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No campo da linguagem médica e de saúde, a designação de doenças, assim como designações anatómicas, métodos terapêuticos e aparelhos usados no tratamento de pacientes, tem sido desde sempre marcada pelo recurso a epónimos e metáforas. Diversos estudos (Montalt & González-Davies, 2007; Ferguson & Thomas, 2014, entre outros) dão conta de problemas de tradução originados pelas discrepâncias do uso destas designações num dado par de línguas. É partindo destas questões que o presente estudo se propõe analisar de forma contrastiva o uso de epónimos, metáforas e metonímias na linguagem médica no par de línguas alemão-português. O objetivo do estudo prende-se com a identificação e análise de designações eponímicas em textos de divulgação médica, através de corpora comparáveis. Numa primeira fase, procedeu-se à constituição dos corpora, constituídos por textos retirados de websites de divulgação médica, pertencentes a diversas instituições de saúde. A amostra é constituída por um total de 123 026 tokens em alemão e 150 323 tokens em português. Com base nos corpora, foram posteriormente extraídos os epónimos, de modo a proceder-se à análise e classificação, consoante as características linguísticas. A análise culminou com a comparação do recurso aos epónimos identificados em ambas as línguas. O estudo pretende contribuir para a investigação em línguas de especialidade na área da divulgação médica, bem como reunir informação relevante para a tomada de decisões tradutivas.

Nach aktueller Rechtsprechung ist die Begutachtung der Schuldfähigkeit und Massnahmenindikation Personen mit Facharzttitel für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie vorbehalten. Der damit verbundene Ausschluss von Psycholog:innen ist angesichts der Entwicklungen in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht gerechtfertigt. Die Autor:innen zeigen auf, unter welchen Weiterbildungsbedingungen Psycholog:innen als Sachverständige geeignet sind. -- Selon la jurisprudence actuelle, seuls des personnes détenant un titre de médecin spécialiste en psychiatrie et psychothérapie sont autorisés à réaliser les expertises en matière de responsabilité et d'indication de mesures. L'exclusion des psychologues, qui en découle, ne se justifie pas au vu des évolutions de ces dix dernières années. Les auteur·e·s démontrent les formations continues nécessaires pour que des psychologues soient apte à effectuer de telles expertises.

Plastic pollution (including microplastics) has been reported in a variety of biotic and abiotic compartments across the circumpolar Arctic. Due to their environmental ubiquity, there is a need to understand not only the fate and transport of physical plastic particles, but also the fate and transport of additive chemicals associated with plastic pollution. Further, there is a fundamental research gap in understanding long-range transport of chemical additives to the Arctic via plastics as well as their behavior under environmentally relevant Arctic conditions. Here, we comment on the state of the science of plastic as carriers of chemical additives to the Arctic, and highlight research priorities going forward. We suggest further research on the transport pathways of chemical additives via plastics from both distant and local sources and laboratory experiments to investigate chemical behavior of plastic additives under Arctic conditions, including leaching, uptake, and bioaccumulation. Ultimately, chemical additives need to be included in strategic monitoring efforts to fully understand the contaminant burden of plastic pollution in Arctic ecosystems.

Mit dem wechselnden Fokus von der Input- zur Outcomeorientierung und von der Schul- zur Unterrichtsqualität rückt die Aufgabenqualität in den Forschungsfokus. Damit der in den Lehrplänen anvisierte kumulative Kompetenzaufbau der Lernenden unterstützt werden kann, gewinnen aufeinander aufbauende Aufgaben an Bedeutung. Der in dieser Studie vorgestellte Lernprozessmodellansatz unterscheidet dazu fünf Aufgabentypen zur Konfrontation, Erarbeitung, Übung, Synthese und zum Transfer beim Lernen. Inwiefern sich diese Typen in Aufgabensets tatsächlich empirisch unterscheiden, wird in dieser Studie untersucht. Dazu werden 58 MINT-Aufgaben mittels Clusteranalysen zur Eruierung der Aufgabentypen in Gruppen eingeteilt. Die Befunde der Studie zeigen, dass eine Typisierung grundsätzlich möglich ist.

The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme has published a plan and guidelines for the monitoring of litter and microplastics (MP) in the Arctic. Here, we look beyond suggestions for immediate monitoring and discuss challenges, opportunities, and future strategies in the long-term monitoring of litter and MP in the Arctic. Challenges are related to environmental conditions, lack of harmonization and standardization of measurements, and long-term coordinated and harmonized data storage. Furthermore, major knowledge gaps exist with regard to benchmark levels, transport, sources, and effects, which should be considered in future monitoring strategies. Their development could build on the existing infrastructure and networks established in other monitoring initiatives in the Arctic, while taking into account specific requirements for litter and MP monitoring. Knowledge existing in northern and Indigenous communities, as well as their research priorities, should be integrated into collaborative approaches. The monitoring plan for litter and MP in the Arctic allows for an ecosystem-based approach, which will improve the understanding of linkages between environmental media of the Arctic, as well as links to the global problem of litter and MP pollution.

The pollution of the environment with plastics is of growing concern worldwide, including the Arctic region. While larger plastic pieces are a visible pollution issue, smaller microplastics are not visible with the naked eye. These particles are available for interaction by Arctic biota and have become a concern for animal and human health. The determination of microplastic properties includes several methodological steps, i.e., sampling, extraction, quantification, and chemical identification. This review discusses suitable analytical tools for the identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics in the context of monitoring in the Arctic. It further addresses quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), which is particularly important for the determination of microplastic in the Arctic, as both contamination and analyte losses can occur. It presents specific QA/QC measures for sampling procedures and for the handling of samples in the laboratory, either on land or on ship, and considering the small size of microplastics as well as the high risk of contamination. The review depicts which data should be mandatory to report, thereby supporting a framework for harmonized data reporting.

Lack of knowledge on levels and trends of litter and microplastics in the Arctic, is limiting our understanding of the sources, transport, fate, and effects is hampering global activities aimed at reducing litter and microplastics in the environment. To obtain a holistic view to managing litter and microplastics in the Arctic, we considered the current state of knowledge and methods for litter and microplastics monitoring in eleven environmental compartments representing the marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments. Based on available harmonized methods, and existing data in the Arctic, we recommend prioritization of implementing litter and microplastics monitoring in the Arctic in four Priority 1 compartments—water, aquatic sediments, shorelines, and seabirds. One or several of these compartments should be monitored to provide benchmark data for litter and microplastics in the Arctic and, in the future, data on spatial and temporal trends. For the other environmental compartments, methods should be refined for future sources and surveillance monitoring, as well as monitoring of effects. Implementation of the monitoring activities should include community-based local components where possible. While organized as national and regional programs, monitoring of litter and microplastics in the Arctic should be coordinated, with a view to future pan-Arctic assessments.

The atmosphere and cryosphere have recently garnered considerable attention due to their role in transporting microplastics to and within the Arctic, and between freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. While investigating either in isolation provides valuable insight on the fate of microplastics in the Arctic, monitoring both provides a more holistic view. Nonetheless, despite the recent scientific interest, fundamental knowledge on microplastic abundance and consistent monitoring efforts are lacking for these compartments. Here, we build upon the work of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme's Monitoring Guidelines for Litter and Microplastic to provide a roadmap for multicompartment monitoring of the atmosphere and cryosphere to support our understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of plastic pollution across the Arctic. Overall, we recommend the use of existing standard techniques for ice and atmospheric sampling and to build upon existing monitoring efforts in the Arctic to obtain a more comprehensive pan-Arctic view of microplastic pollution in these two compartments.

The transdisciplinary and peasant-based process of education-research-action analysed in this article aims at the construction of agroecology in theory and practice by the peasants’ organization OCEZ-CNPA in Chiapas, Mexico. Conducting a methodology based on Popular Education and Participatory Action Research, agri-cultural knowledge has been regenerated, constituting potential for profound agroecological transformation. This knowledge relies on identities and ways of life that, despite having been colonized, continue to have deep roots that resist the paradigm of modernity. The collective reflection of the peasants’ experiences and biocultural memories have made the agri-cultural change induced by the ‘green revolution’ understood as an ontological and epistemological rupture. With this peasant-based and decolonial research, knowledge, values and practices, that have been characterizing the Mayan agriculture for thousands of years, have been reclaimed. This analysis has led to the conception of a deep agroecology that acknowledges and recovers the peasants’ ontologies and epistemologies, constitutive of other paradigms, corresponding to forms of thinking of and living in the world that differs to those of the modern paradigm.

Abstract This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.

• Issues perceived to be the most controversial were topics from the 20th century. • Teachers’ views on history are often not reflective; epistemic cognition is influenced by epistemic aims and is also topic specific. • It is important to concentrate on more complex epistemological interpretation schemata concerning history and learning and the connections between them in teacher training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to discover topics in history education in Estonia that are perceived to be controversial, and to analyse how teachers’ epistemic cognition is reflected in the teaching of issues perceived to be controversial. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative research based on group and individual interviews with 12 teachers, plus data from lesson observations among 10 participants. Findings: Issues perceived to be the most controversial are topics from the 20th century. The reflection of epistemic cognition in practice is a result of a complex interplay between knowledge and knowing related beliefs and processes. Research limitations: The small number of participants (12). Developed categories must be considered with caution as exploratory findings

Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts capable of performing selective reactions. The advantages of enzymes in comparison to classical chemistry including chemical catalysts are the generally milder process conditions and avoidance of harmful reactants. Their high selectivity and specificity are especially beneficial for the enzymatic synthesis of new products with potential applications in drug research. Therefore, in the past decades, the utilization of isolated enzymes or whole-cell biocatalysts has spread through a growing number of biotechnological industries. The applications comprise the production of chiral building blocks for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry, the enzymatic synthesis of drug metabolites for testing of toxicity, function, biological activity, degradation and the production of biocatalytically modified natural products, which all play a role in drug discovery. Especially Oreste Ghisalba's contributions, which paved the way for the industrial use of enzymes, will be considered in this review.

This article questions the assumptions behind theoretical conceptions, which postulate substantial homogeneity among foreign students. Based on the results of a study by SINUS-Sociovision (2007), the author first of all identifies four distinct student types. These types show clear differences in terms of their self-image, their attitudes, values, mindsets as well in the ways they relate to their own, and to foreign-, macro-, and microcultures; they therefore require a sensitive and individualized approach within teaching and learning processes, and within societal backgrounds. The basic training of teachers, and increasingly also their in-service training, should provide adequate ways of identifying, and dealing with, different types of pupils and practices of intercultural music teaching. It should also develop methods for dealing with this additional diversity through a constant dialogue between educational science and teaching practice. The author considers the establishment of an ‘intercultural competence’ just as indispensable as the possible involvement of parents, as well as of external musicians as experts, in addition to the optimization of existing teaching materials.

Business growth has been widely noted in the academic literature as a relevant variable that explains the level of employment and welfare. Recently, other studies consider the influence of High-Growth firms and Gazelles to explain the dynamics growth. The aim of this work is to approach business growth from a theoretical point of view, establishing is impact as a multidimensional variable. Some factors that explain the growth are look over to improve the impacts of them in the business growth such as size, age, region and economic cycle. Finally, this paper analyzes the studies of Colombian growth and their characteristics to explain their path and conditioning factors

• Students in Germany score low on national identity when it is measured with national symbols • Students with immigration backgrounds show lower national identity scores in 20 countries • Over 90% of German students with immigration backgrounds feel a sense of belonging to Germany. • Research instruments measuring national identity must consider transnationality and fluidity. Purpose: This paper aims to analyse the data regarding the national identification and sense of belonging of secondary school students with and without immigration backgrounds collected through the International Civic and Citizenship Study 2016. It also assesses whether the research instruments used are suitable for the German context. Method: Likert scale items measured national identification. Acculturation theory based categories were employed to measure the sense of belonging. Differences between students across and within countries were assessed using t tests. Findings: Students with immigration backgrounds tend to present statistically lower scores for the scale ‘attitudes toward country of residence’ in 20 of 24 participating countries. In international comparison, German students with and without immigration backgrounds score relatively low on all five items of the scale. Despite achieving significantly lower scores for national identification, 90% of students in Germany with immigration backgrounds feel a sense of belonging to Germany.

L’article explica i aborda el significat, el contingut i els beneficis de la governança electrònica, utilitzant l’exemple d’Estònia. La governança electrònica no ha de ser complexa legalment, però cal entendre i analitzar les implicacions de les noves tecnologies. A Estònia, totes les bases de dades públiques estan connectades, proporcionant la possibilitat d’aportar dades una única vegada (once-only principle). Els individus tenen fàcilment una visió de conjunt de les seves dades i de com s’utilitzen. Els serveis digitals estan centrats en les persones i són accessibles mitjançant targetes d’identificació i codis a l’abast de tota la ciutadania i els residents. Explicar l’exemple estonià i les seves implicacions legals pot servir d’inspiració a altres països.

Zusammenfassung Als langjähriges und aktives Mitglied der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin bestimmte Ehrenberg ihre Aktivitäten und ihr Ansehen maßgeblich mit. Seine Beiträge zu den Sitzungen und Schriften und seine Rolle als Bewohner des gesellschaftseigenen Hauses förderten in der GNF sowohl Fortschritt als auch Beständigkeit. Das Ziel der Naturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, also die Entdeckung, Beschreibung und Bewahrung möglichst aller Organismen- und Gesteinsarten, wurde in der GNF bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts tradiert. Ehrenbergs wissenschaftliche Leistungen, insbesondere seine zahlreichen Entdeckungen mit Hilfe des Mikroskops, stehen ganz in dieser Tradition. Abstract As a long-time and active member of the Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Research), Ehrenberg played a major role in determining the society’s activities and shaping its reputation. His contributions to the meetings, his writings, and his role as a resident of the house belonging to the society promoted both progress and permanence of the association. The goal of natural history in the 18th century, that is, the discovery, description, and preservation of as many species of organisms and rocks as possible, was carried forth by the Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde into the second half of the 19th century. Ehrenberg’s scientific achievements, particularly his numerous discoveries with the aid of the microscope, belong entirely to this tradition. Résumé En tant que membre actif et de longue date de la Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (Société des amis naturalistes de Berlin), Ehrenberg a joué un rôle majeur en déterminant les activités et la réputation de cette société. Ses contributions aux réunions et aux écrits et son statut d’habitant de la maison appartenant à la société ont favorisé à la fois le progrès et la pérennité de l’association. L’objectif de l’histoire naturelle au XVIIIe siècle, c’est-à-dire la découverte, la description et la préservation d’autant d’espèces d’organismes et de roches que possible, a été perpétué par la Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde jusqu’à la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Les travaux scientifiques d’Ehrenberg, notamment ses nombreuses découvertes à l’aide du microscope, s’inscrivent entièrement dans cette tradition.

Uno de los grandes retos a los que se enfrentan los futuros conservadores y conservadoras de arte del siglo XXI, cuya disciplina ha estado tradicionalmente vinculada al trabajo manual, es adaptarse a las nuevas metodologías de investigación y restauración ligadas al uso de herramientas y medios digitales. Las nuevas tecnologías y apps disponibles en el mercado pueden ayudar a llevar a cabo protocolos de estudio, análisis y diagnóstico que beneficien la preservación de las obras, convirtiéndose en un medio de conservación pasivo mediante la documentación y el registro. El presente texto recoge la experiencia y los primeros resultados de la aplicación de un proyecto de innovación cuyo objetivo principal es proporcionar a los futuros profesionales de la conservación los instrumentos necesarios para el desarrollo de su práctica profesional. El planteamiento busca para ello integrar diferentes dispositivos y recursos tecnológicos para catalogar, conservar y difundir el patrimonio artístico de la Universidad del País Vasco, así como evaluar su utilidad y efectividad como medio de estudio y monitorización de las obras de arte que componen su colección.

In the following article we explore the impact of the events of 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) on Arab diasporas. This exploratory case study of the Tunisian expatriate communities in the immediate aftermath of the turmoil maps the changes in their associative networks and activities in France, Italy and Germany - the three principal European destinations for Tunisian migrants. It draws its data from a mixed methodological basis, using existing research papers, statistical data from the IOM and other IGOs as well as press and internet site analysis. Its empirical core however, is comprised of semi-structured interviews and background talks with members of the Tunisian expatriate communities in France, Italy and Germany in spring and summer 2014, i.e. in the key period between the adoption of the new Constitution and the Tunisian parliamentary elections of October.

Abstract | Migration from sub-Saharan Africa to Northern Europe is imagined and visualized as the movement of human bodies along different territories, eventually traversing the geographically locatable line of the EU border. What this conceptualization of migration, mobility, and the border leaves unacknowledged is that all three are material-virtual phenomena. This paper addresses the infrastructures of mobility that can be traced and analyzed within a migrant route from Niger to Germany. We highlight the need to connect and/or disconnect as strategies of migration and envisage ways to support freedom of movement by bringing aspects of digital care work into the analysis. Résumé | La migration de l’Afrique subsaharienne vers l’Europe du Nord est imaginée et visualisée comme le mouvement des corps sur différents territoires, traversant éventuellement la ligne géographiquement localisable de la frontière de l’UE. Ce que cette conceptualisation de la migration, de la mobilité et de la frontière ne reconnaît pas, c’est que les trois sont des phénomènes matériels et virtuels. Cet article aborde les infrastructures de mobilité qui peuvent remontées et être analysées au sein d’une route migrante allant du Niger à l’Allemagne. Nous soulignons la nécessité de se connecter et/ou de se déconnecter en tant que stratégies de migration et envisageons des moyens d’appuyer la liberté de circulation en intégrant des aspects du travail en soins numériques dans l’analyse.

This paper presents a program for a university writing group, ran as a trial in Germany, that differs from common writing groups by allowing writers a high level of autonomy and choice. To theoretically frame this writing group model, we draw on the French philosopher Jacques Rancière and his presupposition of a radical equality of intelligence. Findings suggest that the use of these writing groups provide a foundation for students to experience academic writing in ways that are more playful, creative, and joyful, without feeling inferior and increasing students’ awareness of their own intelligence, capacity and creativity. By coupling grounded analysis with theoretical reflections, and a set of questions to guide practice, this paper outlines how this program could be relevant for writing educators, curriculum developers, and other faculties in higher educational institutions across global contexts.

Autonomous and accessible learning are two important didactic-methodological aspects to address e-learning novelties in foreign language acquisition. The implementation of both, combined with electronic resources is created by modernising the existing e-learning tool ProGram for very advanced German learners. ProGram is designed to improve the academic writing skills, especially for students of philology studies and is adapted to new technical and design standards. A special feature of the tool is the intelligent corrector to foster autonomous learning. The interim version has been tested to check the relevance of the Internet-based programme. The results show that the participants, especially advanced users, were satisfied with the design and content of the tool. A mobile version was viewed positively by only half of the participants. Further steps will include the adaptation of a responsive design which facilitates the usage on a mobile device.

Plastic, in the form of packaging material, disposables, clothing and other articles with a short lifespan, has become an indispensable part of our everyday life. The increased production and use of plastic, however, accelerates the accumulation of plastic waste and poses an increasing burden on the environment with negative effects on biodiversity and human health. PET, a common thermoplastic, is recycled in many countries via thermal, mechanical and chemical means. Recently, several enzymes have been identified capable of degrading this recalcitrant plastic, opening possibilities for the biological recycling of the omnipresent material. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge of enzymatic PET degradation and discuss advances in improving the involved enzymes via protein engineering. Looking forward, the use of plastic degrading enzymes may facilitate sustainable plastic waste management and become an important tool for the realization of a circular plastic economy.

The language of schooling is characterized by (formulaic) typical linguistic patterns. The existing research on language acquisition assumes that those patterns are acquired implicitely during primary language acquisition without didactical support. This paper questions this presupposition and investigates the mode of pattern acquisition, i.e. whether patterns are indeed acquired as fixed patterns/idiomatic expressions or are rather learned during the development of the language of schooling.

Highlights Fostering national or European identities can be compatible with education for tolerance. Social relationships in school are important predictors of national and European identity. Formal learning opportunities are especially important for fostering a European identity. Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse the concept of national and European identities through multidisciplinary lenses and to examine empirically how schools develop those identities in adolescents. Method: The study employs data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016. Correlation and regression analyses are conducted with data from over 45,000 students from fourteen different national educational systems. Country-specific weighted statistical analyses are conducted. Findings: A combination of perspectives from the fields of psychology, political culture, and civic and citizenship education is useful to reflect upon the dimensions and desirability of overarching identities. Formal learning opportunities are shown to be particularly relevant for fostering a European identity. Positive relationships between students and teachers and between students statistically predict stronger identities. Practical implications: Good social relationships at school help to develop national and European identities. Moreover, the development of a European identity especially depends upon its explicit inclusion in the curriculum. Teachers should guide students to reflect on the meaning and content of tolerant and complex national and European identities.

The paper focuses on constitution making as part of broader Rule of Law (RoL) frames in emerging South Sudan where negotiations on the mode of statehood are on-going by multiple actors with different claims of authority. The RoL comes with the inherent contradictions between its promises and the effects of practices pursued in its name. Driven by problematic underlying ideas of a ‘modern’ territorial state, the RoL promotion is nourished through ‘technical assistance’ of international actors coming with their manifold programmes, models and guidelines for establishing the rule of law and for producing a constitution. It will be argued that this ‘technical assistance’ regulates South Sudan’s state-formation process in a way that risks the chances of integrating the ideas and interests of the highly segmented society. The more so since international actors proclaim at the same time the idea of ‘local ownership’. The article sheds light on the resulting dilemma between the hasty production of a constitution and the idea of deriving ‘its authority from the will of the people’, implying the existence of a certain societal consensus. The makings of both, the pre-modelled Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan of 2011 (TCRSS), and the upcoming ‘permanent’ constitution, show that many actors are ousted from the decision making process. Moreover, TCRSS has already become a powerful legitimizing tool in the hand of a few political actors. Thereby, this instrument seems to rather fuel the political struggle as well as the violent negotiation. It will be argued that a slowing down of the constitution making without an immediate claim to consent on substance seems to be more sensible.

There is a tendency within the literature to decry Kant as either a proto-imperialist or as a proto-democrat in relation to his views on distant strangers. I here take an alternative view, arguing that Kant’s cosmopolitan morality is considerably more context-sensitive than is often assumed. More specifically, I argue that Kant’s encounter with American nomads on the final pages of his Doctrine of Right reflects a nuanced reading of European settlers’ requisite comportment towards them: Kant neither endorses a universal duty of state entrance nor does he place nomads beyond all possible moral engagement with European settlers.

In this paper we review the „Corpus Oral de Referencia de la Lengua Española Contempóranea“. This corpus is a carefully compiled text collection of orthographically transcribed recordings of oral conversations. As it was compiled as a reference corpus, it provides texts of different styles and registers and has a considerable size of about 1,100,000 words. CORLEC therefore is an important resource for researchers interested in the field of spoken language. The Corpus is freely available as SGML-based-files or plain-text-files. As both variants are similar in their structure and content, the review addresses the two formats. The review first provides some background information and an overview of the structure of the corpus. Then, the transcription files are described in their structure and content. Eventually, a short overview of the integration of the corpus into other projects and a résumé are given.

Präventive Massnahmen zur frühen Förderung des Zweitspracherwerbs werden u.a. in Spielgruppen implementiert. In der diesbezüglichen Qualifizierung der Spielgruppenleitenden im Kanton Basel-Stadt spielt der Ansatz der alltagsintegrierten Förderung eine tragende Rolle. Jegliche Dialoge, Erwachsenen- wie kind-initiierte, sind hier Fördergelegenheiten. In einer Teilstudie des SNF-geförderten Forschungsprojekts «MeKi – Frühe sprachliche Förderung mehrsprachiger Kinder ab 3 Jahren» werden die Interaktionen zwischen Spielgruppenleitenden und einzelnen Zielkindern videographiert und gesprächsanalytisch untersucht. Der folgende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die empirisch ermittelten Interaktionsarten und die Interpretation ihres Sprachfördergehalts.

The chemical industry is under increasing pressure to manufacture chemicals that match not only economic targets but also fulfill societal and environmental objectives. These requirements necessitate the adoption of new approaches and consequently the pace of application of biocatalysis in the chemical industry is increasing. The 10th Wädenswil Day of Life Sciences on June 7th, 2018 focused for the second time on 'Industrial Biocatalysis'. Upon invitation of the Competence Center of Biocatalysis (CCBIO) international experts in the field gave an update about their current research interests and attracted more than a hundred guests from industry and academia.

Biocatalysis – the application of enzymes or microbes in chemistry – has developed into one of the key technologies of the 21st century. Enzymes in isolated form, as a cell extract or whole cell biocatalysts can be used to replace or supplement purely chemical process routes with the goal to make chemical synthesis more efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable and potentially more cost-effective.

This paper aims at treating from a general point of view the Albanian legislation on asylum, and to see the level of approximation with EU legislation in this field, as the asylum has become a controversial topic because of increasing demands for asylum from citizens of nonmembers states of the European Union. Because of a relatively new law in Albania, discussions on this topic are scarce. The method used for this paper is analyzing the current legal provisions on the issue of asylum in the Republic of Albania, the main regulations of asylum issue in the European Union, in order to see the level of approximation and compliance of legal rules in Albania with international standards on asylum. As a relatively new law, the law on asylum has a partial approximation with EU directives and is in line with the standards enshrined in the Geneva Convention, to which the Republic of Albania has acceded. Of course, this paper does not treat this issue in an exhaustive way, but provides only a general overview of the level of approximation of Albanian legislation with European Union regulations on asylum.

This paper analyzes the extent to which differences in operating performance, economic growth, efficiency and productivity between labour-owned (LOFs) and participatory capitalist (PCFs) firms can be attributed to their distinct capital-ownership structures, which in turn reflects their different ways of managing capital and labour as well as interpreting primary business function theory. The study uses a variety of quantitative techniques, including panel data analysis, data envelopment analysis, stochastic frontiers and the like to conclude that many of the relationships posited by economic theory fail to correspond with the successful performance of LOFs. There are no substantial differences in growth potential, operating performance or productive efficiency between the two types of firms. Another result of interest is that the traditional indicators used to measure firm performance in LOFs and also used by financial service companies in business risk analysis are not completely appropriate and may be threatening firm survival.

Concept mapping is a method for determining the achievement of knowledge. Concepts are linked with labelled lines to proposition and so the concepts create a graphical structured meaningful relationship. There are many ways to use concept mapping in research as data collecting and assessment instrument. Changing the conditions (like focus question about the concept map, lists of concepts, given structure of concept map etc.) also change the results. For a valid research is necessary to analyse the study and define the aims before collecting the data. Probably the most comfortable concept mapping constructing opportunity is to use special Internet based environment and analysing program – that makes data collection easier and more objective. This article brings out, what kind of problems may occur, when concept mapping method is used as a research instrument in a large scale study and it also tries to define how to select the a valid instrument for a study. Researchers want to analyse studentsʼ knowledge, but instead sometimes they can only control whether they were able to create concept maps. The study brought out, that the quality of concept maps does not depend on concept maps creating frequency and computer handling skills.

In this article we study the idea of objectivity of journalists within the journalistic cultures of Spain and Switzerland. To understanding this idea within the professional context we use the concept of journalistic culture that is based on the thin line between national culture and the universal concept of culture as a lifestyle. The first part of our empirical study is based on the international project Worlds of Journalism (WoJ), a quantitative study directed by Hanitzsch (2009). Secondly we present the qualitative study based on interviews of 39 journalists from different spanish and swiss media (press, radio and television). The objectives are to understand the journalists´ perceptions of objectivity in their professional work. Their ideas of objectivity help us to understand certain values and traditions in these countries. The results of the interviews (qualitative study) confirm what has been noted in the survey (quantitative study). However, we can see important aspects associated with interventionism that emphasises the results of the quantitative study.

his article outlines the coming of age of writing pedagogy in German institutions of higher education and explores the role of the ‘Hausarbeit’ in contemporary universities. Traditionally, the 6,000-12,000 word Hausarbeit was the mainstay of academic writing in all university courses in the social sciences and humanities in Germany. This assignment was tied into dominant discourse (‘Humboldt discourse’) in which the main point of higher education was to cultivate future independent scholars. Since 1999, the increasing predominance of ‘Bologna discourse’ has led to the radical restructuring of higher education across Europe. This discourse emphasizes internationalization, transferable skills and key competencies, i.e. the point of higher education is not primarily to cultivate independent scholars but flexible, creative and enterprising future professionals. With indications that the Hausarbeit could disappear in the Bologna process, we argue not only that it can be saved but also that it has a significant role to play in developing the new competencies. This will only happen, however, if students receive institutional writing support, and if writing curricula in Germany rise to the new challenges.

Sulphur dioxide gas is one of most contaminating gas in the air. Sulphur gas can be produced by mining activities. Sulphur gas will be harmful if bond with CO2 to form as Sulphur Dioxide. To reduce the Sulphur Dioxide gas concentration we must inhibite the sulphur gas formation from mining activities. The inhibition of sulphur gas could be done by reduce the sulphate concentration in acid mine drainage. One of important factor that influencing the reduce of sulphate is COD/SO42- ratio. The effect of COD/SO42- ratio on bacterial growth and sulfate removal process can be investigated with anaerobic batch reactor. The laundry septic tank sediments were inoculated on an anaerobic batch reactor which were contacted with artificial coal acid mine water wastes with 1000 sulfate concentrations and 2000 mg SO42- /L. In an anaerobic batch reactor there are five reactors with variations of COD / SO42-1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ratios. Efficiency ratio and the best sulfate removal rate is in reactor ratio 2.0 with value efficiency of 46.58% and a reduction rate of 29.128 mg / L.day in an anaerobic batch reactor. The efficiency of the removal rate decreased when the COD / SO42->2.0 ratio decreased. The fastest pH decline was in the COD/SO42-8.0 ratio variation in the anaerobic batch reactor and. The COD / SO42-ratio can help the sulfate reduction process in the optimum value by affecting the sulfate-reducing bacterial metabolism in the balance of the acceptor and the electron donor.

Article in german, abstracts in english and germanAlexander von Humboldt’s journal, which he kept in 1790 during his journey with Georg Forster to England, is presented in this paper for the first time. So far this document had been considered to be lost. Humboldt’s journal has turned out to be a mere collection of scientific data rather than a chronological record of the journey. Forster’s extensive notes helped to put Humboldt’s data in a chronological order. In works, which Humboldt published later, he often referred to these data.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and German.Even before he went to Freiberg (Saxony) to study with Abraham Gottlob Werner, Alexander von Humboldt had done research into geognosy and the science of salt making. The results were published in the book “Mineralogische Beobachtungen über einige Basalte am Rhein”, and in „Versuch über einige physikalische und chemische Grundsätze der Salzwerkskunde“ (1792). Humboldt’s first teachers in geognosy, J. F. Blumenbach and H. F. Link had an important impact on these early studies. Until 1795, 31% of Humboldt’s scientific work consisted of research into these fields. This paper argues that, due to Humboldt’s comprehensive knowledge of the literature on geognosy, the references to this field in Steven Jan van Geuns’s journal of a common trip along the river Rhine (1789) were directly influenced by Humboldt. Thus van Geuns’s diary contains Humboldt’s first statements on volcanism, the geognosy of basalts, and references to salt making.

The article investigates forms of address and request behaviour in Serbian as compared to German. It is based on an empirical study with authentic speech data and a survey among na-tive speakers of the two languages. While the corpora of authentic speech data document mainly service encounters and other minimal everyday interactions, the survey aims at reveal-ing the judgements and attitudes of native speakers towards different request strategies. The results point towards the well-known distinction between "solidarity cultures" in the East and "distance cultures" in the West. However, such findings must be treated with caution as other factors seem to influence the range of strategies available in the two languages as well.

The work of the Ethiopian Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), which commenced in Addis Ababa in the early 1950s and spread to eighteen Ethiopian cities until the early 1970s, revolved around the development of a ‘balanced manhood’ through social, recreational, spiritual and educational activities among boys and young men. Similar to the UK and American templates, it combined inward-looking character development and outward-looking religiosity with the idea of a ‘muscular Christianity’. In the 1930s, the American YMCA linked these aspects with concepts of the ‘modern’ YMCA member as a leader with specific character traits. This approach met with the post-World War II needs for ‘progressive’ citizens and leaders in Ethiopia. Incorporating sports as a morally positive activity became a powerful strategy for the creation of a distinct life style and a legitimate form of self-improving leisure for educated males in Ethiopian cities, notably Addis Ababa. The following paper discusses the establishment of the Ethiopian YMCA and its contribution to the production of the ‘modern man’ along three lines. The first part places the emergence of the YMCA sports culture within broader developments of physical education in inter-war and post-war urban Ethiopia. In the second part I will look at concrete activities which attempted to channel the energy of young males for the good of the nation. The conclusion will discuss the question in how far these activities built on religious arguments which supported or opposed existing notions of acceptable bodies and perceptions of useful self-improving leisure.

This article uses as a case study the historical-biographical drama film Hamsun (1996) in order to discuss the complications that arise when considering biographical films as adaptations of biographical and/or autobiographical works of literature. Hamsun by the Swedish director Jan Troell is an adaptation of the Danish author Thorkild Hansen’s documentary novel Processen mod Hamsun (The Trial of Hamsun, 1978), which in turn draws most extensively on the Norwegian novelist Knut Hamsun’s own writings, primarily his autobiographical novel Paa gjengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths, 1949). Hansen, in telling the story of Hamsun’s life, concentrates on the events surrounding the Second World War and its aftermath in Norway. The focus is set on the court trial of 1945–1948 when Hamsun was accused of being a quisling and his mental state was seriously questioned not only by the court, but also the general public. Hansen in his novel interprets his extensive source material with a very clear intention of rehabilitating Hamsun as a great writer with a brilliant mind instead of considering him a traitor. It is Hamsun’s own perspective in Paa gjengrodde Stier that clearly lays the groundwork for Hansen’s portrait of the writer. However, Hamsun’s account of events is most selective: his often sharp and ironic descriptions of the present are combined with lyrical and philosophical reminiscences of the past, hardly providing the reader with any answers or explanations. The character Hamsun in Paa gjengrodde Stier seems to be a rather carefully constructed figure whose primary intent is to evoke the reader’s sympathy and to remind us of his status as a writer, an artist. The director Troell has said in several interviews that it was very important for him to use Hansen’s book as source material, but that he and his screenwriter Per Olov Enquist have included many other sources, among them Hamsun’s own Paa gjengrodde Stier. Viewing the film as an adaptation of Hansen’s book, one easily recognizes the connections to Hamsun’s own writings. An interesting question is whether or how the main character differs in each above-mentioned text. Naturally, the longer the period of time that separates the source material from the film adaptation, the more significant a role the changes that have occurred over time in social, political and ethical values play in our interpretation of depicted events. Hansen’s portrayal of Hamsun was very original and controversial in its time. However, the release of the film Hamsun to an international audience in 1996 reopened the debate of “Hamsun’s guilt”. Troell chose to focus on the drama of Hamsun’s personal life through the war and its after-effects. The image of an artist instead of a collaborator – similar to what Hamsun created of himself on the pages of Paa gjengrodde Stier – prevails in both the novel and its film adaptation.