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Peasants and indigenous people were the main protagonists in the armed conflict in Nicaragua which ended in 1990. Even if this conflict has been “framed” as an ideological dispute that played out on the periphery during the last throes of the Cold War, the fact that it stemmed from the question of access to land became indisputable during the peace process. Today, the legacy of an unresolved agrarian situation has created new forms of conflict that result both from historical circumstances and from evolutions in the (economic and environmental) role assigned to rural areas. These transformations have an impact on the (outside and self) perception of the peasantry and the different (social and ethnic) categories that compose it.

El país de las calles sin nombre recounts the physical and memorial journey of young Alice Miller, back in a never named but clearly identifiable Nicaragua, reminiscent of the convulsive and bloody spring of 2018. A novel of memory, and in several ways, since individual and collective history are intertwined. Between memories of the civil war at the time of the revolution, and memory gaps due to exile, this story also acts as a rediscovery of identity. We’ll be looking at the close links between memory and identity in this fiction, as they are known to be correlative, if not consubstantial: how do individual and collective memories affect the protagonist’s identity? How do they come into tension in a turbulent context that stirs up a no less troubled past? We’ll look first at the memorial implications of the protagonist’s return to her homeland, then at the repercussions on her identity of memories of collective history; finally, we’ll examine the treatment of space, since memory also has a spatial framework

Traducción no oficial cortesía del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores–Grupo de Asuntos ante la CIJ.

Between the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) of the Nicaraguan revolution and the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) of the Chiapas rebellion, there are many similarities and differences. At the heart of these two socialist experiences, cooperative forms play a key role, particularly in agricultural production. On what ideals and methods do they converge or diverge? Are the different contexts sufficient to explain their respective results?

Traducción no oficial cortesía del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores–Grupo de Asuntos ante la CIJ.

No jurisdictional change in the configuration of the states that formed the Federal Republic of Central America (1824-1838) stands out as much as the segregation of the Nicoya Party in the southern Nicaraguan district in order to attach it to Costa Rica, which was limited at the time to the Central Plateau area. This article goes beyond the nationalist accounts characteristic of the official discourse to explore how changes in economic conditions and political dynamics at different levels (local, state, federal) explain the jurisdictional change and its permanence.

This paper presents a survey conducted in northwestern Nicaragua, which aims at understanding how the flows of money and food generated by the diversified and multi-situated activities of farm households intervene in food access and perception of food security. In the study area, family agriculture develops in difficult agro-ecological conditions, and aims at producing staple food production and cattle ranching. In response to the lack of income, farm households have diversified their agricultural production with off-farm activities, locally and in migration. This diversification and multilocation allow them to generate income and food, essential for food security in regions at the origin. Social relationships between household members and beyond (extended family, neighborhood, and institutional actors) structure the flows of money and food. To capture these flows, the survey questionnaire, composed of three sections, is organized around a unique identification key: the individual. By capturing individual activities and resource flows directed towards the family kitchen, the survey offers possibilities for analyzing food security based on the deconstruction of conventional analysis units (residence, household, operation). Production and circulation communities are then established to study the supply strategies of the consumption community, which is the starting point for the analysis of food security. The questionnaire was applied to 350 households in a study area located in the North-west of Nicaragua. Data were gathered by paper questionnaire and face-to-face interview between April and June 2016. Additional individual interviews were conducted between February and May 2016. The data were entered between July and October 2016, before being checked, cleaned and prepared for analysis between June and October 2017 on the SPSS software. The metadata was produced on NESSTAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to study some aspects of the Medieval Latin reception of Aristotle's theory of pleasure (Eth. Nic. X). First, I introduce Aristotle's position, with special attention to the problem of the ontological status of pleasure and the relationship between pleasure and the different genera of causes (viz. formal and final causality), as well as the somehow ambiguous exegesis of Michael of Ephesus. Second, I take into account the interpretation given by Albert the great in his first commentary on the Ethics. Finally, I present some theological issues raised by albert's interpretation, in the discussions about beatific vision. The authors taken in account are James of Viterbo, Radulphus Brito, Peter Auriol and William of Ockham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el poder de los comentarios on-line en las plataformas de reservas hoteleras sobre las decisiones empresariales. Para ello se analizan las evaluaciones online de los turistas que visitaron los hoteles de la ciudad de León de Nicaragua con respecto a distintas dimensiones de la calidad de servicio, y se comparan los resultados obtenidos en dos momentos de tiempo. A continuación, se realizan entrevistas en profundidad a directivos de los hoteles analizados para: conocer el interés de los hosteleros por utilizar las opiniones emitidas por los turistas en la mejora del servicio ofrecido; cómo organizan el trabajo para mejorar el sistema de retroalimentación de información; e identificar las dificultades y ventajas para implementar las acciones correctivas. Estos análisis permiten identificar los resultados positivos (calidad de servicio, ubicación y relación calidad-precio), y negativos (orientación de la dirección) de implementar las medidas de mejora continua.

Le Differend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), l’une de plus longues affaires traitées par la cij, semble loin d’être terminée. Ainsi, on a passé de l’arrêt sur les exceptions préliminaires (2007) à l’arrêt sur le fond (2012) et à deux nouvelles requêtes (2013), toujours introduites par le Nicaragua à l’encontre de la Colombie. Abstraction faite des incidents de procédure ou des demandes d’intervention (précédentes ou futures), cet article se concentre en l’arrêt du 2012, qui aux yeux de l’auteur s’avère comme une étrange expression de l’équité. En effet, dans son arrêt, la Cour décide de mutiler un archipel –qu’elle n’a jamais défini– tout en laissant enclavées deux formations maritimes qui faisaient partie de l’archipel dit de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina. Pire, la Cour n’a en outre tenu aucun compte des droits de la population autochtone, ni de l’environnement ni de la sécurité régionale. En ce qui concerne la délimitation maritime, celle-ci constitue la projection de la zone économique exclusive, mais à partir de la côte continentale du Nicaragua, au détriment des droits dérivés des formations maritimes de la Colombie, qui n’a conservé que ce qu’elle possédait déjà: la terre…

El artículo parte del análisis de algunas entradas del diario personal del escritor nicaragüense Enrique Guzmán en las que hace referencia a las acciones educativas y masónicas que José Leonard (ciudadano polaco) desarrolló en las ciudades de León y Granada entre 1881 y 1883. A través de estas breves anotaciones se reconstruye las controversias que generaron las ideas radicales (librepensamiento) de Leonard entre los sectores conservadores-católicos de Nicaragua, pero también el proceso por el cual Leonard estableció en Granada la logia “Progreso n° 41”. A la vez se estudia las razones que obligaron a Leonard a emigrar hacia El Salvador, que estuvieron conectadas con el establecimiento de esta logia. Finalmente, se pretende precisar cuál era el pensamiento político de Guzmán en ese momento de su trayectoria intelectual, así como la posibilidad de que haya sido o no masón.

Sombras nada más (2002) de l’écrivain nicaraguayen Sergio Ramírez se déroule au Nicaragua et relate les dernières heures d’Alirio Martinica, autrefois secrétaire privé du dictateur Somoza, qui est capturé par les sandinistes un mois avant le triomphe révolutionnaire du 19 juillet 1979. Il subit les interrogatoires d’un tribunal révolutionnaire improvisé, et se trouve dans l’attente d’un jugement populaire dont le verdict peut n’être autre que la mort. Nous verrons que ce compte à rebours de quarante-huit heures, au cœur duquel il devient plus que jamais cet « être-pour-la-mort », selon la formule d’Heidegger, qu’il incarne depuis le premier souffle, révèle une négation de son être qui semble « mort » avant l’heure. Qu’il se trouve face à lui-même et à son fatum, ou face aux révolutionnaires puis au peuple, il est par bien des aspects renvoyé à une forme d’impuissance et finalement d’inexistence.

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study frames the importance of Human Rights Constitution development in the process of democratic transition agreed in the American convention of San Jose’s pact. Our analysis highlights the protection of political rights stated by Venezuela, Nicaragua and Ecuador in their democratic process to ensure the participation of characters in the development of a new State. The condition to increase the levels of democratic institutional framework to achieve the correct application of Fundamental Rights and the risks of delegative democracies in Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador, were defined in this document through an extensive analysis of definitions and typologies of democratic systems.

The epistolary genre represents a source of historical information of extraordinary importance to reconstruct the complex world of mentalities as well as everyday life and social history in general. Here, we analyze some of the «messenger letters» written in Panama between 1524-1525 by the conquistadors themselves. In the same way, we present the encoded letter of Honduras’ treasurer, Rodrigo del Castillo, (León, Nicaragua, 1527), denoucing the abuses commited by Diego López de Salcedo, governor of Las Higueras and commanding officer in Honduras. At the same time, we ponder about the importance that criptographic genre had in the Indies’ epistolary history.

Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyses a poem by Ernesto Cardenal, “Apocalipsis”, and a tale by Julio Cortázar, “Apocalipsis in Solentiname”. The first text presents the perspective of a possible nuclear war, the second uses the inexplicable metamorphosis of a serie of slides to denounce the crimes of latin american dictatures.

The Solidarity Committee with Nicaragua in Zaragoza, Spain, was created in 1978 by Nicaraguan people who were living in the city at the time. In 1990 it changed its name to Internationalist Solidarity Committee. From 1978 it has been in touch with the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to actuality. There are two different ways to approach the research about social movements and international network of solidarity. The first way is outwards: from the place where the event happens to the place where the support comes from. The second one is inwards, from the place where the solidarity begins towards the place in need of social improvements. This paper attempts to deal with a part of this second approach. It researches the possible causes why the Committee in Zaragoza was established in the first place, why Spanish nationals joined it, their ideology, the actions taken and finally, the Committee’s relations both with the FSLN and the rest of Committees in Spain and Europe.

This article analyzes the evolution of three social movements (Natives, women and workers) at key moments of the history of Nicaragua: the dictatorship of Somoza (1934-1979), the Sandinista revolution (1979-1990) and the neoliberal era (1990-2000).

Les poésies de la Nicaraguayenne Gioconda Belli (1948-…) célèbrent et prolongent diverses formes de révolutions liées entre elles : une révolution féministe, sexuelle et sociale. Nous verrons en quoi elle a pu bousculer les normes sociales du Nicaragua des années 1970 et comment, au gré de ces diverses transgressions, Gioconda Belli est ou libère ce qu’elle est : ou de la rupture comme possible révélation de soi.

Una región conflictiva, históricamente relegada, multicultural, con problemas estructurales, pero con intención de cambio, de lucha, de reivindicación, y de pelear por sus derechos: la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua. Nuestra mirada gira hacia una de las regiones más desfavorecidas de Latinoamérica con la intención de descifrar sus costuras en toda su complejidad, que no es poca. Caminamos hacia una zona con sus propias y distintas identidades, que conviven y buscan su espacio teniendo en cuenta que no son esencias residuales, estáticas o ancladas en el pasado. Todo lo contrario, nos topamos con entidades dinámicas y en constante redefinición y construcción.Palabras clave: Nicaragua, Región Atlántico Norte, Cooperación al Desarrollo___________________________Abstract:It is a controversial region, historically left out, multicultural, with structural problems, but with the intention of change, of fight and recognition of their rights: the Atlantic Cost of Nicaragua. Our look turns into one of the most underprivileged regions of Latin America with the purpose of figure out the seam in all it complexity, that is a lot. We are walking toward to a zone with its own and different identities, that lives together and searches the space considering that these identities aren?t residuals or static essence, anchored in the past. Quite the opposite, we run into dynamic entities, in a constant redefinition and construction.Keywords: Nicaragua, North Atlantic Region, coperation development

Many attempts have been made to follow the historical and mythical path of the San Juan River, spillway of Nicaragua’s lake: as a place where many national history war episodes have taken place, it has also sustained economical and political fantasies, and today, far from all kinds of rumours, it has become an essential reference of Nicaragua’s national identity.

Dans les romans de Sergio Ramírez, auteur incontournable des lettres nicaraguayennes, il n’y a guère de personnages dont le corps ne soit victime d’un humour féroce : grotesque, monstrueuse, mutilée, cette corporéité malmenée sert bien souvent en filigrane la dénonciation de l’infamie et du malheur qui meurtrissent son pays. Notre étude se concentrera sur les derniers romans de Sergio Ramírez : Margarita, está linda la mar (prix Alfaguara 1998), Sombras nada más (2002) et Mil y una muertes (2004) qui disent implicitement, par le corps des personnages, l’Histoire de la patrie, et sans doute les illusions perdues de l’écrivain.

O presente artigo estrutura-se em duas partes. Na primeira, oferecemos um breve histórico das origens e das influências da Frente Sandinista de Libertação Nacional, bem como de sua forma de atuação durante o período da dinastia Somoza. Posteriormente, focalizamos a atenção dispensada pelos sandinistas à educação, vista como instrumento fundamental dentro do quadro revolucionário que se instaurou na Nicarágua na década de 1980.

A través del presente artículo se sentarán las bases y principios de la cooperación al desarrollo descentralizada. Este tipo de cooperación es novedosa y original. Sus recursos provienen de entes subestatales y parte de una concepción de la cooperación como una relación entre iguales donde la participación de la sociedad civil es primordial. Una vez establecidas las bases teóricas del estudio, nos adentraremos en la cooperación descentralizada hacia Nicaragua. Se destacarán las ventajas y los retos con que se enfrenta esta modalidad de cooperación basándonos en el estudio de campo realizado sobre los hermanamientos entre poblaciones españolas y nicaragüenses.________________________ABSTRACT:This article will present the bases and principles of the decentralized cooperation for development. This sort of cooperation is new and original. Its resources come from sub-state agencies and its meaning of cooperation is a relation among equal bodies where the participation of civil society is essential. Once the theoretical bases are established, we will approach the decentralized cooperation to Nicaragua. We will focus on advantages and challenges this sort of cooperation faces on the basis of the fieldwork about the Spanish and Nicaraguan population-twinning.

Alphabétiser ne suffit pas pour éduquer. Et même si l’augmentation de l’accès à l’éducation a signifié une conquête importante et un premier pas dans l’accomplissement du droit à l’éducation, le lien entre éducation et développement n’est ni linéaire ni automatique. Il existe un ensemble de conditions requises pour que l’éducation ait un impact positif sur le développement humain : entre autres, des investissements financiers dans le secteur de l’éducation et une continuité des politiques éducatives.

À travers la sélection de quelques noms de poètes, parmi lesquels domine celui de Gioconda Belli, on réfléchira sur les continuités et les ruptures dans la poésie nicaraguayenne de ces dernières décennies.

Cette étude s’articule autour d’une définition de « nationalisme » et de « nation », cet espace imaginaire, pas toujours partagé. Le fleuve San Juan, en particulier, concentre en lui, d’un point de vue politique et aussi littéraire, de nombreux événements fondateurs du Nicaragua. Des témoignages complètent ces relations entre « costaguayens » et « nicariciens ».

Dans cet essai, nous analysons quelques textes scolaires d’histoire du Nicaragua et/ou d’études sociales utilisés dans les écoles primaires entre 1980 et 2000. Nous essaierons de mettre en évidence les divergences et les contradictions dans les interprétations du passé nicraguayen, et de définir l’image de la nation promue par ces manuels, tout en reliant ces deux aspects à leur contexte politique respectif.

Cet article évalue les antécédents et l’actualité de l’instance culturelle officielle du Nicaragua qu’est l’Institut Nicaraguayen de la Cultura, entre 1990 et 2007. On verra que l’on a substitué le modèle culturel de la décennie précédente qui incitait la production populaire, par la représentation symbolique entre agents, probablement avec l’intention d’éviter des polarisations dans le champ culturel.