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Two protein tanning methods were evaluated to contribute to the withdrawal of formaldehyde as a tanning agent of meals for feeding ruminants. The experimental materials were two fractions of rapeseed and sunflower meals collected at the positive electrode of an electrostatic separator, presenting high contents in proteins and phenolic compounds. The objective was to make phenolics and proteins interact without addition of exogenous tannins. Treatment CH incubated a meal fraction:water mixture (1:2, w:w) for 48 h at 50 °C. Treatment FR incubated a meal fraction:water mixture (1:10, w:w) at pH 9.0 for 48 h at 4 °C. Microbial proteolysis on meal fractions were quantified during 24 h rumen batch fermentations with cellulose and starch as nitrogen-free energy sources. The net production of ammonia tended to be reduced by treatment FR mostly on rapeseed, corresponding to an 8% saving of rapeseed meal proteins degradable in the rumen. When untreated, the sunflower fraction decreased methane production by 50%, while treatments restored the fermentation pattern. Cold alkaline treatment could be considered to protect meal proteins from degradation by rumen micro-organisms.

Rapeseed and sunflower meal are mainly used as animal feed but they can also be considered as a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds. However, the desolventization/toasting processes that are needed to produce these meals might influence concentration and chemical structure of phenolic compounds, and change their bioactive properties. Moreover, the recovery processes of these molecules from meals are based on the use of solvent that generates effluents and might affect the integrity of the other constituents of the meals. Knowing this, the PHENOLEO project, funded by the SAS PIVERT, was a research program based on the biorefinery of rapeseed and sunflower meals that aimed to develop new routes of valorization of these materials mostly by the separation and valorization of their simple phenolic compounds. Thus, we decided to focus this study on the impact of the desolventization process on the biochemical composition of meals, the separation process of their simple phenolic compounds, the production of phenolic acids from meals and the potential valorization routes of the phenolic fraction.

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Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l’élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l’évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d’anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s’avérer importants à l’avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s’inspirant des démarches d’horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d’identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, pour les politiques publiques de biodiversité en France métropolitaine d’ici à 2020. Ces questions émergentes sont autant d’opportunités et de risques que l’ensemble des acteurs qui souhaitent avancer vers une plus grande prise en compte des enjeux de biodiversité peuvent saisir.

Risk assessment-led characterisation of a site for the geological storage of CO2 in the UK northern North Sea was performed for the EU SiteChar research project as one of a portfolio of sites. Implementation and testing of the SiteChar project site characterisation workflow has produced a ‘dry-run’ storage permit application that is compliant with regulatory requirements. A site suitable for commercial-scale storage was characterised, compatible with current and future industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) sources in the northern UK. Pre-characterisation of the site, based on existing information acquired during hydrocarbon exploration and production, has been achieved from publicly available data. The project concept is to store captured CO2 at a rate of 5 Mt per year for 20 years in the Blake Oil Field and surrounding Captain Sandstone saline aquifer. This commercial-scale storage of 100 Mt CO2 can be achieved through a storage scenario combining injection of CO2 into the oil field and concurrent water production down-dip of the field. There would be no encroachment of supercritical phase CO2 for more than two kilometres beyond the field boundary and no adverse influence on operating hydrocarbon fields provided there is pressure management. Components of a storage permit application for the site are presented, developed as far as possible within a research project. Characterisation and technical investigations were guided by an initial assessment of perceived risks to the prospective site and a need to provide the information required for the storage permit application. The emphasis throughout was to reduce risks and uncertainty on the subsurface containment of stored CO2, particularly with respect to site technical performance, monitoring and regulatory issues, and effects on other resources. The results of selected risk assessment-led site characterisation investigations and the subsequent risk reassessments are described together with their implications for the understanding of the site. Additional investigations are identified that could further reduce risks and uncertainties, and enable progress toward a full storage permit application. Permit performance conditions are presented as SiteChar-recommended useful tools for discussion between the competent authority and operator.

During the last decades the oleochemistry has gradually flooded our everyday life through a mass of products and applications. This is mainly due to the wide structural diversity and reactivity of fatty acids and the growing demand for bio-sourced goods. Today, almost one quarter of the global vegetable oil production is dedicated to nonfood applications, the contribution of animal fats being much more modest. Excepted biodiesels, the chemical applications of tropical edible oils depend on their fatty acids composition: lauric oils (coconut and palm kernel) and palm stearin will be mostly converted into surface actives ingredients while unsaturated oils rather will be subjected to double bond functionalization or cracking. Alongside of major vegetable oils only a few non-edible tropical oils are exclusively intended to oleochemistry such as Castor and Jatropha. Some other non-food oilseed crops (Cuphea, Lesquerella, Vernonia, black mustard. . .) are promising but further researches are still needed for their development in Southern Countries. In the future, the production increase of major vegetable oils and the development of new ones will face many challenges relating to environmental issues, competition between food and non-food uses and between non-food applications themselves.

Waxes are mixture of long-chain apolar lipids of mineral, synthetic or natural (produced by living organisms) origin. In the plant kingdom, waxes that cover the different parts of the plant play the role of a physical and/or chemical barrier towards the outside thus allowing to control mass transfers and pest attacks. They can have also a storage function as in the Jojoba seeds. Because of their highly variable composition and physical properties, plant waxes (raw, refined or specific fractions) have found numerous applications in the food, cosmetic, candle, coating, polish, polymer and pharmaceutical industries. However, only few of them are currently available at large scale (Candellila, Carnauba, Jojoba) and they represent no more than a few percents of the global waxes market largely dominated by synthetic and petroleum-based products (97%). In the future, the increase needs for renewable and vegetable-based materials will help to drive the market growth for vegetable waxes and especially those based on vegetable oils (saturated fatty alcohols from fully hydrogenated soybean and castor oils) which have gained importance during the last decade.

At the industrial scale, the chemical Prileshajev reaction is currently the only method applied to produce epoxidized plant oils. Using enzymes could be an alternative way allowing an environmentally benign and more selective epoxidation reaction. P450 monooxygenases, diiron-center oxygenases, lipoxygenases, peroxygenases, and hydrolases performing perhydrolysis are enzyme classes involved in free fatty acid and glyceride epoxidation. After a brief description of these biocatalysts, this review focuses on the chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acyd chains, where a lipase-catalyzed peroxy acid formation is followed by an uncatalyzed “self-epoxidation”. The molecular bases of lipase-catalyzed perhydrolysis as well as the different parameters influencing the epoxidation reaction are reviewed and described in details.

(1) Experiments on rabbit show that the permeability of the synovial membrane is altered neither by adrenal, adrenocorticotropic hormons nor by salicylates administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. (2) These substances do not inhibit in rabbit the activity of hyaluronidase; they do not modify the diffusing power of a hemoglobin saline solution injected in the derms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflammatory reaction of the skin produced by chloroform is inhibited by A.C.T.H. and sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate exerts this effect by an immediate action as well as through adreno-cortical stimulation. Cortisone and Phenergan have no effect on the reaction studied by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative degradation of lipids leads to quality deterioration of foods and cosmetics and has received increasing attention as a causative or associative factor in a variety of pathological conditions. A current very promising way to counteract lipid oxidation is to use vegetable antioxidants for nutritional, therapeutic or food quality preservation purpose. A major challenge is to develop analytical tools to assess the real antioxidant power of these molecules. In this way, many in vitro tests are now available, which monitor generally the inhibitory effect of antioxidant on the oxidative degradation of lipid or lipid-like substrate under natural or artificial oxidizing conditions. Overall, this measurement necessitates focusing either on the oxidizable substrate loss, or on the formation of oxidation products. To perform the first strategy, fluorophores such as cis-parinaric acid, BODIPY, and phospholipidic derivatives of fluorescein are often used, whereas the second employs usually linoleic acid, its methyl ester or natural lipids. After a brief recall of antioxidation mechanisms, this review presents a panorama of the available in vitro methodologies and of the last advances in this field. A comparative study between methods will be also discussed in terms of advantages and drawbacks.

The oxidative modification of lipids in foods and cosmetics may lead to alteration of their qualities and can have physiopathological repercussion on consumer. To counteract these inauspicious effects, phenolic compounds, derived from plants, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids seem to be particularly promising. However, their relatively low solubility in apolar media limits their application in oil-based products. In emulsion, thanks to their water-solubility, these compounds are located in aqueous compartment, whereas lipid peroxidation occurs at the oil-water interface. Therefore, there is an interest in trying to enhance the amphiphilic character of phenolic antioxidants by enzymatic lipophilization which corresponds to the grafting of an aliphatic chain (fatty alcohol, acid or amine) through lipase-catalysed esterification or amidation reactions. Due to its amphiphilic nature, the resulting functionalized antioxidant would accumulate at the oil-water interface, increasing protection of target-lipids from oxidation. Various operational conditions and strategies can be adopted to perform lipase-mediated hydrophobation with high yields. This paper firstly presents a panorama of the advances in this field. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of lipophilized compounds is reviewed and compared with that of the native molecule.

With the recent interest on green chemistry, the scientists have focused on developing new and more efficient solvents to carry out enzymatic-catalyzed reactions with emphasis on reduced costs, risks and toxicity while improving biodegradability. Among the new available solvents, the multimolecular-based liquids (such as ionic liquids and eutectic solvents) have been the subject of most recent studies. Currently, and mainly due to its environmental and economic features, DES are arousing much interest and curiosity. Regarding the biotransformations with lipases, the so-called “lipophilization” reactions are of major interest. However, they are complex to implement mainly because it is difficult to find a suitable reaction medium. Thus, this review aimed at providing a presentation of these multimolecular-based solvents with general overview of the recent studies dealing with lipase-catalyzed reactions in DES. In addition, emphasis was placed on their strengths and weaknesses, especially with the perspective to be use as efficient and green medium to implement complex and valuable biotransformation such as lipase-catalyzed lipophilizations.

This article presents the preliminary results of a study carried out as part of a demonstration project of CO2 storage in the Paris Basin. This project funded by ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency) and several industrial partners (TOTAL, ENGIE, EDF, Lafarge, Air Liquide, Vallourec) aimed to study the possibility to set up an experimental infrastructure of CO2 transport and storage. Regarding the storage, the objectives were: (1) to characterize the selected site by optimizing the number of wells in a CO2 injection case of 200 Mt over 50 years in the Trias, (2) to simulate over time the CO2 migration and the induced pressure field, and (3) to analyze the geochemical behavior of the rock over the long term (1,000 years). The preliminary site characterization study revealed that only the southern area of Keuper succeeds to satisfy this injection criterion using only four injectors. However, a complementary study based on a refined fluid flow model with additional secondary faults concluded that this zone presents the highest potential of CO2 injection but without reaching the objective of 200 Mt with a reasonable number of wells. The simulation of the base scenario, carried out before the model refinement, showed that the overpressure above 0.1 MPa covers an area of 51,869 km2 in the Chaunoy formation, 1,000 years after the end of the injection, which corresponds to the whole West Paris Basin, whereas the CO2 plume extension remains small (524 km2). This overpressure causes brine flows at the domain boundaries and a local overpressure in the studied oil fields. Regarding the preliminary risk analysis of this project, the geochemical effects induced by the CO2 injection were studied by simulating the fluid-rock interactions with a coupled geochemical and fluid flow model in a domain limited to the storage complex. A one-way coupling of two models based on two domains fitting into each other was developed using dynamic boundary conditions. This approach succeeded to improve the simulation results of the pressure field and the CO2 plume as well as the geochemical behavior of the rock. These ones showed that the CO2 plume tends to stabilize thanks to the carbonation in calcite and dawsonite and no significant porosity change appears over 1,050 years. The CO2 mass balance per trapping type gives a CO2 carbonation rate of about 78% at 1,050 years that seemed to be excessive compared to the simulation study of other storage sites. Thus, an additional work dealing with both the kinetic data base and the textural models would be necessary in order to reduce the uncertainty of the injected CO2 mineralization.

Dans le cadre des études de risques agro-environnementaux, comme dans celui de la mise en place de stratégies de gestion des cultures transgéniques (par exemple la segmentation des filières de production OGM/non OGM), s’il est indispensable de quantifier les différents processus d’échappement des transgènes depuis les parcelles cultivées (flux de pollen et/ou de graines), il est également nécessaire de déterminer leurs potentialités de maintien en dehors des parcelles cultivées (aptitudes écologiques des hybrides interspécifiques et/ou de la plante dans des environnements hors des parcelles cultivées). En effet, des populations, dans lesquelles seraient présents un ou plusieurs transgènes, seraient suceptibles de se comporter comme des réservoirs et/ou des relais de pollutions génétiques entre deux filières de production avec et sans OGM. À plus long terme, la connaissance des processus gouvernant la dynamique et la persistance de ces populations s’avère indispensable pour une gestion efficace des différentes situations de crise possibles (sanitaire, écologique ou agronomique), en particulier pour déterminer la durée des suivis après un arrêt éventuel des cultures transgéniques.