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This article examines the significance of negotiation techniques in the marketing endeavors of firms, emphasizing how inventive and cohesive negotiating methods may enhance organizational success. The purpose of the article is to analyses and find efficient negotiating techniques in marketing, in order to ascertain their potential for enhancing corporate success. Methodology: The study employed quantitative methods, primarily utilizing a questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed to a representative sample of marketing professionals and managers to gather information on trends, preferences, and perceptions related to various negotiation tactics. Additionally, qualitative methods such as comparative analysis, synthesis, deduction, and observation were employed. Conclusions: offers valuable analysis of the most efficient negotiating tactics employed in marketing, emphasizing the connection between distributive and integrative methods of negotiation and the financial prosperity of companies. Originality: enhance the development of conceptual approaches to negotiations by using marketing tactics, providing organizations functioning in a highly competitive business climate with a contemporary and contextualized viewpoint.

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Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent studies on language and gender that focus on songs and beer drinking sessions within the context of the Bukusu circumcision ceremony have shown that language is gendered and that it espouses male gender. Against this backdrop, in this study we aim to denaturalise this view by focussing on conversations within the circumcision ceremony. By using theoretical and methodological principles from critical discourse and conversation analysis in particular, we argue that, by using linguistic strategies, traditional gender roles are not only discursively highlighted but they are also negotiated and even resisted. This study falls within recent discussions in critical discourse analysis that have shown that language masks asymmetrical power relations on the one hand, and within postcolonial studies that have shown that gender discourses can reflect collisions between differing points of views on the other hand. The data used in this study is four audio recordings of conversations that took place alongside the main ceremony. This data has been analysed at the level of content and prosodic organisation to identify discursive practices that reveal the negotiation and contestation of gender roles. The study contributes to recent discussions in critical discourse analysis by exposing gender asymmetries and contestations that lie behind ‘taken-for-granted’ realities, with specific examples from the postcolonial context of the Bukusu circumcision ceremony.

The need for further discussion on territoriality in the context of rural development, driven by the political forces of globalization and the economic and social transformations within nations, comes as no surprise. It arises from the necessity to adapt methodologies, instruments, and activities to meet the new demands imposed by these changes and their unintended consequences. Ultimately, it fosters a fresh perspective on territorial issues, actively involving rural populations in the formulation of novel development outlooks. This article retraces a journey embarked upon over two decades ago by a group of individuals operating under the auspices of the FAO Rural Development Division. Their aim was to transition from traditional rural development approaches towards an evolving paradigm centered on dialogue, negotiation, and territorial collaboration. A multitude of factors converged to lay the foundation for the initial discussions surrounding the concept of territory. This included a consideration of ecological and gender dimensions, which placed heightened emphasis on power dynamics and prompted a reflective analysis of the conventional role of “experts." This shift redirected focus away from being mere proponents of technical solutions and toward embracing a new role as facilitators of social processes. Ultimately, the critical question at hand revolves around the very concept of “development", originally formulated and imposed by the Western world at the conclusion of the Second World War. According to the authors, it necessitates a profound revaluation.

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims at suggesting the role of the Napoleonic supernatural in Balzac's youth novel Le Centenaire (1822) as a counter-discourse to - and thus a locus of negotiation for - his later poetics of Realism. The investigation is held through a socio-poetical, close-reading based analysis of the revenant theme in both Le Centenaire and Le Colonel Chabert (1832-1844). First, the well-known political nature of Chabert as a revenant is associated to Bérigheld as his binary opposite: if Chabert embodies the uncanny persistence of the Empire during the Restauration, the centuries-old sorcerer who haunts Tullius, a young Napoleonic general, symbolizes Tullius' monarchist temptation during the Empire. Nevertheless, the supernatural powers Tullius receives from Béringheld can be associated with the mythological features the Napoleonic soldiers accorded to their Emperor. If Chabert represent a counter-discourse to Tullius' supernatural abilities, Balzac's realism in the Comédie humaine can thus be considered as a reversal of the Napoleonic myth, so rooted in the authors early years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foucaldian studies on the management of popular illegalisms tend to focus on their differential treatment by the State according to the social groups concerned. In doing so, they have been less interested in the everyday power relations, negotiations and compromises within the state that shape the regulation of illegal practices. In the case of Morocco, this article thus looks at the plural management of illegalisms -rather than their differential one- as it emerges from the interactions between a variety of public agencies concerned with the same set of extra-legal practices, and which have different positions regarding them. It does so by studying the use of untreated, and therefore highly contaminated, wastewater for small-scale market gardening in the heart of the city of Meknes.The management of these illicit water uses primarily involves local agents of the Ministry of the Interior (the moqqadems) as well as their hierarchy (qaïds, General Directorate of Local Authorities in Rabat). But it also includes other public agencies, such as the water company (RADEM), the Sebou river basin agency (ABHS) which issues water use permits, and the city of Meknès. How, then, do all these organizations interact in the management of these illegalities, and with what effects ?The fieldwork reveals that the management of illegalisms is fraught with tensions and contradictions between different segments of the state. These tensions lead to unstable compromises and frequent shifts between forbearance, negotiation and coercion. Thus, the moqqadems are structurally inclined to forbearance because of two main factors : their daily confrontation with users’ capacities of resistance, which dissuades them from repressing too harshly ; and their homology of subaltern position with the latter, which makes them sensitive to the moral economy of subsistence that animates the farmers. However, this posture of indulgence only heightens tensions with other State actors. This is particularly the case with the water company, RADEM, which sees some of its wastewater being intercepted before reaching the treatment plant, which threatens its proper functioning. RADEM officials lament the tolerance shown by the moqqadems, while also criticizing the inaction of the ABHS despite its legal mandate to verify, in collaboration with the Ministry of the Interior, the legality of water withdrawals. The municipality of Meknes is also trying to put an end to farming practices, which run counter to its strategy of setting up a “green” and recreational space in the area. These various pressures lead the moqqadems to forge shifting and uncertain compromises with the farmers, marked in particular by an attempt to invisibilize their practices in the public space. Thus, and contrary to what the literature on state indulgences generally demonstrates, the regulation of illicit practices in no way guarantees a minimally satisfactory political exchange between the rulers and the ruled. Rather, frustrations abound on both sides. Many State actors would like to see much stronger sanctions, while the moqqadems are constantly exposed to contradictory pressures, including calls for coercion, farmers' capacity to resist and adapt, and the recognition of their moral right to subsistence. As for the farmers, the perpetuation of their illicit practices does not open up any prospect of genuine development, but rather epitomizes a situation of deadlock and lack of alternative. As elsewhere, the illegal condition is experienced as a form of "degraded citizenship" : it constitutes a complex, precarious and constantly shifting combination of legality and illegality.Broadening the analysis so as to include all state actors involved in the management of illegality thus makes it possible not to presume the functionality of this management for the reproduction of the social order. The plural and often contradictory regulation of illegalisms does not necessarily nurture the gratitude and political loyalty of the public concerned. It reveals as much the precarity and instability of the compromises between the state and its subaltern populations, and the frustrations that these compromises engender.

Mediation is a structured process, in which a neutral and impartial third party, who has no decision-making power regarding the resulting solution, assists the parties in finding their own solutions to resolve the dispute. Mediation is based on the trust that the parties place in the mediator, as a person capable of facilitating negotiations between them and supporting them in resolving the conflict, by obtaining a mutually convenient, efficient and sustainable solution. The classical resolution of the conflict by referring it to the judicial authorities (police, prosecutor's office, justice) often does not satisfy the interests of the parties, because it is a solution based on the winner-loser concept. Instead, resolving the conflict through mediation is the fruit of the meeting of the will of the parties. No one comes to impose their solution, therefore, the parties are the only ones in a position to decide. The role of the mediator is to facilitate the creation of a communication corridor between the parties, through which they can become aware of the best solution to the conflict between them. The mediation activity is performed equally for all persons, regardless of race, color, nationality, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, opinion, political affiliation, wealth or social origin. The parties, individuals or legal entities, can resort to mediation without appealing to the judicial or arbitral bodies that will be relieved of numerous cases having as their object the settlement of misunderstandings between the parties. In conclusion, mediation, in a complex society and with different types of conflicts, represents the way outside the judicial system to the efficient, cheap and fast resolution of disputes.

The Senegalese government considers the current land legislation to be an obstacle to the development of agribusiness. However, many agribusiness projects have been set up in the Senegal River Delta, particularly since the 2000s. Based on a detailed analysis of 15 cases, the article shows that, beyond their diversity, their access to land follows three main paths, depending on the institution that grants the land. In Senegal, the communes are the main land allocation bodies and the majority of investors prefer local negotiation to the allocation of land by the State. Opening the black box of actual practices and concrete 'land paths' sheds light on the debate on the regulation of access to irrigated land in Senegal and, more broadly, on the ways that agribusiness uses for negotiating and legalizing this access, as well as on the role of the legal and institutional framework and local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the fracture with the Protestant world, and following the Council of Trent, the Roman Church strengthened discipline and control over social and religious life, especially using women, the centrepieces of this policy. But this also meant that women acquired an increasingly strategic role in the religious sphere which, in 17th century Rome, was closely linked to the political and diplomatic one. They succeeded in this role thanks to their ability to mediate with society and with the authorities that surrounded and controlled them. Examples are various, starting from the most famous ones like Christine of Sweden, queen exiled in Rome, or Olimpia Maidalchini Pamphili, very influential sister-in-law of Pope Innocent x Pamphili, or even Princess Olimpia Aldobrandini, sole heiress of her powerful family and married to Camillo Pamphili. But we must also consider the role of the nuns living within Roman nunneries, since the grille did not succeed in interrupting their social and political relations, even if a strict enclosure was strongly endorsed by the Church of the Counter-Reformation. Therefore, noble women and nuns often played a pivotal role in mediating political, ecclesiastical, and family conflicts, and in transacting to gain privileges or important marriages for the members of their family, as well as in dealing the social rise of these ones as ecclesiastics within the Curia, and finally in negotiating for the benefit of the communities to which they were linked. At the same time, nunneries became more and more a place for diplomacy and exchanges in the context of papal political affairs. Women's networks contributed to the reputation and status of each community and influenced its position within the city of Rome. Such reputation was being turned to the advantage of various power groups, supporting their strategy for success in a city where, more than anywhere else, religion, devotion, social escalation, and political career were intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we suggest a brief analysis of the situation in which the movement for regaining Christian unity finds itself. We refer to an impetus towards inter-confessional unity that appeared last centuries within an extra- European context. Meanwhile, ecumenical principles have been either ignored or lessened in both bilateral and multilateral ecclesiastical dialogues. There are multiple causes. Therefore, we draw attention towards that, which means the foundation of the ecumenical movement, namely the dialogue of love and the dialogue of truth, which should not be mistaken for the quantitative negotiations for Christian unity. Afterwards we invite at assuming real ecumenism, which ought to bear in mind the secularised Christian context and the religious indifference. Given these challenges, they might be right those, who wonder whether we should go on striving towards unity. However, nowadays, concrete gestures of ecumenical solidarity are still to be found. Finally, we promote the cause of spiritual ecumenism. Pope Francis in 2019 on his visit in Romania spoke about the ecumenism of blood, of the poor, and of prayer. Could, thus, prayer reinvigorate the hope of regaining Christian unity? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we suggest a brief analysis of the situation in which the movement for regaining Christian unity finds itself. We refer to an impetus towards inter-confessional unity that appeared last centuries within an extra- European context. Meanwhile, ecumenical principles have been either ignored or lessened in both bilateral and multilateral ecclesiastical dialogues. There are multiple causes. Therefore, we draw attention towards that, which means the foundation of the ecumenical movement, namely the dialogue of love and the dialogue of truth, which should not be mistaken for the quantitative negotiations for Christian unity. Afterwards we invite at assuming real ecumenism, which ought to bear in mind the secularised Christian context and the religious indifference. Given these challenges, they might be right those, who wonder whether we should go on striving towards unity. However, nowadays, concrete gestures of ecumenical solidarity are still to be found. Finally, we promote the cause of spiritual ecumenism. Pope Francis in 2019 on his visit in Romania spoke about the ecumenism of blood, of the poor, and of prayer. Could, thus, prayer reinvigorate the hope of regaining Christian unity? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Through the story of the energy and spatial design of the Nanterre Coeur Université urban developpement project, we will show that the ambitious energy objectives of sustainable projects can strongly constrain the design of projects and, in some cases, encourage a multiplication of the energy artifacts mobilized. Energy design thus involves various negotiations between public and private actors. These negotiations can, in some cases, question the energy objectives and technical choices even at advanced stages of the design. Finally, we will show that the integration of energy artifacts has a strong impact on the spatiality of projects, mainly by reducing net useable areas and by creating competition between uses.

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This contribution deals with the enunciative modalities implemented in an international and travelling exhibition entitled Prison, co-produced in Geneva (Switzerland), then in Lyon (France) and finally in Dresden (Germany). Specifically, we are interested in certain statements mobilized in the exhibition, for what they put in tension a figure of the prisoner within the social space, and a figure sculpted from clichés, from mythical and fantasized images.By focusing on a sentence written on a table (“you’re better than the things you do”), we will cross (i) a linguistic approach turned towards the discourses for the dialogical tensions that they establish between a modalized point of view and a modalizing perspective and (ii) a semiotic approach attentive to the material and symbolic arrangement of a plurality of voices in a discursive scene. We thus study how the exhibition tends to produce and activate permeabilities between the inside and the outside of the prison (questioning clichés, myths and taboos about prisoners and prison conditions) and to create resonances between the inside and the outside, the upstream and the downstream of the exhibition (provoking reflections and sensitizing the audience). Thus, we must also pay attention to the modalizations of the audiences (recipients of the exhibition and participants in a public debate) and of the institutional places themselves (prisons and museums and the ways in which they shape the perceptions and actions of the people in them).This article thus has both the epistemological and analytical aims of testing the heuristic potential of the notions of modalities and modalizations to study the transformation of social roles into discourse and experience, based on these complex semiotic objects that constitute the interactions between discourses and the social interactions in the museum.

The canonical planning and historiographical perspectives concerning the Italian cities in the second post-war period describe their complex modernization and expansion process mainly due to linear sequences of planning acts and policies. The public housing estates, their models, strategies, and agents are the consolidated interpretative categories to address the Italian boom.The paper aims to question this understanding of the role played by the public powers facing the planning agreements as underexplored tools of Italian planning. Their original interpretation in connection with the post-war Italian planning legislation and the tools of the City and Detailed Plans opens to a nuanced history in the relationship between the public and private sectors, and the practices in the central and expansion areas of the post-war cities.In the Italian legislative context, planning agreements are long-standing arrangements between the public administration and public or private actors, aiming at organizing and disciplining expertise and goods for planning purposes. Mainly interpreted as technical measures to overcome the City Plans constraints in the expansion areas, they rather reflect a stratified experience of punctual negotiation throughout the city, offering a privileged lens to observe tools and practices, professional and administrative networks, demands for social emancipation and renewal of planning processes, at the centre of a complex system of actors, habits, disciplinary and critical positions, leading to a reinterpretation of cultural and professional backgrounds and of social and negotiation processes, which is crucial for a complex reading of the post-war Italian cities.In the second post-war period, the city of Milan offers a significant framework to observe the use and critical understanding of this tool, being at the core of the disciplinary debate and professional expectations of the 1950s and 60s. The meaningful case study of Piazza della Repubblica tower, one of the best-known post-war projects by the architect Giovanni Muzio, is provided.

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Copyright of Socio-économie du Travail is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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On February 22nd, 2019, Algeria witnessed the mobilisation of hundreds of thousands of people, in cities around the country, to demand political change at the head of the state. More than a year after the Hirak uprising, this article, supported by a socio-urban study, questions how the Hirak manifests itself, expresses itself and spatializes itself in the city of Constantine and its public spaces. This research, which lasted almost a year, is based on a process of observations, sometimes floating, sometimes participating, in the weekly Friday marches, a series of interviews with protestors and activists, as well as the urban analysis of the route followed. It highlights the attitudes of negotiation and/or resistance that are expressed through a particular appropriation of public spaces, considered here in their physical, social and political dimensions. Attitudes that lead to the emergence of singular appropriations in Constantine, such as the emergence of buffer zones along the route, urban performance sites and symbolic sites that have become emblems of the protests.

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This article offers an overview of multiple strategies that can be considered as resistance. It contemplates different kinds of actions: from violent uprisings to daily practices that disrupted the colonial domination along the continent. The aim is to present the wide range of practices, deployed by indigenous people from dissimilar regions, to confront exploitation and dispossession. Different types of insurrection or disobedience are addressed and a distinction is made among the responses to conquest, rebellions against authorities, both in nuclear zones and in borderlands. Within the wide margin of negotiation this paper focuses on other kinds of insurrection, some of which were executed from home, work centers and even religious rituals and allowed indigenous people to lessen the economic burdens, recreate their ancestral repertoires, as well as denounce abuses and demand justice.

This article attempts to understand how migrant women from the Comoros, engaged in a dual professional activity, both as subaltern wage earners (housekeepers, chambermaids, home help, etc.) and as suitcase traders, manage (or not) to articulate social time (in particular the most socially invested time, i.e. the salaried work/family/business relationship), and how they manage their “personal time equation” (Grossin, 1996). Many of these women are affected by atypical forms of employment (forced part-time work, temporary work, fragmented working hours, fragmentation of workplaces, etc.), leading to a desynchronization of their biological and social rhythms in relation to those of their entourage and society in general. This objective precariousness can be such as to make it difficult to articulate social times. However, the articulation of this double temporality of work (employment/trade) requires free time. For the most precarious employees, the conduct of this commercial activity is organized in a dual relationship with their wage activity, since, on the one hand, they take advantage of the “porosity” of their working time, linked to the very precariousness of their jobs, and, on the other hand, they draw on the economic resources that this employment provides them with. Women working full time, on the other hand, organize themselves according to their days of rest.

While a small number of studies have investigated salary negotiation in librarianship, none have focused on Canadian academic libraries. What are the motivations and barriers that impact employment-offer negotiation? When Canadian librarians negotiate, what subjects are discussed, and do they feel they were successful? This preliminary report is a descriptive summary on the results of a survey we conducted to explore the negotiation propensity and perceptions of Canadian academic librarians when presented with their most recent offer of employment. A better understanding of this topic may encourage negotiation conversations and empower librarians in future employment offer negotiations to improve salaries and working conditions.

This article provides an anthropological appraisal of the demographic, social and climatic changes recently experienced by the Italian Alps and concentrates on the complex negotiations over the future of the Alps that involve local inhabitants, old and new, and external actors. It is suggested that the epistemological turn fostered by the notion of Anthropocene has added new dimensions to the ongoing processes of negotiation in Alpine settings and that the Covid-19 pandemic, while sharpening pre-existing gaps, is also bringing attention back to the social and welfare needs of marginal areas.