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Reagent treatment is one of the main methods of source water treatment in water supply plants. Suitable values of coagulant and flocculant doses, as a rule, are selected experimentally, and do not vary depending on seasonal changes in indicators. Therefore, to achieve high efficiency of water treatment, there is a need to determine the doses of coagulant and flocculant for the whole year and for separate seasonal periods in order to compare them. Regression analysis allowed us to quantitatively describe the relationships between turbidity, color, oxidizability and hardness of the source water and reagent doses. At the same time the significance of the influence of the listed indicators on the value of coagulant and flocculant doses was determined. The multifactorial relationship between the water quality indicators at the water source (turbidity, color, oxidizability and general hardness) and the parameters of water treatment processes (dosage of coagulant and flocculant) was studied for both the annual cycle and for specific shorter time periods. Calculation of coagulant and flocculant doses for the entire annual period of the water source in practice, makes it possible to predict suitable doses of reagents before trial coagulation. The equations obtained for individual periods take into account the influence of individual factors, and, therefore, will allow to increase the efficiency of water treatment process control, reduce the consumption of reagents and significantly increase the barrier role of water treatment facilities.

Chloroform is a common result product of water disinfection. In drinking water, chloroform is present in higher concentrations than the other trihalogenmethanes (THM) (bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform). For this reason, it is considered as an indicator of the content of a group of compounds related to THMs. It was found that the accumulation rate of chloroform based on the use of Markov chains in the medium and short term in drinking water increases over time

Представлен анализ сюжетов международной жизни, касающихся премьер «Ленинградской симфонии» Д. Д. Шостаковича вне пределов СССР, их подготовки и эффекта, произведенного ими на политический истеблишмент, гуманитарную элиту и простых слушателей в 1942–1943 гг. Конкуренция выдающихся дирижеров – А. Тосканини, Л. Стоковского, Г. Вуда, С. Кусевицкого и др. – за право западной премьеры, переписка с ними самого композитора, формирование общественного мнения и, наконец, эпизод, связанный с несостоявшейся поездкой Шостаковича в США в 1942 г., позволяют существенно дополнить ретроспективную картину «путешествия» Седьмой симфонии по Европе и США. Привлеченные документы акцентируют внимание на общественно-политических итогах эпопеи представления Западу произведения, которое «содействует поддержке непреклонного духа, на котором основаны наши общие надежды на конечную победу», и «выражает мощь России так, как этого никогда не сможет сделать слово», и на роли в ней Наркомата иностранных дел, побуждая к рефлексии о роли искусства в мире, охваченном войной. Они дают возможность проследить хронологию дипломатического «сопровождения» премьер Ленинградской симфонии на Западе в 1942–1943 гг., а также увидеть, кто «дирижировал» воистину победоносным ее звучанием не только в странах-союзницах, но и в нейтральных государствах. В статье использованы документы АВП РФ, касающиеся исполнения «Ленинградской симфонии» вне пределов СССР, впервые вводимые в научный оборот.

Resenha de: FURTADO, Júnia. O quebra-cabeças africano: como um embaixador português, um geógrafo francês, um escritor inglês e um pirata imaginário transformaram a cartografia da África e abriram as portas para o imperialismo. Belo Horizonte: Miguilim, 2022. 509 p.

The paper presents a method for predicting the content of brominated trihalogen methanes in drinking water depending on turbidity, chromaticity, oxidizability of water source water and chlorine dose. It was found that the mathematical approach associated with the shift of time series of water quality indicators is appropriate to use only for describing the content of bromodichloromethane depending on water quality indicators (turbidity, color and oxidizability). The introduction of chlorine dose as an independent variable into the multiple regression equation does not improve the quality of the model.

The link between the total hardness of drinking water and the primary and total population turnover in polyclinics of the city, located on the territory supplied with drinking water from the infiltration water intake, for some diseases (malignant neoplasms, blood diseases, endocrine diseases, diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, skin diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal apparatus, diseases of the genitourinary system, congenital deformities) was searched. Different manifestations of links between diseases of the population and the available level of water hardness of the infiltration water intake zone were revealed.

The results of a study to find a relationship between the chloroform content in drinking water and the parameters characterizing water quality over an eighteen-year period of the infiltration water intake operation are presented. To increase the reliability of the model, the annual cycle is divided into two periods: an extended flood, including four months (April - June) and a period of low water and permanent watercourse, including eight months (August - March). Three time series were formed from the initial data: from the monthly average values of the parameters for the entire observation period; as a result of averaging the parameter values corresponding to each year; average values characterizing the low-water period and permanent watercourse for the entire observation period. It was found that the period of low water and permanent watercourse can be described by regression equations characterized by a smaller value of the average approximation error and a large value of the correlation coefficient. It was revealed that April introduces a significant stochasticity in the annual period. It is shown that the results obtained can be used to assess the value of the chloroform content in drinking water.

Jednym z dążeń józefinizmu było utworzenie autonomicznego Kościoła narodowego, połączonego z Rzymem. W realizację tego zadania wpisywał się nurt „antyzakonny” w polityce kościelnej Austrii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ustawodawstwa austriackiego (w omawianym okresie) dotyczącego kwestii zakonnych. Należy pamiętać, że są to przepisy wydane przez panujących cesarzy, a nie instrukcje, komentarze, zalecenia wydawane przez Gubernium we Lwowie. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują przepisy Marii Teresy oraz Józefa II. Pierwsza podkreślała nie tylko suwerenność państwa wobec Kościoła, ale także nadrzędność i prawo kontroli w sprawach, które powinny być domeną władzy cywilnej. Interesom państwa miały być podporządkowane wszystkie dziedziny życia i instytucje, włączając w to również zakony. Z kolei Józef II swoją reformą objął całą dziedzinę życia zakonnego, także tę wewnętrzną, gdzie posuwał się do regulowania zbyt drobiazgowych kwestii. W swoich przepisach chciał odseparować zakony od wpływu kurii rzymskiej, a oddać je pod władzę biskupów krajowych, na których rząd mógł wywierać większy wpływ.

The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled “Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules” refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people.

“Particular Churches, in which and from which, the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration” (canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law). In December 2016, the Bishop of Tarnów convened the 5th Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów. The main purpose of a Synod – in the opinion of the Bishop of Tarnów – was to demonstrate the spiritual, pastoral and material heritage of the Christ’s Church in the Diocese of Tarnów; to revive faith, hope and love in the personal and community relationship with Christ in the Church; and to indicate new pastoral ways in the changeability of the world towards the unchangeability of Christ. Taking this into consideration the article analyzes the following issues: the definition of a synod; the purpose of a synod; convocation of and presiding over a diocesan synod; the preparation of a synod; Pope Francis about synodality, and finally “The Church is our neighbour” – a synod as an expression of love for the Church.

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

Сюжеты Второй мировой войны, безусловно относящиеся к «сложным вопросам истории», до сих пор не отрефлексированы и оттого полны фобий и мифов. Анализируя набор инструментов исторической политики, автор выделяет следующие: политизация истории (следование политической конъюнктуре), манипуляция фактами, героизация (глорификация) истории и ее акторов, демонизация – конструирование образа внутреннего и внешнего врага, идеологическое цензурирование контраверсивных оценок, актуализация социополитической ностальгии. Применение всего этого арсенала идеологического воздействия на массовое сознание можно увидеть в резонансных социополитических эксцессах последнего времени. Различие исторических оценок – это реальность, которую бессмысленно затушевывать. Преодоление исторических травм – «сочетания истории и памяти» – является непреложным условием нормализации, объективизации рефлексии по поводу прошлого. Предметом внимания автора стали внешнеполитические инвективы, ставшие очагами дипломатической напряженности (в частности, Декларация Европарламента о начале Второй мировой войны, принятая в 2019 г.), деятельность правительственных организаций, «отвечающих» за историческую политику (украинский Институт национальной памяти), экспозиции музеев стран Восточной Европы (Музей Второй мировой войны в Гданьске, Музей оккупации в Риге), школьные учебники по истории, судьба памятников, посвященных Второй мировой войне (в частности, Бронзового солдата в Таллине), а также публичные историко-политические акции, переворачивающие историческую реальность (например, шествия в День легионера в Риге), и проявления цензуры изданий с альтернативным взглядом на травмирующие события войны.

Восприятие и осмысление Второй мировой войны во многом являются стержневыми для исторической самоидентификации представителей нескольких поколений. И полем для политических манипуляций. Так, в частности, в государствах Балтии популярной является идеологема о том, что нацистская оккупация была путем к «освобождению от Советов». Участие в боевых действиях или служба в тыловых подразделениях под знаменами со свастикой трактуются ими как «борьба за независимость». Архивные документы об истинных планах, методах и плодах их реализации руководством Третьего рейха в отношении Прибалтики и населявших ее титульных народов позволяют рассмотреть картину происходившего в этом регионе в 1941–1944 гг. Коллекция материалов оперативного штаба рейхсляйтера Розенберга в Риге, хранящаяся в Латвийском государственном историческом архиве (Latvijas Valsts Vēstures arhīvs), и находящиеся в Центральном архиве ФСБ России документы «Рижского процесса» вкупе с новейшей историографией стали основой предлагаемой статьи. Особое внимание уделено реальным планам руководства рейха в отношении предоставления независимости Латвии, Литве и Эстонии, функционированию «самоуправлений», действиям оккупационных властей, касающимся национальных языков, культуры и образования «неперспективных народов» – литовцев, латышей и эстонцев, создания формирований СС и иных военизированных подразделений из представителей балтийских народов, а также экономическим аспектам нацистской политики на территории «Остланд».

This article analyses the last four synods of the diocese of Tarnów, highlighting their structure and course. Diocesan synods grow out of the needs of the particular Church; they shape the ecclesial reality most clearly by the formulated disciplinary, pastoral and spiritual proposals, reaching the very basic ecclesiastical and social environments. Each synod has its specific meaning in the history of the diocese, and its impact is certainly not limited to the formulated proposals. A diocesan synod has a very important function in the process of formation of the particular Church. The synods of the Diocese of Tarnów were the place of meeting of and dialogue between the bishop, the clergy and the laity of the Church in Tarnów. The present article discusses five points : ”Legal grounds”, “First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1928”, “Second Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1938”, “Third Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1948”, “Fourth Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1986”.

The mission of the Church is evangelisation and not acquisition of capital. It is good if the Church has sufficient financial means necessary to fulfil its mission. The Catholic Church has the inherent right, independently of any secular power, to acquire, retain, administer and alienate temporal goods, in pursuit of its proper objectives (can. 1254 of the Code of Canon Law). In order to fulfil its mission in the world, the Church needs to be supported by appropriate material goods and the freedom to administer them. The Code of Canon Law of 1983 introduced a new regulation regarding ecclesiastical property, so as to make sure that the Church could better suit the concept of a “poor Church” that, being in the need of economic resources to achieve its goals, focuses on the instrumental task of such resources: so that the faithful fulfilled their duty in the form of helping in maintaining the Church and its works as part of their fundamental rights and obligations related to the temporal goods; so that spiritual goal of ecclesiastical offices was emphasised and the revenues received were justly distributed. The Polish Episcopal Conference on 25 August 2015 approved the Instruction on the Administration of Ecclesiastical Temporal Goods. In the present article four points will be discussed: The right of the Church to the acquisition, holding and alienating of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the acquisition of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the administration of temporal goods and contracts; the Remuneration for priests.

The general trend to improve the fuel efficiency of gas turbines (GT) at increased ambient temperatures is turbine intake air cooling (TIAC) by exhaust heat recovery chillers The high efficiency absorption lithium-bromide chillers (ACh) of a simple cycle are the most widely used, but they are not able to cool intake air lower than 15°C because of a chilled water temperature of about 7°C. A two-stage hybrid absorption-ejector chillers (AECh) were developed with ejector chiller as a low temperature stage to provide deep air cooling to 10°C and lower. A novel trend in TIAC by two-stage air cooling in chillers of hybrid type has been proposed to provide about 50% higher annual fuel saving in temperate climatic conditions as compared with ACh cooling. The advanced methodology to design and rational distribute the cooling capacity of TIAC systems that provides a closed to maximum annual fuel reduction without oversizing was developed.

INTRODUCTION: South Africa (SA) implemented the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) four times between 1999 and 2011. Data from the four surveys indicated that downward trends in cigarette use among students may have stalled. Understanding the effect of school anti-smoking education on current smoking among students within schools and variability across schools may provide important insights into policies aimed at preventing or reducing tobacco use among students. Objective were to assess the student- and school-level effects of students exposure to school anti-smoking education on current cigarette use among the study population using the most recent wave of GYTS data in SA (2011). METHODS: an analytic sample of students 13-15 years of age was selected (n=3,068) from the SA GYTS 2011. A taxonomy of two-level logistic regression models was fit to assess the relationship of various tobacco use, control, and exposure predictor variables on current cigarette smoking among the study population. RESULTS: at the student-level in the full model, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, peer smoking, and ownership of a promotional item were significantly associated with higher risk of current smoking. At the school-level in the full model, average exposure to peer smoking was associated with significant increases in the prevalence of current cigarette use, while average family anti-smoking education was significantly associated with decreases in the outcome variable. School anti-smoking education was not a statistically significant predictor at the student- or school-levels. CONCLUSION: in this study, exposure to school anti-smoking education had no association with current cigarette smoking among the study population. Consistent with previous studies, having peers that smoked was highly associated with a student being a current smoker. Interestingly, at the school-level in the multilevel analysis, schools with higher rates of average family anti-smoking education had lower prevalence of current smoking. This finding has potential implications for tobacco control in SA, particularly if the school-level, family-centered protective effect can be operationalized as a prevention tool in the country�s tobacco control program.

A parish is a certain community of the Christian faithful constituted in a particular church, whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor ( parochus ) as its proper pastor ( pastor ) under the authority of the diocesan bishop. This article takes up the idea of entrusting the parish to an institute or society. The entrusting of a parish can be made either perpetually or for a specific, predetermined time. In either case, it is to be made by means of a written agreement between the diocesan bishop and the competent superior of the institute or society, which expressly and accurately defines, among other things, the work to be accomplished, the persons to be assigned to the parish, and the financial arrangements.

The work describes the features of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on Russian gas pipelines. The influence of metal parameters of pipelines on the propagation of SCC is described. The main diagnostic features of SCC used for identification of this type of fracture, the stages of crack growth and the effect of microstructural metal parameters on their propagation are described. Accounting methods for main features crack initiation and growth in order to improve the resistance of the main pipelines metal to SCC are proposed

Languages are the medium through which communication takes place in politics, commerce, academia, the media, technology and most aspects of life. Languages are, therefore, central to our international world, to globalization and the accelerating process of European unification. The aim of this study is to address multilingualism and bilingualism as universal norms, as societal rather than individual phenomena. The study will focus on the importance of acquiring competence in more than one language, the factors of cultural diversity and their role in the development of the society and the issue of multilingualism by addressing the questions of language policy, language use and language learning.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of trajectories of urban shrinkage in the Katowice conurbation (after 1990), a typical of a traditional industrial region in central and eastern Europe.The process of urban shrinkage and its effects, as a consequence of the restructuring of the economy of the region since 1989, are presented from a broad perspective, using the example of the Katowice conurbation, with a detailed focus on two cities, Sosnowiec and Bytom.Bytom and Sosnowiec are models exemplifying most of the typical path of shrinkage in the Katowice Conurbation. These cities represent urban centers of both Upper Silesia (Bytom) and the Dabrowa Basin Region (Sosnowiec). The shrinking cities of the Katowice Conurbation are the most spectacular examples of the socio-economic problems in the post-industrial area of the urban region.One of the signs of urban shrinkage in the Katowice conurbation is the population loss of 370,000 people in the period 1991–2013. In addition, the cities are facing numerous social, economic and spatial challenges.It is well known that, as a post-industrial region, the Katowice Conurbation has undergone a particular, complicated economic and social transformation. This is key to an interpretation of the shrinkage process in the region.

During this year’s homily on Holy Thursday Pope Benedict XVI explored the subject of priestly obedience. He drew attention to some European priests’ incitement to disobedience which ignored the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church. This article argues for the importance and role of priestly obedience in the Catholic Church. Firstly, it identifies the nature of obedience through a close examination of the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Secondly, it identifies Pope Paul VI teaching on obedience through the magisterium of the Church. Finally, the nature of obedience in the Code of the Canon Law from 1983 onwards as well as practical manifestations of obedience pursuant to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples is discussed.

The Code of Canon Law of John Paul II sets forth in can. 998 as follows: “The anointing of the sick, by which the Church commends to the suffering and glori fi ed Lord the faithful who are dangerously ill, so that he may support and save them, is conferred by anointing them with oil and pronouncing the words prescribed in the liturgical books”. Through this sacramental entrusting of a sick person, the Church shows redemptive action taken by the Christ himself, who shall support the sick person with the power of God’s grace in suffering, impatience, fear, and above all in physical and spiritual weakness as well as in experienced doubts and weakening in faith. A family and persons ministering the sick (priests, hospital chaplains) should earlier take care of proper instructing about the nature of anointing of the sick and adequate preparation of the sick to receive this grace from the healing Christ. This may take place through conversation, catechesis, supporting with words of faith and common prayer, arousing a wish to receive the Christ in the mystery of anointing. This article consists of seven points: 1. The letter from James as the starting point of the discussion; 2. Several historical facts; 3. Catechism of the Catholic Church concerning the sacrament of the anointing of the sick; 4. Sacramental grace; 5. Who should and can receive the sacrament of the anointing; 6. People responsible for the better reception of the sacrament by the sick; 7. Conclusion.

Two-stage Gas turbine unite (GTU) inlet air cooling by absorption lithium-bromide chiller (ACh) to the temperature 15 °C and by refrigerant ejector chiller (ECh) to 10 °C through utilizing the turbine exhaust gas heat for changeable ambient air temperatures and corresponding heat loads on the air coolers for the south Ukraine climatic conditions is analysed. An excessive refrigeration capacity of combined absorption-ejector chiller (AECh) exceeding the current heat loads and generated at decreased heat loads on the air coolers at the inlet of GTU can be used for covering increased heat loads to reduce the refrigeration capacity of AECh. The GTU inlet air cooling system with an ambient air precooling booster stage and a base two-stage cooling air to the temperature 10 °C by AECh is proposed. The AECh excessive cooling capacity generated during decreased heat loads on the GTU inlet air coolers is conserved in the thermal accumulator and used for GTU inlet air precooling in a booster stage of air cooler during increased heat loads. There is AECh cooling capacity reduction by 50% due to the use of a booster stage for precooling GTU inlet ambient air at the expense of an excessive cooling capacity accumulated in the thermal storage.

Este artigo analisa a formação do mito da ilha Brasil e suas representações na cartografia dos séculos XVI e XVII, além das formas de apropriação e reapropriação posterior desse mito com fins diplomáticos.This article analyses the formation of Brazil's island myth and how it was represented in the XVI and XVII cartography. It also discusses how this myth was used and reused for diplomatic porpoises.

Proclaiming God’s Word is one of the most important tasks of the Church. God’s Word is the gift to the whole Church. It is first of all the presbyters who take part in the forwarding of this Word. Proclamation of God’s Word is the duty and the right stemming from accepted by them sacrament of ordination. Magisterium of the Church, especially Apostolic exhortation Verbum Domini dealing with God’s Word in the life and mission of the Church, talks in several passages about issues connected with proclamation of this Word by presbyters. The papal document gives tips for the priests, relating to preaching sermons, praying with Liturgy of Hours, conducting services based on God’s Word and relating to the value of silence, celebratory proclamation of God’s Word in the church, biblical ministry, the place of God’s Word in religious instructions and priest’s life.

Threshold breakdown of the through holes by power laser radiation of metallic foils is considered as response of metallic system to laser radiation. Binding experimentally determined response to the absolute temperature scale allows to determine the value of the imaginary part of the generalized susceptibility depending on temperature, the critical temperature of the transition “liquid metal - gas”, states of the electronic subsystems at this temperature, and the reflectance coefficient values.

Energy of threshold breakdown of through holes in metal foils of different thicknesses by powerful laser radiation is investigated experimentally. Properties of foil matter at “liquid metalgas” phase transition are revealed. One of controlled parameters of the threshold breakdown is the outlet on the shady side of the target. The threshold breakdown hole is outlet of hole for a given foil thickness when further decrease of energy is not able to create.

O artigo aborda aspectos da ritualidade publica na capitania de Minas Gerais na conjuntura de criação do bispado de Mariana em 1745-1748. Por intermédio de alguns casos, descrevo o processo de acomodação dos sistemas de precedência naquele meio social escravista e urbano. A vigência do regime de padroado nas Minas acirrava as tensões entre as esferas de mando eclesiástico e civil, transformando as festas públicas em momentos de grande competição, ostentação e disputas políticas.

The Catholic Church’s teaching on the development of the nations is generally included in two documents: Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI and Sollicitudo rei socialis by John Paul II. This year marks the 25th anniversary of publishing the Encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, hence the motive for writing this article. A characteristic feature of the teaching of John Paul II, which we fi nd in this Encyclical, is the ethical dimension of development. The Pope repeatedly drew attention to the inequitable distribution of material goods in the world. He stressed that “True development, in keeping with the speci fi c needs of the human being – man or woman, child, adult or old person implies, especially for those who actively share in this process and are responsible for it, a lively awareness of the value of the rights of all and of each person. It likewise implies a lively awareness of the need to respect the right of every individual to the full use of the benefits offered by science and technology” Sollicitudo rei socialis 33. This article consists of the four following issues: 1. Populorum Progressio and a new analysis on the development of the nations; 2. The main motive for the publication of Sollicitudo rei socialis; 3. The concept of development in the teaching of John Paul II; 4. Topicality of the papal document – 25 years later.

The article discusses the specific problems of urbanization development in the area of the Silesia Province in Poland. The specifics of historical and economic development, as well as, the characteristic arrangement of towns, determine the shaping of many specific phenomena and processes relating to urbanization. These processes are unusual for Poland and also not often encountered in other European metropolises. The article describes the phenomenon of transformation of the Katowice Conurbation, the functioning of the so called “non-metropolitan” agglomerations or the collapse of the hitherto prevailing administrative structures due to the separation of some of their districts. A characteristic phenomenon is also city shrinkage and the specific trajectories of the suburbanization process.

An age of the urban regionalism has arrived. Postindustrial capitalism is evolving in ways that give renewed importance to city regions. New forms of economic interdependence, the rise of specialized flexible production, the spread of new technologies, and other factors are making the city region a prominent node in today’s globalized economy. Although governments at all levels have been responding to manage this reality, political intervention remains a contentious matter because regional economic development has unleashed new political tensions over governance. Some tensions arise from economic obstacles to regional political cooperation. Other tensions arise from the urban political process in city regions. Many political interests, including entire governments, oppose political collaboration necessary for regional governance because it threatens them with loss of power, status or wealth. The political forces favoring resistance at the local and metropolitan levels tend to differ in the North American and Western European contexts, however.

O artigo explora dimensões geopolíticas da toponímia, registradas em documentos cartográficos, desde as reformas empreendidas pelo consulado pombalino em meados do século XVIII, até às primeiras décadas do século XIX, em meio ao processo de afirmação do Estado imperial pós-colonial.

W naturze człowieka jest zakorzeniona tendencja do zrzeszania się, po to, by osiągnąć wspólne cele. Pośród Rzymian to dążenie było manifestowane już od czasów monarchii i identyfikowało się w zakładaniu stowarzyszeń - collegia. Religia była jednym z fundamentalnych motywów zakładania stowarzyszeń. Stąd nie brakowało religijnych grup (collegia, amicitia, convictus, curia, magisterium, schola, sodalitium, etc.), które dysponowały miejscem sprawowania kultu oraz miały swoją strukturę hierarchiczną. W Imperium Rzymskim nie brakowało także stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych - Collegia tenuiorum. Tenuiores, byli to ludzie dysponujący niewielkimi zasobami ekonomicznymi, którzy zrzeszali się, czcząc jakieś bóstwo i zapewniając sobie w ten sposób godny pochówek. Do stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych zaliczano także Collegia domestica. Należeli do nich niewolnicy i libertyni bogatych rodzin, którzy płacąc miesięczne składki do wspólnej kasy i czcząc bożki larów, zapewniali sobie pochówek we wspólnym miejscu. Collegia chrześcijańskie pojawiają się także jako stowarzyszenia o charakterze religijnym. Nie brak autorów, jak m.in. Wilken, Benko czy De Rossi, którzy uważali, że pierwsze grupy chrześcijańskie imitowały model stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych. Kościół począwszy od III w. posiadał cmentarze i domy, które mógł wykorzystywać dla swoich celów. Większość grup chrześcijańskich w dużej mierze było jednak uzależnionych od osób bogatych, którzy pełnili funkcje patronów. Mówiąc o stowarzyszeniach w pierwszych wiekach chrześcijaństwa, nie sposób pominąć stowarzyszeń kapłańskich. Pierwsze z nich spotykamy w Jerozolimie. Dzieje Apostolskie opowiadając okoliczności powołania „Siedmiu”, milczą na temat pochodzenia prezbiterów. Ci pojawiają się, kiedy Kościół antiocheński przekazuje im pieniądze dla ofiar głodu, jaki panował wówczas w Judei. Prezbiterzy jawią się jako depozytariusze i administratorzy owej kolekty. Na soborze w Jerozolimie prezbiterzy wykonują także funkcję sędziów rozstrzygających sporne kwestie. Z kolei w epoce po-apostolskiej jawią się oni jako senat Boży i otaczają biskupa. Stowarzyszenia, w jakich zrzeszali się pierwsi chrześcijanie, nie były strukturą nową w znaczeniu oryginalności, nie były czymś wymyślonym przez chrześcijan. Ci jednak dokonując ich adaptacji, nadali im nowy wymiar.

This survey questions whether the American model of urban development reflects penetration of the local state by new forces unleashed by economic globalization. Although the American model incorporates many neo-liberal features, this analysis describes how government in the USA actually played a key role in erecting a radically decentralized urban system in advance of the new economy. It also surveys how this system is actively sustained through growing state intervention at all governmental levels. The new economy should not be conflated with the American model of development. Rather, the American urban experience is suggestive of the essentially political character of the globalization process and the ubiquitous role of public policy in making it work.

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