wind turbine.

Numerous data on bed profile have been investigated yet the analysis to predict bed profile formation especially related to sediment properties are still insufficient. Objectives of this study to determine significant bed elevation profile pattern formed based on the complexity of sediment properties especially related to sediment size. The investigation is made by carried out a computer simulation of straight channel pattern with the fixed bank and movable sand bed. The study included the various hydraulic characteristics with steady flow rates and sediment properties. The simulations focus on three different sediment sizes with other variables namely channel size, flow rate and bed slope were kept constant. Analysis has included the discussion on a significant difference of bed elevation profile formed along the lateral and longitudinal distance. As a conclusion, the sediment size alone does not significantly change the bed elevation profile as its only gave minor effect to the bed profile changes.

Construction work, as well as other production process depends on how people work towards it. The success of the work is determined by labor productivity. Labor productivity is affected by many factors such as human factors, environment, labor condition, leadership, type of work, level of difficulty etc. This article will discuss how these aspects influence the value of labor productivity. We limit our research on wage, age and experience from 15 to 30 workers in the brick work. The research is held in 4 construction sites in Kota Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia in late 2016 until early 2017. We observe the effective time, time of contribution, ineffective time work and the work volume. Productivity is obtained by dividing the work volume and the effective time work. The result shows that the amount of wage influences the labor productivity. Nonetheless, we found that age and experience do not affect labor productivity. Interestingly, the experience workers in any ages will increase the value of labor productivity.

Foreign body impaction in the esophagus amongst adults is not a common cause of dysphagia. Fish bone, food bolus, dentures may cause symptoms of dysphagia, odynophagia, chest pain or respiratory distress. It needs prompt evaluation along with removal of the substance either surgically or endoscopically to avoid the development of life threatening complications. Here we are reporting a case of an elderly male, who presented to us with a history of absolute dysphagia for one week, as a consequence of ingestion of a pill in blister pack.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been studied for their excellent performances which are suitable for use in bone defects or regeneration of bone. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has poor mechanical properties which make it limited used in a load bearing area. In this case, sodium alginate (SA) was used to be mixed with hydroxyapatite (HA) by using precipitation method to increase the mechanical and physical properties. The mixing of hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate effectively increases the densification and hardness of hydroxyapatite. It could contribute to the development of the artificial implants of hydroxyapatite (HA) for bone implants applications in load bearing area. The behaviors during densification were studied together with the mechanical properties of samples. The influence of mixed powder and the sintering temperature on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) composite were studied. The maximum density were attained by 99.5/0.5% (HA/SA) at 1.47g/cm3 and 1.82g/cm3 for both temperature 1000°C and 1100°C respectively while, the maximum values of hardness were also attained by 99.5/0.5% for temperature 1000°C and 1100°C at 0.053GPa and 0.266GPa respectively.

Nowadays, there are various of optimisation methods that have been explored by many researchers to find the appropriate processing parameters setting for the injection moulding process. From the previous researches, it was reported that the optimisation work has improved the moulded part quality. In this study, the application of optimisation work to improve warpage of the front panel housing have been explored. By selecting cooling time, coolant temperature, packing pressure and melt temperature as the variable parameters, design of experiment (DOE) have been constructed by using the rotatable central composite design (CCD) approach. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to obtain the mathematical model. This mathematical model then will be used in Glowworm Swarm Optimisation (GSO) method in order to determine the optimal processing parameters setting which will optimise the warpage condition. Based on the results, melt temperature is the most significant factor contribute to the warpage condition and warpage have optimised by 39.1% after optimisation. The finding shows that the application of optimisation work offers the best quality of moulded part produced.

Today, there are many of optimisation method have been explored by previous researchers to find the appropriate processing parameters setting for the injection moulding process. From the previous researches, it has been proven that the optimisation work improved the quality of the moulded part. However, the application of optimisation work in conformal cooling channels still lacks. Therefore, in this study, the application of optimisation work to improve warpage of front panel housing with conformal cooling channels moulds have been explored. By choosing cooling time, coolant temperature, packing pressure and melt temperature as the variable parameters, design of experiment (DOE) has been defined by using the rotatable central composite design (CCD) approach. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to determine the mathematical model. The mathematical model then will be used in Glowworm Swarm Optimisation (GSO) method in order to obtain the optimal processing parameters setting which will optimise the warpage condition. Based on the results, cooling time is the most significant factor contributes to the warpage condition and warpage have optimised by 38.7% after optimisation using the proposed approach. This finding shows that the application of conformal cooling channels with optimisation work will produce better quality of the moulded part.

Molecular imprinting technology is a promising technique for creating recognition elements for selected compounds and has been successfully applied for synthesis of environmental pollutants such as simazine. Simazine is a pesticide ingredient that is commonly used in agriculture, which has devastating effects on the environment if used excessively. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) provides cavities to form a particular space generated by removing the template when the polymer has formed. In this study, MIP using simazine as template had been made by the cooling-heating method and used as a material potentiometric sensor for detecting simazine. A template (simazine) was incorporated into a pre-polymerization solution that contains a methacrylic acid as functional monomer, an ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross linker, and benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Characterization was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transforms infra-red (FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the MIP showed that the peaks of amine group decrease significantly, indicating that the simazine concentration decreases drastically. Characterization by SEM images showing the broadest pore size distribution with the highest number of pores in the MIP prepared under the heating time of 150 min. The MIPs therefore could be applied as a simazine sensor.

Introduction: As evidence-based medicine is increasingly being adopted in medical and surgical practice, effective processing and interpretation of medical literature is imperative. Databases presenting the contents of medical literature have been developed; however, their efficacy merits investigation. The objective of this study was to quantify surgical and orthopaedic content within five evidence-based medicine resources: DynaMed, Clinical Evidence, UpToDate, PIER, and First Consult. Methods: We abstracted surgical and orthopaedic content from UpToDate, DynaMed, PIER, First Consult, and Clinical Evidence. We defined surgical content as that which involved surgical interventions. We classified surgical content by specialty and, for orthopaedics, by subspecialty. The amount of surgical content, as measured by the number of relevant reviews, was compared with the total number of reviews in each database. Likewise, the amount of orthopaedic content, as measured by the number of relevant reviews, was compared with the total number of reviews and the total number of surgical reviews in each database. Results: Across all databases containing a total of 13268 reviews, we identified an average of 18% surgical content. Specifically, First Consult and PIER contained 28% surgical content as a percentage of the total database content. DynaMed contained 14% and Clinical Evidence 11%, whereas UpToDate contained only 9.5% surgical content. Overall, general surgery, pediatrics, and oncology were the most common specialty areas in all databases. Discussion: Our findings suggest that the limited surgical content within these large scope resources poses difficulties for physicians and surgeons seeking answers to complex clinical questions, specifically within the field of orthopaedics. This study therefore demonstrates the potential need for, and benefit of, surgery-specific or even specialty-specific tools.

The work reported herein is about an analysis on the quality (shrinkage) on a thick plate part using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Previous researches showed that the most influential factor affecting the shrinkage on moulded parts are mould and melt temperature. Autodesk Moldflow Insight software was used for the analysis, while specifications of Nessei NEX 1000 injection moulding machine and P20 mould material were incorporated in this study on top of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) as a moulded thermoplastic material. Mould temperature, melt temperature, packing pressure and packing time were selected as variable parameters. The results show that the shrinkage have improved 42.48% and 14.41% in parallel and normal directions respectively after the optimisation process.

Southeast Asia countries were developing countries, with the rapid development for a better living condition leads to longer life expectancy, which increased total population. It may result in increased the demand of pharmaceutical in domestic use and or in hospital. Although most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) met the local authority’s regulatory requirement, there are still many pharmaceutical compound incompletely removed and discharge to the water stream and enter the environment. Recently many studies and researches have published on the occurrence and source as well as the fate of pharmaceuticals all over the world including Asia. As part of Asia region, Southeast Asia countries (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Brunei, Cambodia, and Lao PDR) seem has lack of research knowledge and information regarding this emerging pollutant issues compared to developed Asia country as China, Korea and Hong Kong. In this paper, it will review recent studies occurrences (surface and wastewater) on most common pharmaceuticals with several recommendations to overcome and thus summarise the actual situation in Southeast Asia.

In this study, the parameter identification of the damped compound pendulum system is proposed using one of the most promising nature inspired algorithms which is Bat Algorithm (BA). The procedure used to achieve the parameter identification of the experimental system consists of input-output data collection, ARX model order selection and parameter estimation using bat algorithm (BA) method. PRBS signal is used as an input signal to regulate the motor speed. Whereas, the output signal is taken from position sensor. Both, input and output data is used to estimate the parameter of the autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) model. The performance of the model is validated using mean squares error (MSE) between the actual and predicted output responses of the models. Finally, comparative study is conducted between BA and the conventional estimation method (i.e. Least Square). Based on the results obtained, MSE produce from Bat Algorithm (BA) is outperformed the Least Square (LS) method.

This study focuses on the optimisation of the injection moulding parameters to maximise the strength ofmoulded parts using a simulation software. The moulded parts were injected with Acrylonitrile- Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) whereas mould temperature, melt temperature, packing pressure and packing time were selected as variable process parameters. The polynomial model obtained using Design of Experiment (DOE) was integrated with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Centre Composite Design (CCD). The RSM was supported with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to anticipate the optimum value of processing parameters with the highest strength. It was found that strength of the parts can be improved 2.2% using the methodology reported herein.

This paper present the parameter identification of damped compound pendulum using differential evolution algorithm. The procedure used to achieve the parameter identification of the experimental system consisted of input output data collection, ARX model order selection and parameter estimation using conventional method least square (LS) and differential evolution (DE) algorithm. PRBS signal is used to be input signal to regulate the motor speed. Whereas, the output signal is taken from position sensor. Both, input and output data is used to estimate the parameter of the ARX model. The residual error between the actual and predicted output responses of the models is validated using mean squares error (MSE). Analysis showed that, MSE value for LS is 0.0026 and MSE value for DE is 3.6601×10-5. Based results obtained, it was found that DE have lower MSE than the LS method.