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Describes four activities for the French-as-a-Second-Language classroom, including: a lesson in the interpretation of graphs (Lescure); a unit on measurement, money systems, museums, and schools in France (Berteloot, Ploquin); oral and written exercises based on French history and culture (Ploquin, Store); and a vocabulary development activity using puns and humorous language (Barnaba). (MSE)

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This article deals with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and its epistemological discussion by Ernst Cassirer and Richard Hönigswald. The starting point is Cassirer's treatise Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics, published in Stockholm. Both philosophers and several physicists were involved in the subsequent exchange of letters. From a physical point of view, the Copenhagen interpretation was particularly criticised by v. Laue and Einstein. Both demanded a revision of the foundations of quantum mechanics or a critical examination of essential physical concepts. The epistemological implications of the Copenhagen interpretation were rejected, in particular that the interactions between observation, the observed and the observer in quantum physics experiments should lead to a renunciation of the concept of causality or an objectively unambiguous description of natural processes. Cassirer argues here that quantum mechanics fulfils the epistemological requirement of transforming ontological “concepts of things” into epistemological concepts of relations and is therefore compatible with the neo-critical approach he advocates. At the same time, Hönigswald was working on two major treatises on the structure of physics and the concept of causality. Here he undertakes an epistemological foundation of physics as a whole. A transcendental foundation of the concept of experience and its specifications in principles such as contemplation, observation or experiment appears to be called for. Hönigswald therefore essentially rejects the Copenhagen interpretation, as it draws epistemological consequences by physical means and thus inadmissibly reverses the transcendentally necessary relations of justification. These arguments are examined and could be used for a current discussion on the epistemological foundations of quantum mechanics and physics as a whole. A post-Neo-Kantian, transcendental philosophical foundation of scientific knowledge, especially of modern physics, seems possible and necessary.

Abstract Can Well-being Be Measured? Reflections on the Spatial Dimension of the OECD Better Life Index Indices developed by international research organizations assume value in the adoption of new policies. This paper aims to present the role that these indices have taken on in order to investigate the methodology adopted and understand the role that the space between the indicators used takes on. Specifically, the Better Life Index that the OECD develops is examined, analyzing and mapping the indicators used. Some critical issues emerge, and in particular the absence of the spatial dimension among the parameters considered. The paper reflects on the relevance of this gap and highlights the importance of the relationship with space in assessing well-being.

Abstract Objective The study analyzes the theoretical and practical perspectives that have been developed concerning the concepts and measurement strategies of subjective poverty. Method Thus, a systematic review was conducted, considering a temporal scope of ten years (2011-2021), on peer-reviewed articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Following the analysis, the corpus consisted of 17 articles. Results It was identified that the concept of subjective poverty is affected by sociodemographic and analytical characteristics. This has an impact on different approaches, which can be more or less inclusive. The less inclusive ones are defined by exclusively monetary perspectives, while others consider the macrostructural issues of the analyzed realities: the effects of other socioeconomic markers and the psychosocial implications of poverty. Conclusion Thus, subjective poverty points out that, in the background of the subjects’ discourse, there are psychosocial intersections that impact their ways of life.

On the timeline of the development of reading, the real revolution was marked by the rise of structural cognitivism in the 1970s, anticipating another breakthrough that would result from artificial intelligence. The new paradigm criticizes classical views and the superficial way of analyzing reading, tending towards a deeper analysis; it involves an opposition between quantity and quality, between’what’ the reader understood and’how’ he was able to understand. Evidently, all the works and models explaining the psycho-mnemonic-cognitive processes involved in reading born with this view aim at the development of reading skills. Hence, how effective is the measurement and assessment of the degree of reading competence? In the teaching/learning context, the use of testing, both for diagnostic and practice purposes, must follow a clear and precise methodology to address the said dual function. In this contribution, the construction of specific valid and reliable tests to ascertain competences in the comprehension of written texts represents the final aim that would never be attainable without having a clear representation of what it is intended to measure. Therefore, for greater effectiveness of the teaching work, we follow the path of constructing a reading comprehension test based on multiple-choice questions, an objective test suited to the specific needs of the classroom context and which respects relevance, validity, and reliability.

Abstract Over the past few decades, South-South cooperation has grown in terms of actors, volume, geographic reach, instruments, and modalities, but, statistics on this type of cooperation have been incomplete and fragmented. The technical, political, and institutional challenges in measuring South-South cooperation are emphasised by countries like Brazil and Mexico, chosen as cases to be analysed in the text. The article explores the experiences in measuring international cooperation provided by Brazil and Mexico, starting with the characterization of the two national trajectories in the quantification and the modalities that determine the process, and analyses the main similarities and differences presented between the cases. The analysis of the countries studied in this article evidence the different institutional designs of international cooperation and the establishment of measurement models elaborated by governments based on their own realities of international cooperation, indicating, therefore, that the process of measuring international cooperation is not only a statistical issue, but above all, a political one. Seen in these terms, South-South cooperation measurement exercises have provided more knowledge about how cooperation activities are organized and their relation to global development agendas, and have also consolidated the transparency of public expenditure.cooperation and development; South-South cooperation; public expenditure; Brazil; Mexico; measurement.

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Research Framework: In recent decades, the paternal role has undergone major changes. Fathers are more involved in the upbringing and care of their children. It is important to identify how paternal roles influence fathers’ behaviors in their daily lives. However, there is currently no tool to measure these roles in Quebec. Recent research (Lacharité, 2020) also suggests that fathers’ perception of their role may be related to a lack of gratification, feelings of parenting competence and parental stress, known as vulnerability factors, inherent to being a father. Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop an instrument to measure the fathers’ perception of their parental role. This research also examines the links between paternal roles and ordinary vulnerability factors. Methodology: The Paternal Roles Scale was developed on the basis of a preliminary qualitative study exploring the perception of the paternal role among fathers of school-aged children (Caty, 2020). To this end, 462 Quebec fathers with at least one child aged 0 to 12 answered an online survey. Results: An exploratory factor analysis reveals four paternal roles: transmission, discipline, engagement, and stimulation. Pearson correlation analysis reveals significant links between paternal roles and vulnerability factors. Conclusions: Based on the subjective discourse of fathers, the Paternal Roles Scale is an accurate measurement tool. Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of the plurality of roles perceived by fathers and the links between these roles and the vulnerability factors that can influence their experience.

Given the current interest in social participation, this article focuses on existing measures that (1) include the four dimensions of formal social participation – breadth, intensity, duration, and engagement – identified by Bohnert et al. (2010) and (2) can be used in large-scale surveys. In Study 1, a scoping review conducted on three databases (PsychTest, PsychInfo, Sociological abstracts) identified 99 articles that included at least one measure of formal social participation. No measure met our two requirements. We therefore decided to design a new measure, which included an index based on six items to assess the four dimensions of the construct. Using clustering techniques, Study 2 identified social participation profiles based on the responses of 4,160 participants. Five clusters of social participation emerged: (0) absence, (1) passive, (2) low active, (3) medium active and (4) high active. Study 3 replicated these findings with a new sample (n = 3,956), thereby supporting the quality and replicability of the social participation measure by clustering. Coded as an ordinal categorical variable, the score lends itself to statistical analyses commonly performed on large-scale survey data. In this way, the Social Participation Index could meet the need for a standard tool that can be used in a multidisciplinary way.

Copyright of El-Bahith is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As part of this study, we developed a survey in which we focus on employees’ experience of inclusion in their workplaces. We assessed the impact of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) policies on the respondents’ perceptions of the workplace. Our results indicated that organizations with EDI policies are more likely to be perceived as positive work environments. Moreover, we find that the perception of the workplace differs according to individuals and their identities. These results confirm, on the one hand, that the development of EDI policies is worthwhile. On the other hand, employers must pay more attention to their employees’ experiences in order to better understand their realities, particularly with regard to the various identities (perceived, real or supposed) and associated stigmas and stereotypes. The narrative component of our survey provides an overview of elements that are critical to understanding the issues that we investigated, but that are often missing from traditional surveys.

Background: Strengthening the capacities of countries and organisations to perform monitoring and evaluation (ME) functions is gaining momentum in the Global South. However, there is limited literature on the effectiveness and impact of these capacity strengthening initiatives in Africa. Across the continent, there has been a global push to strengthen ME capacity both within the state and non-state sector. The rationale for the push and investments is based on the premise that ME capacity is critical for assisting public officials, non-state sector development managers, non-governmental organisations, and donors to improve the design and implementation of their projects, improve progress, increase impact, and enhance learning. Despite considerable investments to build ME capacity in the African context, literature shows that the measurement of these initiatives is non-existent. Objectives: To explore ME capacity strengthening initiatives and how their effectiveness is being measured. Method: The study adopted a qualitative research approach, specifically using semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of capacity-strengthening approaches and how capacity strengthening activities are measured. A sample was drawn from Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Results: This study found that ME capacity strengthening in the selected countries is ad hoc, indiscriminate, haphazard and mainly focuses on developing individual skills and abilities. Conclusion: The significance of strengthening ME system capacity in Anglophone Africa has been strongly supported by this study, considering the critical impact that effective ME systems have in enabling countries to reach their development goals.

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This paper examines St. Thomas Aquinas’s and Immanuel Kant’s notions of measurement and judgment, particularly measuring and judging beauty, to demonstrate their respective conclusions about the highest achievement of man. For St. Thomas’s view, I draw from a variety of St. Thomas’s writings as well as rely on Peter Redpath’s research into St. Thomas’s understanding of measuring and judging. For Kant’s view, I focus on Kant’s perspective as written in The Critique of Judgement. In this paper, I argue that by examining the way both St. Thomas and Kant measure and judge beauty, we can see that, for Kant, man’s highest achievement is to live the moral life, while for St. Thomas, man’s highest achievement is to know the good and God. Interestingly, for both philosophers, their conclusions about man’s highest achievements wind through their understanding of beauty and the way beauty is measured and judged.

The aim of this study is to evaluate an online self-administered questionnaire for measuring flow, using eye-tracking. We were specifically interested in objectively monitoring when, where and what individuals look at and also in quantifying their visual attention while completing an online flow questionnaire, using the direct and the indirect measurement approaches. Flow is the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total involvement (Csikszentmihalyi, Larson & Prescott 1977). The main flow measurement methods involve direct and indirect approaches, using questionnaires. Eye-tracking has been used in the field of survey methodology by scholars to infer the cognitive processing of visual layout, instructions, and items. We ran an experiment with 43 participants, using Gazepoint GP3 eye-tracker. After eye-tracking data validation, we obtained 36 valid observations. A series of Wilcoxon Signed-ranks tests indicated a significant difference between direct and indirect flow measurement AOI, based on the time to first fixation, average fixation, time viewed, number of revisitors, and number of average revisit metrics. The main contribution of our study consists in outlining that the indirect measurement of flow requires more time and a higher cognitive effort to be processed than flow description used in direct measurement procedures. Thus, scholars should use the appropriate flow measurement approach and consider participants' willingness and ability to process the text. Finally, we conclude that eye-tracking is a useful method in pretesting self-administered questionnaires.

As people around the world experience a devastating pandemic, it is critical that policy-makers consider the methodological and measurement issues that might be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health indicators. This commentary uses four primary variables to illustrate measurement and methodological issues that can complicate comparisons between jurisdictions. Jurisdiction refers to a variety of geographic areas, such as a country, a state, or a province/territory. These variables play a critical role in determining how we understand the trajectory of disease spread. These variables also contribute to our understanding of prevention strategies and their associated efficacy, reflecting the impact of COVID-19 on hospitals. It is critical for public health stakeholders and the public to recognize that these four simple variables can vary substantially across jurisdictions.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Sciences, Management & Commercial Sciences (JESMCS) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Migrants minors entering Europe benefit from a state protection regime. In order to ascertain their status, the courts order bone tests to determine their age. Forensic pathologists seek efficiency in radiology and CT Scan to determinate minors and adults. New forms of measurement are thus produced. They reinforce measurement records, statistical processing, and technical devices, that constitute the mathematical part of the body’s medical expertise. This article question the new forms of mathematization of the young migrant’s bodies. It put them back into the technical, medical, and anthropological culture that supports them , ant it questions the reasons for maintaining their use.

This Editors's note introduces the special issue on the suitable measurement of mental workload.

Research on resilience has been wide-ranging in terms of academic disciplines, outcomes of interest, and levels of analysis. However, given the broad nature of the resilience literature, resilience has been a difficult construct to assess and measure. In the current article, a new method for directly quantifying the resilience process across time is presented based on a foundational conceptual definition derived from the existing resilience literature. The Area of Resilience to Stress Event (ARSE) method utilizes the area created, across time, from deviations of a given baseline following a stress event (i.e., area under the curve). Using an accompanying R package ('arse') to calculate ARSE, this approach allows researchers a new method of examining resilience for any number of variables of interest. A step-by-step tutorial for this new method is also described in an appendix.

لقد شكل البحث في المنهج مادة اشتغال كثيرمن الفلاسفة، بل إن الفلسفة كانت دائمًا تحلم بأن تسود العلوم من خلال المناهج التي توفرها لها، لكن مع انفصال مختلف العلوم عنها وتشكيلها لمناهجها المختلفة، طرحت مسألة المنهج الأكثر ملائمة للوصول إلى الحقيقة للنقاش، بل هناك من دعا إلى التخلي عنها جميعًا لصالح اللا منهج، ومن هؤلاء "بول فيرابند" الذي عمل على تثبيط الزعم بضرورة الاعتماد على منهج محدد في العلم، وذلك بالرجوع إلى تفحص تاريخ العلم، حيث تبين له بأنلا وجودثمة (لمنهجعلمي) إذ لا يوجد إجراء وحيد، أو مجموعة من القواعد تشكل أساسًا ثابتًا لكل نموذج بحث، وضمانًا لأن يكون بحثًا علميًا، ومن ثم، لأن نضع ثقتنا فيه، فكل مشروع وكل نظرية وكل إجراء إنما يخضع في الحكم عليه إلى أهليته الخاصة، عنطريق معايير لابد وأن تكون متكيفة مع العمليات التي يبحث فيها، فلا وجود لمنهج واحد يمكن للعلم الاعتماد عليه من أجل ضبط موضوع بحثه.

Surface measurement is an important topic of the school curricula which is closely related to other mathematical topics and to the real world. The results of numerous international studies show that students' achievements in the area of surface measurement are low, which is explained by the algorithmic approach to the topic characterised by the emphasis on procedural skills and the application of formulas. The paper looks at different levels and parameters of the conceptual understanding of surface measurement.. The aim of the research is to examine the level and quality of knowledge about surface measurements among pupils of the fourth grade of primary school. The descriptive method and testing technique were used in the research. The test consists of standardised tasks (Huang & Witz, 2013) and two more tasks that are not part of the standardised test and that were designed based on the transcript of the interviews from the above study. The convenience sample consisted of two classes of the fourth-grade pupils of a primary school in Belgrade. The key conclusion is that students have developed an instrumental understanding of the surface measurement procedure and that the strategies for determining the surface of the figures reduce the application of the formula, which is why they choose, often mistakenly, the wrong formula. Based on the research findings, we conclude that more time should be devoted to activities involving the conceptual approach to the division of figures and tiling. These activities will bridge the great gap between surface tiling and counting the units of measure and the understanding of calculation formulas.

Measuring residential insecurity is becoming essential in a context where the demand for rental housing is growing and leading to new market dynamics. Several studies have thus focused on the residential insecurity of tenants, particularly long-term tenants. While this work has made it possible to identify the various dimensions of residential insecurity, it takes little account of its spatial manifestations. This study proposes to fill this relative gap in the literature by looking at the case of Montréal, a city where, as in the rest of Canada, home ownership is still sustained, but a shortage of rental housing has been emerging in recent years. The study thus highlights a rise in severe residential insecurity in certain neighbourhoods that contributes to a polarization of the housing market. These results are obtained using a method that mobilizes the properties of confirmatory factor analysis to produce a measurement model at the scale of the dissemination areas, the smallest geographic units available in the Canadian census.

It is found via the analysis of the meteorological data in Chengdu that the number of annual average calm wind days is more than 240. In the non-calm wind time, the dominant wind direction is not obvious, while the annual average wind speed is about 1.0 m/s. In consequence, problems arise as to indoor ventilation in residential buildings without mechanical ventilation in this climate zone and the way how local residential wind has adapted and improved natural ventilation for a long time. In this paper, the state of indoor ventilation in this zone is studied by measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the house for a long time. And the long-term adaptive improvement strategy of local residents to the ventilation of residential buildings in calm climate zone is investigated. So are strategies and experiences of local residents in improving natural ventilation in residential buildings.

Due to the influence of the peculiar material characteristics, austenitic stainless steel bolts are always easy to be locked during disassembly. This is not only seriously affected the service performance of austenitic stainless steel bolts, but also affects the reuse of bolts. In this paper, the main causes and mechanism of the locking of austenitic stainless steel blots in the process of fastening is summarized, and the effective measures containing correct material selection, carefully clean before assembly, spraying loosening agent, thermal expansion method, raw material belt tape winding and development of anti-locking austenitic stainless steel fastening bolt to prevent locking through theoretical analysis and experimental verification are also provided, which is hoped that certain guiding significance can be provided to prevent the phenomenon of bolt locking from the source as far as possible.

The missionary function of accounting is to generate information related to heritage phenomena. One of its most valuable attributes, fi delity or the characteristic that guarantees that the object information represents what it intends to represent, has been questioned due to the fi nancial scandals that occurred during the 1991-2016 period. In them, manipulation of that information is evidenced and, consequently, they have undermined the confi dence of the users. However, an objective system is not visible to determine the degree to which an informational body meets or fails to comply with the attribute mentioned. A model is proposed here to measure the approach of an informational body to the reality that it tries to represent

Presence in virtual environments (i.e. the feeling of being in a place in which the user is not actually) has been the subject of many researches based on subjective questionnaire measures. The aim of this contribution is to examine the relevance of these measures. This review is based on two methods. The first is to conduct an analysis of academic publications proposing the creation of a scale for measuring presence based on an examination of the validity of content and the relevance of the statistical procedures used in the studies. The second is to attempt to estimate the limits of an approach based primarily on statistical procedures by examining the results of alternative models based on structural equations modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. For dairy producers who want to transform their milk, the ability of milk to coagulate is an important parameter. It makes it possible to transform milk into cheese. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the coagulation process and the techniques to measure it in order to achieve the best transformation performance. The objective of this review is to describe the milk coagulation process, the factors influencing it and the methods for measuring the coagulation of milk at lab level. Literature. The processing of milk into cheese involves three steps: coagulation, dewatering and refining. Coagulation is a key step which involves the use of rennet and depends on several parameters (pH, calcium content, temperature, etc.). Some milks never coagulate. To measure the coagulation ability of milk and identify different parameters in milk coagulation properties, the Formagraph, the computerized renneting meter and the Optigraph have been developed (reference methods). Equations have been developed using infrared spectrometry to predict the parameters obtained by the reference methods. Conclusions. The milk coagulation mechanism is known. However, the issue of non-coagulating milk persists and represents a real challenge in terms of yield. The use of infrared is a faster alternative to reference methods that measure the coagulation properties of milk, but still requires an improvement in prediction equations.