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Being interested in multiple office-holding as “holy secularism" of local power means wondering about an old political practice introduced by the Revolution of 1789 and anchored in our institutions since the Third Republic. This regime, established by the constitutional laws of 1875, has the merit for the first time to connect by legalizing him, multiple office-holding and the accumulation of allowances. We shall limit ourselves to the French local political power through one of its major symbols, the multiple office-holding of the representatives of regions with a measure of autonomy and\or EPCI with their own tax system. Local power, as any political power, infringes on the domain of the sacred and feeds on religious references (faiths, myths, rites and symbols). The analysis of the normative reach of the organic and ordinary laws of 2014 as well as their symbolic impact seems to show that the legislator did not fundamentally question the principle of multiple office-holding as a strong symbol of local power.

Most often epidemiologic studies of violence during adolescence focus on aspects related to the perpetrator. The adolescent victims of violence are certainly at least as numerous, but too little is known about them. Our aim was to estimate the extent of this social phenomenon and to identify its various forms, through a descriptive, cross-sectional study of a sample of 685 teenagers (409 girls and 276 boys) from six public high schools in Sousse in 1999. A school physician conducted structured interviews to collect the data, recorded in compliance with the ethical rules of confidentiality and anonymity. The results indicate that 36.9% of the adolescents (54% of the boys and 24% of the girls) reported experiencing violence. Within the group of victims, physical violence was reported by 78% of the boys and 63% of the girls, verbal violence by 51% and 63%, respectively. We conclude that experiencing violence is far from uncommon and that it causes acute suffering for youngsters during an important phase of their emotional development and exposes them to the risk of becoming violent as adults. School medical staff can play a crucial role in the prevention and the management of this mistreatment., (Copyright John Libbey Eurotext 2003)