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This study analyzes the quality of citizen representation in local government in Albania. The territorial administrative map of Albania contains 61 municipalities and 12 regions. The territory of a municipality lies in urban, peri-urban and rural areas. In them coexist civic communities with different social, economic, cultural, ethnic characteristics, etc. The current legislation provides only the election of the mayor, every four years, according to the majority system with one round and the election of municipal council members according to the proportional system, with closed lists. The lists are proposed by political parties. Independent citizens also have the right to run for mayor or members of the municipal council. Apart from the municipality, for all other territorial-administrative levels, city, neighborhood, administrative unit, village, according to which the municipality is organized, the law on local self-government provides for the establishment of bodies responsible for the administration of local affairs appointed exclusively by the mayor of the municipality. The analysis of the level and quality of the representation of the citizens in the elected local bodies, shows that: (i) the representation in the Municipal Council of the communities living in the urban areas and the rural area is not proportional; (ii) civic communities belonging to marginalized groups are not qualitatively represented; (iii) the representation of national minorities, in particular the Roma and Egyptian minorities, is negligible. The analysis highlights the need for intervention in legislation in order to increase the level of representation and quality of service for local communities, through: (i) election of the administrator and the administration council of the administrative units, every four years, by the citizens; (ii) providing a proportional representation in the municipal council and the regional council of communities residing in urban and rural areas. (iii) providing for the establishment of representation quotas in local elected bodies of national minorities, in accordance with the law on national minorities. The revision of the legal package under which the last territorial-administrative and local selfgovernment reform was implemented, aiming at a comprehensive and consensual legislative process is an effective opportunity to increase the quality of local representative democracy.

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of earthquakes associated with the opening of groundwater wells is a very rare phenomenon. We present the results from a magnetotelluric profile of about 4 km-long that crosses a seismic zone near the town of Bebedouro, in the Northeastern part of the intra-cratonic Paraná basin, in Brazil. The seismic activity is thought to be caused by a raise in pore-pressure within a fractured basalt aquifer due to the natural injection of water from the shallow aquifer into the basalt. Regularized 2D inversions of the magnetotelluric data show that the basalt layer presents both electric resistivity (60-300 ohm-m) and thickness (400-600 m) within the expected ranges for the study area. However, an unforeseen abrupt change (~200 m) in the basalt thickness has been observed. This variation occurs close to the Western limit of the seismic zone and it nearly coincides with a geoelectric basement deepening of about 600 m. We interpret these lateral contrasts as a fault system that probably controlled the deposition of the Permian to Jurassic volcano-sedimentary sequence under the study area. Our study suggests that a preexisting structure affecting the basement and the basaltic layer is determinant in favoring seismicity associated with the opening of water wells.