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Examines the professional status and social benefits of the translator in European countries. (AM)

Describes three types of interpretation possible in the face of bilingual legislation: (1) monolingual, in cases where the two versions agree; (2) bilingual, where one version adds to the other; and (3) bilingual, where the two versions differ. (AM)

Gives some examples of how French legal texts, specifically legislation, juridical acts, judgements, and legal notices, may be rendered into English with precision and style. (AM)

Proposes the theory that the "semantic fluidity" of legal terminology, far from being an obstacle to the carrying out of the law, is essential to the functioning of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in a cost-effective manner. (AM)

Discusses the relationship between linguistic analysis of a legal text and the various possible interpretations of the same text. An example is taken from civic duties ideology. (AM)

Discusses the changing status of Quebec French, as witnessed by laws governing its use and official nature, its actual usage as a communication tool, and attitudes of Anglophones and Francophones toward it. (AM)

Describes a testing program designed to assess the French language proficiency of professionals desiring to practice in the Quebec region. Discusses the criteria used for the construction, administration, and scoring of the tests in compliance with the 1977 French language legislation. (MES)

The article analyses the bureaucracy in constructing public works in the former African colonies under Portuguese rule and its historical background. Focusing on the country’s late colonialism, it problematises the interpretation that justifies the exceptionality of the architecture built in these territories, unparalleled in the metropolis, with the purported lesser agency of central power in its implementation. To this end, legislation is examined on: a) the organisation of colonial public works services and its application to a particular colony (Mozambique); b) the evolution of the colonial public works sector in the central administration; and c) the awarding, evaluation and supervision of public works. By cross-referencing it with archival documentation, the extensive interference of the Ministry of Colonies/Overseas Territories in the supervision of public architecture projects is proven, a contribution is made to the reinterpretation of the coexistence between colonialism and modern architecture, and avenues for future research are proposed.

This study systematically investigates the primary issues and obstacles impeding the establishment of a functional and credible judiciary in Kosovo, adopting an international perspective. The research methodology includes a combination of qualitative and empirical analytical approaches to concrete actions based on a review of relevant literature, reports, and legal documents. This paper concludes that Kosovo should be ready to reach compromises, strengthen the independence, pro­fessionalism, transparency and accountability of judges and prosecutors, and increase public confidence in justice, to achieve a successful reform in the judicial system. The paper offers several recommendations for improving the quality and efficiency of justice in Kosovo, such as promoting cooperation and coordination with international factors in this field.

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Après un examen attentif des codes des personnes et de la famille de certains pays africains, il en ressort que les législateurs de ces Etats adoptent, pour contrer sa dénaturation, deux positions opposées. De ces positions, l’une prône la suppression pure et simple de la dot de leurs codes des personnes et de la famille. Il s’agit notamment, des législateurs du Gabonais, de la Côte d’Ivoirien et du Burkinabè. Toutefois, en dépit de toutes les justifications qui ont mené jusqu’à la suppression de celle-ci, mais, que constatons-nous sinon que cet effort, n’a pas atteint le but qu’il visait, à savoir, enrayer autant que cela le permet, cette pratique anachronique.

This paper engages in a sociolegal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation enacted by the Puerto Rican Government in the aftermath of Maria (2017). The paper pays particular attention to the implementation and sociolegal impact of Act 2 of January 4, 2018, entitled, “The Anti-Corruption Code for the New Puerto Rico” and the creation of a Registry of Persons Convicted of Corruption. The rationale behind the Act and the Registry is to enforce transparency, open governance, and help the Puerto Rican government in its efforts to eradicate public corruption. Conversely, this paper argues that these reforms have introduce a punitive approach to anti-corruption in PR. Approach that I have termed, punitive governance. The paper suggests Act 2 and the Registry had have a dual outcome: 1) a punitive approach to corruption that harm people in precarious positions, and 2) normalize the structural dynamic enabling corruption the powerful. Thus, this paper intends to illustrate the contradictions in anti-corruption as punitive governance, and the way in which a specific image of corruption is reproduced through governmental actions, legal practices, and discourses. Este artículo realiza un análisis socio-jurídico de la legislación anticorrupción promulgada por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico tras el paso del huracán María (2017). El articulo presta especial atención a la implementación e impacto socio-jurídico de la Ley 2 de 4 de enero de 2018, titulada “El Código Anticorrupción para el Nuevo Puerto Rico” y la creación de un Registro de Personas Convictas por Actos de Corrupción. La razón fundamental detrás de la Ley y el Registro es hacer cumplir políticas de transparencia, la gobernabilidad y ayudar al gobierno de Puerto Rico en sus esfuerzos por erradicar la corrupción en el sector público. Por el contrario, este artículo argumenta que estas reformas han introducido un enfoque punitivo para combatir la corrupción en PR. El artículo sugiere que la Ley 2 y el Registro tuvieron un doble resultado: 1) un enfoque punitivo de la corrupción que perjudica a las personas en posiciones precarias, y 2) normalizar la dinámica estructural que permite la corrupción de los poderosos. Así, este artículo pretende ilustrar las contradicciones de la anticorrupción como gobernanza punitiva, y la forma en que se reproduce una imagen específica de corrupción a través de acciones gubernamentales, prácticas jurídicas y discursos legales.

The supervision system is one of the most important pillars of the education system and undoubtedly plays an important role on its development. However, new regulations made almost every year cause constant questioning about whether it works or not in the supervision system and its practices. In this study, it was deemed important to evaluate the supervision system from the perspective of those who directly supervise. Therefore, detailed interviews were held with education supervisors regarding the changes and regulations. It was determined that the majority of the participants evaluated the current structure negatively. The results of constant changes in the supervision structure affect both the supervisors and the whole system, and cause a great deal of damage in many ways. The supervisors mostly stated that there is uncertainty in the supervision system and that it damages the independent structure of the system and so this creates a vicious circle. The fact that changes and innovations made to improve the system are constantly putting the system into a dead end. It is recommended to make changes that will ensure the development of educational supervision in a stable manner.

This article covert from a biblical point of view a social problem of permanent interest: poverty, seen as a state of precariousness caused by the multiple causes, some involuntary (the state of people left without support – widows, orphans, those with disabilities –, victims of natural disasters, immigrants, etc.) or voluntary (greed of peers, indifference of institutions empowered to watch over the observance of citizens’ rights, etc.) that led to it. It is, however, a scandal in a society that holds a theological view that God is a Father to all members of the People, from which it implicitly follows that the latter are brothers. However, such a scandal generated positions of some of those responsible, most often under pressure from prophets. These positions gradually led to the drafting of legislative codes designed to regulate scandalous social situations. When even these regulations did not eradicate poverty, then the vision of a new, messianic project was born. This project, which has as protagonist a descendant of King David, proposes a new vision (which I will develop in a later article) foreshadowed in several prophetic texts with a messianic theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The union of Bessarabia with Romania, in 1918, also had a particular impact on education, economy, mentality, the development of visual and audiovisual arts and, of course, on the patrimony of the country. Now, the subject of the cultural heritage of the Republic of Moldova is frequently approached by historians, anthropologists, specialists in the field of arts studies. In this article, we set the objective to make a retrospective of the itinerary traveled by the cultural heritage of Bessarabia in these 105 years. The evolutionary processes to which this heritage was subjected over the years (in the interwar period, in the years of the Second World War, during the Soviet period and during the 32 years of independence of the Republic of Moldova) were investigated, the share of the treasure held in 1918 was determined, specifying what values we lost, what patrimony was stolen, destroyed especially during the Soviet period and what we have to restore, to rebuild for posterity. Since the idea of cultural heritage is very complex, in our approach we presented a synthesis of its evolution, bringing in this way a tribute to the Generation of the Union for the achievement of Greater Romania. The great act of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, made in Chisinau, on March 27, 1918, remained as an act of courage. It’s up to us to keep it alive the memory of those who contributed to a real history lesson of 1918 and to join our efforts to safeguarding, valorizing and promoting our cultural heritage, which we value in order to pass it on to those who will continue our message and activity.

Si on souhaite comprendre le nouveau rôle des citoyens dans la législation, le cheminement des recommandations élaborées par les assemblées citoyennes devient un élément crucial à analyser. L’élaboration et le suivi des recommandations peuvent être considérés comme un processus en quatre phases. Tout d’abord, la phase de formulation (1), au cours de laquelle un sujet de délibération est sélectionné et défini. Il s’en suit une phase de délibération proprement dite (2), qui voit les membres de l’assemblée développer des idées de recommandations, puis une phase de rédaction (3), lors de laquelle ces recommandations sont rédigées, et enfin une phase de mise en oeuvre (4), où les recommandations entrent dans le processus législatif formel. Cet article propose une analyse préliminaire du Bürgerdialog, le premier mécanisme délibératif permanent à être codifié dans le cadre institutionnel d’un parlement. À ce jour, deux assemblées citoyennes sur le thème des soins médicaux et de l’éducation inclusive sont passées par ces quatre phases. Cette contribution analyse la trajectoire de chaque recommandation au sein du Parlement. Ce faisant, l’article explore les caractéristiques qui confèrent à certaines recommandations une plus grande probabilité d’être pleinement mises en oeuvre ou, en tout cas, d’être plus ou moins soigneusement examinées par le législateur. Le Parlement de la Communauté germanophone constitue un laboratoire vivant pour la participation des citoyens à l’élaboration des lois.

The paper follows the development of the notary profession in Venice in the production of private deeds (instrumenta) and public acts (acta). In the Middle Ages, both activities were performed by the clergy. With the advent of the Commune, a Chancery was instituted to archive separately the acta, as well as the instrumenta. A lay Great Chancellor organised clerks who were members of the clergy, and they also wrote private deeds. As the requirements of the notarial activity became stricter, a policy of careful selection was implemented. The two fields of the notarial activity began to differentiate. In 1433, a papal bull forbade priests to work as clerks in secular institutions. It marked the beginning of a turnover in the Chancery staff, the new clerks being chosen among laymen. Close control was kept on Venetian citizenship as the main requisite to access Chancery posts. Similar criteria were applied to private notaries: after some successful tests, in 1514 a procedure for admission to the profession, and a College of Notaries, were finally instituted.

According to the prevailing opinion, the classical formulation of the principle of the sovereignty of the people is found in Rousseau. Against that view, this article argues that Marsilius of Padua and Locke should be regarded as earlier pioneers and important forerunners of this principle. To demonstrate this thesis, the paper examines Marsilius’s conception of the “human legislator” and Locke’s ideas on legislation, representation, and on the limitation of the legislative power. Though Locke excludes the majority of the people from the right to be represented in the legislative power, his concept of this “supreme power” is progressive compared to the conceptions of “sovereignty” found in Bodin and Hobbes. Even for Rousseau, women are still excluded from the sovereignty of the people. This is a strong argument to include Locke and Marsilius in the history of the idea of the sovereignty of the people.

This article investigates the historical aspects of physical violence in intimate relationships. The primary purpose is to illustrate the legal aspects and emotional dynamics of physical violence in intimate relationships, focusing on differences in perspective of various historical eras. We analyzed the Istanbul Convention, which represents a base document for preventing physical violence in domestic environments. In addition, we have analysed curriculum in kindergarten. We have discovered that the topics from the Istanbul Convention are incorporated in the kindergarten.

Mankind often seeks solutions to climate change and environmental crises, but rarely considers the feasibility of outer space to overcome such critical issues. Among many solar geoengineering approaches is stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) whose concept suggests artificial control of the global temperature by spreading tones of sulfur dioxide into Earth’s stratosphere. Given that the classic ‘technology control dilemma’ represents the central problem of solar geoengineering governance, however, this paper adopts a VenusEarth comparative planetology method by addressing volcanology and atmospheric circulation aspects. An international regulatory framework engaging space law in solar geoengineering governance is consequently presented, which classifies two separate legislations: (1) research-based legislation (comparative planetology and Earth science) and (2) non-research-based legislation (national and international governance, ethical issues, economic factors, military utilization). Further highlighting climate change issues, SAI manifests the Anthropocene and regards Earth’s stratosphere as an “inner environment”, while comparative planetology manifests the Anthropocosmos and regards space as an “outer environment”. This polymorphous consideration of atmospheric and space elements identifies a new approach of climate change techniques. Human relations that concern both environments should examine how social scientists would regard these separate boundaries or perceive them as a mergence between the two major epochs.

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nouvelles Perspectives en Sciences Sociales is the property of Editions Prise de parole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the science of law legal definitions are considered as the semantic core, thanks to which a legal norm functions, and represent a reliable legal basis for further social transformations. In order to identify the characteristic features, properties, content of the concept of environment and its components, to establish their relationship, features of legal effect, the common, scientific and legal meanings of the definitions were compared. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special legal methods (formal logical, legal modeling method). Modeling the conceptual framework of the ecological legislation in Russia is not only of scientific but also of practical interest. It enables to identify the characteristic features, properties of the concept of environment, the relationship among its elements as a potential subject of further research contributing to in-depth study, identification of gaps and improvement of legislation. The legal model of environment contains a schematic and descriptive part, demonstrating the concept, system and its content, thanks to which environmental legal norms function that reflect the essence of legal regulation and state policy of Russia in the field of environmental protection and the use of natural resources, clearly shows its shortcomings and determines the directions to improve legislation.

De nos jours, la publicité est omniprésente. Elle est devenue le trait caractéristique de la société de consommation et élément indispensable au fonctionnement de l’économie. La publicité s’est déployée dans presque tous les domaines de la vie sociale au point que si on ne répond pas à l’orientation qu’elle impose, on n’est pas moins exposé aux effets de matraquage qu’elle déchaîne. De ce fait, elle fait partie intégrante de notre environnement et devrait être réglementée.

Copyright of Synergies Italie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trabalho & Educação is the property of Work & Education of the Graduate Program, Faculty of Education, Federal University of Minas Gerais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The operational risk, at the banking level, is the one that includes the risks that can be generated, for a credit institution, by changing the relevant regulations. Legislative changes in recent years have had a significant impact on banking activity. Thus, a legislative risk is highlighted, resulting from less proper regulations, the effects of which can be seen on the banking system. From the analysis of such regulations, we observe, on the one hand, the aspiration of the Romanian legislator to align the Romanian legal system to the Union law. On the other hand, we see the need for better collaboration between the legislator and the representatives of the banking system, so that the principle of legal security is not affected.

Objective: This paper is dedicated to Artificial Intelligence and it consists in identifying the role and functions performed by Artificial Intelligence by noting the innovations brought by the introduction of this technology. Artificial Intelligence seems to be the most successful achievement of scientists today. As a result of this development and widespread use have arisen discussions on the legal regulation of Artificial Intelligence. Methodology: The main methodological approach applied is the normative approach. The paper will be based on the qualitative method, which consists of collecting and processing data in order to compare and interpret the provisions or policies that provide for artificial intelligence. The following research methods will be applied in this paper: research method, descriptive method, comparative and analytical method, interpretive analysis method and illustrative method. Results:There is still no proper legislative framework on Artificial Intelligence. Despite not having a consolidated legal framework, states have made the first efforts in drafting legal acts and norms governing the field of Artificial Intelligence. From the concrete analysis of existing legislative acts in many countries, we conclude that the intention of the legislator in trying to regulate the field of Artificial Intelligence arises as a result of the disadvantages of using these technologies, their widespread use and ability to influence the way of the development of many processes. Contributions: The article contributes to the theoretical treatment of Artificial Intelligence by arguing on the problems of its legal regulation.

After the first amendment to the 1945 Constitution, there was a shift in power to form laws from the President to the DPR. The power of the DPR to form laws is shared with the President because each bill is discussed jointly by the DPR and the President for mutual approval. The joint approval of the DPR and the President is the binding point for the two state institutions that produce material laws. However, there are several bills that have been mutually agreed with the DPR and the President that have not been signed by the President. After a period of thirty days has been lapsed, the mutually agreed Bill by the DPR and the President shall become Law, even without the ratification of the President, and must be promulgated. This phenomenon raises question of why the President does not ratify the Bills he has approved. This research is a normative research with a statutory, conceptual, historical and comparative approach, which is expected to provide coherence and continuity to constitutional theories, so that the process of forming laws with outputs at each stage to be with more measurable results.

Although the relationship between the Conservative Party and the trade unions has often been characterised by mutual distrust and hostility, there was a unique period, from 1945 until the early 1960s, when senior Conservatives pursued a conciliatory and constructive approach to the trade unions, and insisted that harmonious industrial relations could not be secured by punitive legislation or political diktats. Instead, the paternalistic One Nation Conservatives who dominated the Party during this time, such as Rab Butler, Joseph Godber, Ian Macleod, Harold Macmillan, and Walter Monckton, emphasised that peace in industry could only be secured by developing trust via closer co-operation, dialogue and industrial partnership. This reflected the One Nation view that industrial conflict was often a consequence of workers feeling alienated, insecure and under-valued in large-scale, and impersonal, industries, where a growing gulf between workers and managers developed, and minor grievances smouldered. It was envisaged that this consensual and conciliatory strategy would result in reduced trade union militancy, and thus fewer strikes in pursuit of inflationary wage increases. This, in turn, would reduce the pressure from right-wing Conservatives for repressive legislation against the trade unions. From the 1970s onwards, though, this cohort of conciliatory One Nation Conservatives was superseded by a new generation of Conservative MPs and Ministers who heralded an ideological transformation in the Party. Often emanating from lower middle class or petit bourgeois backgrounds, many of these newer, younger, Conservatives were self-made men and women, and saw themselves as representatives or symbols of small businesses, individual entrepreneurs, and the self-employed especially. They were openly hostile towards trade unions, believing that they and their industrial militancy were responsible for many of Britain’s economic problems, such as excessive wage increases, high inflation, low productivity, and management’s inability to take tough commercial decisions, including the introduction of new working practices and technologies, due to the likelihood that these would prompt strikes by trade unions concerned with defending jobs. The decline of the One Nation Conservatives was therefore accompanied by a much more combative and confrontational approach by the Conservative Party towards workers and trade unions since the 1970s.

The geography of risk has rarely documented the processes of territorialization of nuclear risk outside of post-accident contexts. Following the injunction of nuclear studies to break with nuclear exceptionalism, we propose to apprehend the mundane spatialities of this industry by studying the conditions of production of emergency planning zones around power plants before any incident. Through a critical approach to the tools of planning and governance of nuclear risk, this article aims at understanding the modalities of its territorialization. To do so, we mobilize the geo-legal methodology. The United Kingdom presents a relevant case study, as the entry into force of a new regulation on radiation protection in 2019 has led to a revision of the emergency planning zones surrounding the country's power plants. Using the case of the Heysham nuclear site, we implemented both a hermeneutic of the normative texts and a field investigation. This allowed us to observe the way in which the establishment of emergency planning zones is embedded in mundane normative and administrative processes. These are framed by law, while being influenced by a series of variables such as the temporalities of the process, the interpretation of normative texts, the interpretation of landscapes, or the anticipation of spatial practices. In sum, spatial nuclearity is also constructed outside of accidental or conflictual situations.

The present article is a corpus-driven investigation into deontic modality in the Lithuanian translations of EU legislation. It builds on the data of the EUR-Lex2/2016 parallel corpus. The article discusses the pivotal points of deontic modality and its realisation in English and Lithuanian. It then presents the corpus data and the most frequent lexical bundles through which deontic modality is expressed in the English subcorpus. The discussion section analyses how deontic lexical bundles in the source text were translated into Lithuanian.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being developed and implemented in healthcare. This presents privacy issues since many AIs are privately owned and rely on data sharing arrangements for mass quantities of patient health information. We investigated the Canadian legal and policy framework focusing on regulation relevant to the potential for inappropriate use or disclosure of personal health information by private AI companies. This included analysis of federal and provincial legislation, common law and research ethics policy. Our evaluation of the various regulatory frameworks found that together they require private AI companies and their partners in healthcare implementation to meet high standards of privacy protection that prioritize patient autonomy, with limited exceptions. We found that healthcare AI systems are required to be consistent with the rules and foundational ethical norms enshrined in law and research ethics, even if this poses challenges to implementation. Data sharing arrangements must focus on tight integration with high levels of data security, strong oversight and retention of patient control over data.

«A multiplicity of languages and cultures has entered the Italian school environment»: that is what is written in the introduction of the Indicazioni Nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell’infanzia e del primo ciclo di istruzione (MIUR, 2012, p. 8). The ministerial document, which forms the framework for school curricula, describes the de facto multilingual situation which can be observed in all kinds of educational environments and in communities. In infancy educational services and in schools, the presence of girls and boys who practice another language at home has long been widespread and on the increase. After describing the pluralistic linguistic repertoires featured in schools, the essay presents some evidence collected in two kindergartens in Milan, as part of a training course. Teachers were invited to use a map of intra-family communication during interviews with foreign parents, in order to outline the children’s language biographies, and to know the strategies and choices of the family. In the second part, the focus will be on some autobiographical fragments taken from literary texts in which the authors highlight the stages and steps they have gone through in their history of native bilinguals. Finally, a review of the legislation dealing with the themes of mother tongues, multilingualism and linguistic diversity in childcare and schools is presented.

This study analyzes the quality of citizen representation in local government in Albania. The territorial administrative map of Albania contains 61 municipalities and 12 regions. The territory of a municipality lies in urban, peri-urban and rural areas. In them coexist civic communities with different social, economic, cultural, ethnic characteristics, etc. The current legislation provides only the election of the mayor, every four years, according to the majority system with one round and the election of municipal council members according to the proportional system, with closed lists. The lists are proposed by political parties. Independent citizens also have the right to run for mayor or members of the municipal council. Apart from the municipality, for all other territorial-administrative levels, city, neighborhood, administrative unit, village, according to which the municipality is organized, the law on local self-government provides for the establishment of bodies responsible for the administration of local affairs appointed exclusively by the mayor of the municipality. The analysis of the level and quality of the representation of the citizens in the elected local bodies, shows that: (i) the representation in the Municipal Council of the communities living in the urban areas and the rural area is not proportional; (ii) civic communities belonging to marginalized groups are not qualitatively represented; (iii) the representation of national minorities, in particular the Roma and Egyptian minorities, is negligible. The analysis highlights the need for intervention in legislation in order to increase the level of representation and quality of service for local communities, through: (i) election of the administrator and the administration council of the administrative units, every four years, by the citizens; (ii) providing a proportional representation in the municipal council and the regional council of communities residing in urban and rural areas. (iii) providing for the establishment of representation quotas in local elected bodies of national minorities, in accordance with the law on national minorities. The revision of the legal package under which the last territorial-administrative and local selfgovernment reform was implemented, aiming at a comprehensive and consensual legislative process is an effective opportunity to increase the quality of local representative democracy.

The research of the proposed theme aims to demonstrate the existence of civil legal liability in the case of agencies with artificial intelligence, not only regarding human beings. There are already several studies of scientists in this field, and they have resulted in not only theoretical concepts, but also actual results, namely: robots. European legislation has also enshrined rules that consider the legal relationship of robots with humans. The methods we understand to use are quantitative, logical method, sociological method, comparative method. The conclusions of the article capture the importance of recognizing robots as subjects of civil law, corresponding to their degree of understanding and perception of reality, but also of assuming the consequences of their deed. This analysis can be useful: university professors, researchers in the field, doctrinaires, students, juries. The listing is not a limiting one, as the research is relevant to all those interested in this topic. The novelty of the study consists in formulating ideas based on existing legislation, but also based on the opinion poll of some professionals. The research will show that robots are also responsible for their own deed, bringing both arguments and counterarguments.

Federal governments in Canada and the United States have followed similar timelines and events in their efforts to support Indigenous self-determination in health care. Since colonization, both settler colonies have aimed to assimilate Indigenous Peoples into settler society, in disregard of inherent Indigenous self-determining rights and titles. By the 1970s their policy agendas shifted towards Indigenous self-determination, including in matters of health service planning and delivery at the community-level. This paper analyzes this shift in policy from a comparative perspective with the aim of informing future reforms. We identify and examine the policy instruments used in the process, finding a greater use of regulatory instruments in the United States, compared to informative tools in Canada. We also discuss the associated impacts of the reform on the ability to practice self-determining activities within communities, highlighting some of the administrative enablers and barriers within and around health care settings. As little research has compared health policy reforms related to matters of Indigenous health in Canada and the United States, this paper provides new insights into the drivers and nature of the policy shift toward self-determination at the federal level and suggests grounds for further investigation.