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Au cours des 30 dernières années, un ensemble de travaux scientifiques a vu le jour pour rendre compte d'une nouvelle forme de politique, connue sous le nom de "cosmopolitique". Bruno Latour en est l'un des représentants avec sa théorie compositionniste, magistralement développée dans Politiques de la nature, qui définit la politique comme une fabrication de la réalité et souligne la capture de la politique par la science depuis les Grecs. Quelques années plus tard, Latour a décidé de revisiter sa théorisation de la cosmopolitique en utilisant la notion de cosmogramme, un type spécifique d'imaginaire, mais d'une manière plutôt idiosyncrasique. Bien qu'il prétende toujours étudier l'interface politique/science, sa seconde théorie de la cosmopolitique semble rompre avec le compositionnisme en dépouillant la science de sa fonction politique unique, et manque de cohérence interne. Pour illustrer et étoffer cette nouvelle théorie, Latour prend le cas de la découverte d'exoplanètes par l'astronomie. Malheureusement, lorsqu'elle est prise dans sa définition stricte et appliquée aux exoplanètes, la notion de cosmogramme fait s'effondrer son argumentation. Si l'on choisit d'étudier la politique en termes d'imaginaire, comme le fait Latour dans sa deuxième théorie de la cosmopolitique, la science-fiction semble avoir plus de poids politique que la science, comme l'illustre le cosmogramme de Star Trek.

Nous avons vérifié les effets d’un enseignement explicite de stratégies d’écriture du texte d’opinion avec des élèves de 5e année du primaire au Québec. Nous avons élaboré un devis mixte séquentiel explicatif dans lequel des données qualitatives visent à éclairer les données obtenues au moyen d’outils quantitatifs. Ces outils nous ont permis de mesurer la progression de capacités en écriture et la perception d’efficacité personnelle des 483 élèves des trois groupes de l’enquête : deux groupes expérimentaux qui ont pratiqué l’enseignement explicite, un avec la rétroaction par les pairs, et l’autre, sans rétroaction ainsi qu’un groupe témoin sans accompagnement. Nous avons mené des entretiens avec 21 élèves pour les amener à expliciter leur utilisation des stratégies enseignées, pour vérifier si l’intervention leur avait permis de renforcer leurs capacités d’autorégulation. Les résultats montrent l’efficacité de l’enseignement explicite sur les performances en écriture des élèves, sur leur perception d’efficacité personnelle et sur le développement de leurs capacités d’autorégulation.

Daily mobility is an ordinary problem that fits into the complexity of everyday household life. Mobility is also a dimension of identity, a predisposition which gives individuals a specific framework for dealing with activities and travels. Thus, households’ choices are made with a wide range of rational elements (economic, time, accessibility, etc.), but also with more sensible elements (preferences, past experiences, satisfaction, etc.). In addition, large-scale urban projects aim to improve modal split and to facilitate households’ commutes conditions. Since poles of employment generate the main concentrated flows of urban travel, those poles are at the core of strategic planning. Beyond improving mobility, changing job location may involve contrasted issues for households, positive (e.g., travel efficiency, sustainable mobilities, etc.) and negative (e.g., freedom of choice, undesirable mode change). This paper focuses on an exceptional workplace relocation (2015) in Montréal – McGill University Health Center – and explores the daily commute choices for more than 10,000 metropolitan workers. While metropolitan accessibility is sharply improved, the new workplace offers a low-quality mobility environment compared to former ones (n=5) located downtown. What mobility choices do metropolitan employees make in order to rebuild their travel routines? What is the importance of both mobility habits and mobility identities in commute changes/satisfaction? Using an internet retrospective survey (n=1 977) conducted with the concerned workers, mobility strategies have been explored. Principal component analyses and clustering are used to take into account lifestyles typology into a logistic regression model in order to explain mode choice according to identities, workers’ socioeconomic characteristics, built environment and structural urban characteristics. Beyond the importance of accessibility, attitudes towards mobility have strong explanation power for specific workers' profiles. These variables should be better embraced by transportation plans.

Rapid environmental change in the Arctic elicits numerous concerns for ecosystems, natural resources, and ways of life. Robust monitoring is essential to adaptation and management in light of these challenges, and community-based monitoring (CBM) projects can enhance these efforts by highlighting traditional knowledge, ensuring that questions are locally important, and informing natural resource conservation and management. Implementation of CBM projects can vary widely depending on project goals, the communities, and the partners involved, and we feel there is value in sharing CBM project examples in different contexts. Here, we describe two projects in the Gwich’in Settlement Area (GSA), Canada, and highlight the process in which local management agencies set monitoring and research priorities. Dzan (muskrat; Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766)) and łuk dagaii (broad whitefish; Coregonus nasus (Pallas, 1776)) are species of great cultural importance and are the focus of CBM projects conducted with concurrent social science research. We share challenges and lessons from our experiences, offer insights into operating CBM projects in the GSA, and present resources for researchers interested in pursuing wildlife research in this region. CBM projects provide rich opportunities for benefitting managers, communities, and external researchers, particularly when the projects are built on a foundation of careful and continuous dialogue between partners. Arctic gwinagoo’ee gwa’àn khanhts’àt ejùk t’igwinjik k’iighè’ nan kak jidìi nihàh goo’aii tthak ts’àt nits’òo tr’igwindaii geenjit gwiiyeendoo niinji’gwidhat. Ejùk t’igwinjik gwizh’it tr’igwiheendaii ts’àt guk’andehtr’ahnahtyaa geenjit gwijiinchii goo’àii ts’àt kaiik’it gwizhìt yi’eenoo nits’òo tr’igwiindài’ gwinjik guk’andehtr’ahnahtyaa k’iighè’ kaiik’it gwizhìt t’angiinch’uu geenjit guuhadahkat gwijiinchii gwihee’aa ts’àt daginuu, juudin nan ts’àt nan kak gwinahshii tthak k’aginahtii kat guuvàh gugwitaandak. Nits’òo gwitr’it gugwahahtsaa, kaiik’it kat, ts’àt diiyah gwizhìt tr’iinlii nits’òo gwihee’aa k’iighè’ nihłinehch’i’ gwinjik kaiik’it gwizhìt guk’andehtr’ahnahtyaa goo’aii geenjit diiyah gugwaandàk gwijiinchii goo’aii niidadhanh. Canada gwizhìt Gwich’in Nan Sridatr’igwijiinlik gwizhìt nits’òo gwitr’it gugwahahtsaa ts’àt guk’andehtr’ahnahtyaa ts’àt nits’òo gwizhìt tr’igwahnah’aa zhat danh geenjit diiyah gugwaandàk. Dzan ts’àt łuk dagaii, tr’igwindaii geenjit gwiiyeendoo t’atr’ijąhch’uu k’iighè’ kaiik’it gwizhìt guk’andehtr’ahnahtyaa gwijiinchii gòo’aii aii geenjit jùk nits’òo tr’igwindaii gwinjik gwizhìt tr’igwahnah’aa geenjit gwitr’it gugwahahtsah. Nikhwigwitr’it gwizhìt gwits’agwighah gwįį’è’ ts’àt dagwiidi’ìn’ geenjit diiyah gwaandàk k’iighè’, nits’òo GSA gwizhìt geenjit gwitr’it gugwahahtsaa ts’àt juudìn nan kak nin gwindaii gwizhìt gugwahnah’aa giiniindhan guuts’àt tr’ihiidandal niidadhanh. Juudìn jii geenjit gwitr’it gugwahtsii kat nihts’àt gigįįkhii k’iighè’ kaiik’it gwizhìt gwiinzii guk’andehtr’ahnahtyah, gwitr’it gwichìt kat, kaiik’it kat ts’àt uu’òk gwizhìt gugwinah’in jii k’iighè’ gwiinzii digugwitr’it gugwahahtsah.

The article draws on the insights of political ecology to illuminate the politics shaping the enforcement of environmental regulation in the mining sector of Ghana. We argue that the Ghanaian state uses strong-arm measures against artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operators, particularly, the subaltern classes engaged in the industry for survival. Periodically, the state deploys the military and the police to clamp down on ASM for destroying the environment, but treats with kid gloves foreign companies engaged in large-scale mining (LSM), wreaking similar disastrous ecological effects on mining communities. The state believes that LSM by foreign companies is a source of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign mining companies should be incentivized to come and stay in the country. Presented in broad-brush strokes as illegal (galamsey), the Ghanaian state sees ASM as an environmental menace to be fought with all the coercive apparatuses that it can command. Disputing this claim, the article argues that mining-FDI is essentially ecological imperialism, wreaking havoc on the ecosystem of mining communities whose livelihood strategies are in conflict with the accumulation and political interests of foreign mining companies and the Ghanaian political class respectively. The article demonstrates that concerns over the harmful impacts of mining on the ecology of Ghana are neither class-neutral nor free of politics. They are rather highly imbricated in power structures and relations, in which the interest of the ruling class is supreme in the enforcement of environmental regulations in Ghana. The paradox of the biases of the Ghanaian state against ASM, particularly ASM operated by its own citizens for survival, and in favor of foreign mining companies engaged in LSM for profits, is explained with the insights of ecological imperialism. Keywords: Large-scale mining, artisanal and small-scale mining, Operation Vanguard, Ghanaian state biases, ecological imperialism

Research Framework: The Age-Friendly Municipalities approach calls on Quebec municipalities to reflect on facilities and services that would allow their population to age inclusively and actively. The physical and functional attributes of the territory have a significant impact on the positive experience of aging in place. However, changes in the social mix of a neighborhood can add to these dimensions and impact the residential elders’ experience. Objectives: This article aims to explore the experience of aging in place in the context of strong demographic changes brought about by past and present immigration. It questions how immigration can change the dynamics of aging in place and lead to forms of innovation to be considered in the management of urban diversity. Methodology: A theoretical framework borrowed from environmental gerontology is used to analyze the interaction between seniors and the transformations of their living environment. A case study is proposed through focus groups conducted in 3 neighborhoods of the Montréal agglomeration marked by aging and immigration (Saint-Léonard, Cartierville, and Parc-Extension). Results: Aging in place in one's community is not a linear and stable experience. Population changes can lead to difficult residential experiences when the physical and functional configuration is not adapted to aging (Saint-Léonard), but also to positive experiences when it is more favourable (Cartierville, Parc-Extension). Structural demographic changes show the elders’ resilience in the face of a changing residential environment (Cartierville, Parc-Extension), as do the limits of their adaptation (Parc-Extension, Saint-Léonard). Conclusions: Aging in place in the context of immigration show even more that elderly people are not a homogeneous group. The results call for a more complex examination of the residential environment at the neighborhood level, particularly the notion of aging in place. Contributions: Neighborhoods can transform at a speed and in a dynamic where seniors from here and elsewhere can lose their grip. Theoretical models in environmental gerontology do not account for the dynamic nature of this scale of the home.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal Sepsis (NNS) is a public health problem which causes death or disability unless appropriate antibiotic treatment is given promptly. Globally, sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates despite recent progress in health care delivery. We assessed the factors associated with culture proven sepsis among neonates in the Ho Municipality, Ghana. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted in two public hospitals in the Ho Municipality between January and May, 2016. All neonates who were clinically suspected with sepsis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and their mothers were recruited. A 2ml blood sample was taken aseptically and dispensed into a mixture of thioglycollate and tryptone soy broth in a 1:10 dilution and microbiological procedures performed. Case notes of both neonates and their mothers were reviewed and interviews conducted to collect both clinical and socio-demographic data. We determined the factors associated with culture proven neonatal sepsis using logistic regression model and statistical significance was determined at 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: out of 150 neonates, 26 (17%) had laboratory confirmed sepsis. The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis 14, (54%). Neonates whose mothers were primigravida (OR=2.74; 95% CI:1.12-6.68), and those who attended antenatal clinics (ANC) fewer than three schedules (OR=2.90; 95% CI:1.06-7.96) had higher odds of developing culture proven sepsis. CONCLUSION: neonates who were the first babies of their mothers were more likely to develop laboratory confirmed sepsis. Also, neonates of mothers who attended ANC less than 3 times were more likely to develop laboratory confirmed sepsis. High index of suspicion is required to diagnose neonatal sepsis among neonates of primigravida mothers and mothers who attend fewer than three ANC schedules.

International immigration confirms the cosmopolitan character of several metropolitan regions such as Montreal. The cultural, ethnic and religious diversity is obvious, but the residential concentrations are relatively limited. If immigration changes the host society, it also changes the city, and Montreal neighborhoods are noticeable examples. Spatial mobilities give new scales to residential spaces and notion of home. This situation leads to question the dimensions associated with the feeling of being at home, such as, among others, familiarity, attachment or identity to different places. To explore this issue, 38 semi-structured interviews were conducted in the greater Montreal with more and less qualified international immigrants (French, Haitian, North African, South American) aged 24 to 45 years. Geographical information about their residential integration as well as associated with residential experiences were collected. The in-depth description of immigration pathways reveals different figures of the city shared by immigrants: 1) transposition, 2) entrepreneurship, 3) exploration and 4) withdrawal. These figures allow us to reconsider certain neighborhoods in their springboard status. The diversified arrival area is an environmental resource that allows immigrants to project themselves into the metropolitan area according to their residential plans. These immigration hubs would benefit from being confirmed in their status by development and appropriate municipal services.

The problem of consistent identification of unornamented fossil ostracod taxa, especially species, is reviewed in an historical context. The solution lies in modern imaging and image storage and handling technologies combined with a careful but pragmatic (heuristic) approach to identification and taxonomy.

Pour combler le manque de données sur l’enseignement du français au secondaire québécois, la recherche ÉLEF (État des lieux de l’enseignement du français au secondaire québécois) a procédé à une enquête par questionnaires auprès d’un échantillon d’enseignants de français et d’élèves de 4e et de 5e secondaire ainsi qu’à l’analyse de dix séquences de cinq à huit cours de français. Les chercheuses ont constaté, d’une part, que le portait dressé ressemble à celui brossé par la recherche menée par le Conseil de la langue française en 1985 et, d’autre part, que ni les prescriptions des programmes d’études ni les recherches en didactique du français ne semblent avoir beaucoup influencé les pratiques enseignantes observées.

The walk became a public health priority in urban planning. In addition, walking need to be included in combination with almost all types of transport. However, walking is not always possible or enjoyable or even feasible within different urban environments. Some areas can be described as not “walkable” like the suburbs, while others correspond to the assumption that the central neighbourhoods are more favourable to pedestrians. By exploring the concept of walkability and using the MAPPA tool, we evaluate in the study three residential neighbourhoods in the greater Montréal. To compare neighbourhoods, we constructed a typology that classifies street segments from their low to more walkability potential. These three urban areas were chosen in terms of various economic phases that succeeded historically in the province of Québec: 1) Old Rosemont - former working class neighbourhood; 2) Duvernay - Laval - postwar suburbs; 3) Bois-Franc - Saint-Laurent District - new urbanism. In a working class neighbourhood built before automobile standards, walkability is high and there are many proximity destinations. In the suburbs, walkability is not as low as what we assumed. Urban form developed around the car offers good walkability, which is essentially local and leisure related. In the New Urbanism neighbourhood, the vast majority of streets offer excellent walkability. The least favourable street segments are those leading to amenities. Although, a good walkability planned on paper is not enough without the planning of mixed and functional diversity.

The project ‘Creating Citizenship Communities’ is funded by the EsméeFairbairn Foundation and is being conducted by a partnership team from theDepartment of Education, University of York and the National Foundation forEducational Research. This article describes the project design and drawsattention to issues emerging from data analysis. An indication is given of theactions to be taken with professionals and young people in light of theproject findings. An argument is made for the need to co-ordinate work inschools by developing stronger liaison between citizenship educationteachers and those responsible for whole school initiatives to promotecommunity engagement; and helping teachers to build on young people’sexisting knowledge and expertise in community matters to help themunderstand and act more effectively in society.

For small states like Luxembourg, the stability and economic growth depend on migration. This contribution of new populations is, however, a strongly contrasted migration : highly qualified and less qualified workers. In a pragmatic perspective, migrants need to integrate the housing market. In this context of integration, the housing market in Luxembourg is characterized by high prices for either the purchase or the rental of a dwelling. The property of a single-family house is also being a “dominant residential model”. So what is the positioning of migrants compared to the nationals in the Luxembourg housing market ? Is the residential integration is possible and desired by migrants according to their qualification level and their country of origin ? To study these questions, two approaches are used : 1) residential segregation indices, 2) descriptive portraits of households’ residential mobility. The data analyzed come from the longitudinal European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for Luxembourg (PSELL2, 1994-2002) and the Luxembourg national census (STATEC, 1991, 2001). The results show that house ownership access is easier for highly qualified foreigners as well as the Nationals independently of their qualification level. This being said, less qualified households, especially foreigners, are facing more difficulties for integration. The government housing support programs facilitate access for less qualified households to the housing market. However, the same housing programs conduct them to the “dominant residential model”. The observed mobility in the housing market, as well as on the territory, suggests different aspirations and strategies of integration for specific migrant categories. If these residential trajectories lead to integration, they also suggest slow residential segregation dynamics which are connected to the top of the socio-economic scale.

Articulo – Journal of Urban Research celebrates its 10th anniversary! To celebrate this milestone, the current editors discuss the numerous changes and challenges related to publishing a peer-reviewed online journal. Since 2005, Articulo has progressively become more international, more professional, and more specialized than its initiators ever dreamed it could be. In ten years, the rather confidential publication has progressively become a journal read by 9,000 people every month. Our editors, who used to work side by side, now live 6,000 km apart. In the midst of often tumultuous change, what hasn’t changed is our commitment to the highest quality of publication and our conviction that knowledge – especially if funded by public money – should be universally and freely accessible. Rigorous peer-review and open access are the two principles on which the journal will navigate the often rough seas of online publishing in the future.

Beside the intellectual excitement that surrounds the emergence of the study of daily mobilities as a vibrant new field of research for the social sciences, it seems that some dimensions of the phenomenon still unexplored. Indeed how arduous daily travels are is hardly known. And yet, in a context of growing mobility experiences and demands, it seems very likely that these experiences are becoming more demanding. From a general perspective, it can be argued that three types of constraints affect the daily mobility practices. First, as a large amount of people are working outside their home, their daily journeys are generated and framed by their professional occupation, its location and type. Second, rhythms of school life very deeply shape the need for and modes of daily travels, and therefore the uses of public circulatory spaces. Third, journeys to places of consumption, in the broader sense of the term (shops, public services, leisure or cultural activities, tourism places, etc.), are constrained by their locations and opening times. All those constraints put daily mobilities under pressure: time constraints, contradictory individual demands for journeys and/of transport modes, and complex management of available resources are at stake every day. In this perspective, the difficult nature of daily mobilities can be investigated through the main spheres depicted here: the domestic, occupational, and public spheres. They can be considered as the structuring poles that generate and govern the often contradictory, and always complex, needs for daily travels. This special issue will present some selected contributions resulting from the last international conference organized at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in March 2010 by the working group “Spatial Mobilities and Social Fluidity” of the Association internationale des sociologues de langue française (AISLF). They will focus, from different disciplinary perspectives, on the arduous dimensions of daily mobilities, i.e. on these diverse circumstances in which ordinary people are induced to be mobile and to experience mobility as a complex task. Some aspects to be investigated will be: mobilities of teenagers; the tiring experiences of public transport networks; and the constraining features of sociospatial locations, of institutions (public services, road controls, and prisons) or of particular political contexts.

This issue of Articulo – Journal of Urban Research explores the tension born of the interplay between two “medial images”. On the one hand, suburbia conceived of as a relegation zone, a removal from city sometimes tantamount to a removal from life. On the other, suburbia thought of as a crucible of mobility and social mobility.

Depuis quelques décennies, des recherches suggèrent que nombre d’élèves québécois éprouvent des difficultés en écriture à la fin de leurs études secondaires, ce qui est préoccupant étant donné les exigences en matière de litéracie pour s’épanouir aujourd’hui. L’écriture constituant une compétence complexe, elle ne devrait pas être la préoccupation que des enseignants de français, comme le soulignent certains didacticiens de cette discipline. Ainsi, dans le cadre de notre recherche de maitrise , nous nous sommes intéressée à décrire les composantes de ladite compétence prises en compte par des enseignants d’histoire au secondaire lorsqu’ils évaluent les travaux de leurs élèves. L’analyse d’un questionnaire adressé aux enseignants et d’un corpus de textes d’élèves corrigés suggère que l’évaluation diffère d’un enseignant à l’autre; en outre, seules certaines composantes de la compétence sont systématiquement évaluées par tous les enseignants, certaines n’étant pas prises en compte dans l’évaluation.

A majority of elderly suburbanites aspires to age at home. In a car-dependent environment, access to mobility may be a key dimension for the maintenance of such aspirations. However, few researches can confirm the temporal evolution of seniors’ residential aspirations, as well as the transformations of their mobility in the territory. In that regard, a group of a hundred and two aged suburbanites living in the agglomeration of Québec city in Canada were investigated twice in 1999 and 2006. Out of these, seventy are still living at the same address in 2006. Unexpectedly, respondents who have moved are not those for whom a move seemed to be expected in 1999. In 2006, fifty-seven out of a hundred and two, now aged from 61 to 89 years in 2006, responded to a postal questionnaire (62 %). Comparative analysis of elderly suburbanites’ mobility uses have been produced by using descriptive statistics coupled to spatial analysis. For seventeen subjects, their daily mobility remains unchanged, for sixteen suburbanites a decrease is observed, but for fifteen others their mobility has now increased. For the last nine subjects, their mobility has been transformed without being able to statute for a greater or declined mobility. Increasing mobility seems to be explained by socio-spatial factors, especially in regard to the relocation of urban amenities outside the suburban neighborhood. The individual factor stressing the access to automobile, including age and level of autonomy, seems to explain a reduction of mobility.

Cet article entend apporter une vision personnelle et indépendante de l’évolution des valeurs affichées par la BBC depuis sa création en 1922. Les premières années de l’histoire de la BBC ont été influencées par les centres d’intérêt de son fondateur Lord Reith – allégeance à l’Écosse, à la religion presbytérienne, à sa formation d’ingénieur et au souvenir de la Première Guerre mondiale. Par la suite, la BBC n’a plus véhiculé une culture mais des cultures, son monopole sur le discours concernant la culture et la société ayant été remis en question sous l’influence de changements dans la composition de la société dans les années 1960. Dans les années 1980, au moment où se développe la radiodiffusion commerciale, la BBC a résisté à la tentation de considérer son audience comme un marché. La BBC ne peut donc selon Asa Briggs entrer dans les problématiques de l’École de Francfort. Au début du vingt-et-unième siècle, si l’impact de la philosophie de Reith est encore palpable (attachement à la notion de service public, refus du profit comme justification), la hiérarchie des missions de la BBC a changé : alors qu’initialement, la mission de la BBC était régie par une « sainte trinité » où se succédaient dans cet ordre divertissement, éducation et information, cette dernière a maintenant acquis la première place ; l’éducation reçoit une importance nouvelle. En revanche, si l’émission la plus ancienne à la radio britannique était une émission religieuse, la BBC n’affiche plus de mission ni envers la religion, ni envers le sport. La possession de compétences technologiques prime désormais sur l’articulation d’une vision lorsqu’il s’agit de recruter des dirigeants pour cette institution.

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Aging at home is a trajectory that governments have been promoting for many years, and that seniors and their families appreciate. However, aging at home is not a static or linear experience. As people's lives evolve, so do their neighbourhoods, placing individuals in different situations, more or less favourable from the point of view of inclusion, participation and, more broadly, control of their residential environment. This dual evolution is particularly visible in the immigrant areas of metropolitan agglomerations like Montréal. The environments in which both immigration and aging are concentrated vary widely in terms of urban form (inner-city, peri-urban, suburbs, etc.) and urban dynamics (renewal, requalification, gentrification, etc.). These differentiated dynamics sometimes correspond to favoured areas that may be experiencing impoverishment, and sometimes refer to areas undergoing relatively significant social and economic change, posing challenges for urban policies that are just as challenging. Using the concept of residential normalcy, we look at 3 types of living environments (established immigrant communities, requalifying communities, and sprawled immigrant communities). Seniors achieve residential normalcy when they report generally positive feelings about their living environments, the people, groups or institutions that shape their daily lives, and the activities they are able to choose and carry out. Many of the factors that exclude established immigrant communities are related to access to urban resources, particularly institutional recognition. If access to mobility and transportation is a factor of fragility, to be able to follow the trajectory of the community of belonging in the agglomeration, the anchoring of the community of belonging in its environment is a strong factor of inclusion. For areas undergoing redevelopment or sprawling, it's the very location and presence of urban resources that raises questions, giving visibility to individuals and communities. This issue of (in)visibility involves a number of ordinary places (shopping centres, vacant spaces of all kinds, etc.), but these are undergoing major transformation, and their control is not guaranteed. The cases of two Montréal boroughs, Parc-Extension and Montréal-Nord, and the City of Brossard, provide an opportunity to discuss the policies.

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Copyright of Politique Étrangère is the property of Institut Francais des Relations Internationales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)