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Résumé : Cette étude a pour objectif de montrer la relation entre les revenus des ménages et la gestion des déchets et dégager les risques environnementaux qui en découlent. Une enquête transversale descriptive a été réalisée pour évaluer le lien entre les pratiques de gestion des déchets ménagers en fonction des revenus des ménages dans le 7ème arrondissement de la ville de N’Djamena. 1000 ménages ont été choisis dans dix quartiers de la commune. Les coordonnées géographiques des déchets à proximité des habitations ont été relevées. L’analyse statistique descriptive a été appliquée aux données. Les résultats montrent que 49,7% des enquêtés ont le niveau d’étude secondaire, 43,9% le niveau supérieur, 2,9% le niveau primaire et 3,1% sont non instruit. Et que les enfants (83,4%) et/ou les femmes (16,6%) sont chargés de la gestion des déchets. 31,6% des ménages déposent leurs ordures en bordure de rues, 17,8 % dans les marécageuses, certains 51,6 % dans les cours des écoles publiques et ou les dépotoirs sauvages. La pré-collecte est utilisée mais par les ménages ayant des revenus supérieurs à 200000 FCFA, tels qu’Amtoukoi (41,38%), Chagoua (54,6), Dembé (56,96 %), Habena (48,3) et Gassi (39,54%). Le stockage des ordures avant dépôt dans les sites, se fait dans les sceaux (83.1 %), les bacs à ordures (6,5 %), dans les barils (6,3%) en fonction des revenus des ménages. Mots-clés : Economie, Déchets, Environnement, Gestion, N’Djamena, Tchad.

Aquest treball analitza els resultats d’administrar, per primera vegada, una prova diagnòstica comuna de català a un miler d’alumnes de primer curs dels graus en Educació Infantil, Educació Primària i doble grau en Educació Infantil i Educació Primària de cinc facultats d’Educació de Catalunya. Els resultats mostren que més de la meitat dels estudiants, malgrat haver superat la Prova d’Aptitud Personal que regula l’accés a aquests estudis, se situen en un nivell global del MECR inferior al C1 que tenen acreditat des de quart d’ESO, i que això es deu sobretot als dèficits en el domini dels aspectes ortogràfics i gramaticals de la llengua. Arran d’aquesta constatació, es fan diferents propostes d’actuació en els àmbits de la política lingüística educativa, en general, i de la selecció i la formació del futur professorat, en particular, entre les quals destaca la necessitat de replantejar-se l’acreditació automàtica del nivell C1 de català al final de l’educació secundària obligatòria.

Civic and community engagement is often crucial for the successful development of rural areas and a catalyst of personal transformation. This article examines changes in civic and community engagement among women in rural Bihar, India. Using an exploratory factor analysis of survey data from n = 815 respondents who participated in Heifer’s Values-Based Holistic Community Development [VBHCD] training, the study identifies three factors that constitute civic and community engagement. Next, the study assesses the efficacy of VBHCD’s impact on participants’ civic and community engagement relative to participants’ duration in the program and type of self-help group. The results indicate that pass-on groups are more civically active in their community than original groups. However, civic and community engagement wanes over the course of participation in Heifer’s intervention.

Cet article étudie l’opposition entre l’exécutif et le législatif dans le cadre du long et difficile processus de reconnaissance du génocide arménien par les autorités fédérales états-uniennes. Il analyse comment l’exécutif, dès les années 1970 et jusqu’à 2019, bloque tous les projets de loi visant à affirmer la réalité du génocide arménien au Congrès, essentiellement afin de ménager la Turquie, son alliée de l’OTAN. L’objectif est également de mettre en évidence les efforts considérables que les partisans de la reconnaissance du génocide doivent déployer pendant environ cinquante ans pour inverser la tendance.

(Pour lire l’article complet, en français ou anglais, cliquer sur le logo pdf à droite.) La constipation est une situation fréquente chez les patients traités par dialyse péritonéale. Une étude récente a révélé une prévalence de 58 % de constipation chez les patients en insuffisance rénale chronique terminale soulignant la nécessité d’une meilleure gestion du transit intestinal dans cette population. Nous avons 25 ans d’expérience en Dialyse Péritonéale Automatisée (DPA) ; notre centre utilise des cathéters lestés et inclut depuis 2021 des patients atteints d’obésité. Nous présentons deux cas cliniques qui démontrent que l’étude des enregistrements des cinétiques de drainage permet aux patients une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement de leur dialyse et favorise leur compliance au traitement. Ils mettent également en évidence que le recours à l’éducation thérapeutique individuelle permet aux patients d’améliorer la gestion de leur transit, notamment pour des patients fragiles psychologiquement, qui connaissent des débuts de traitements compliqués. La constipation peut réduire l’efficacité de la dialyse péritonéale et causer des infections péritonéales. L’article recommande l’utilisation de l’échelle de Bristol et (des) de questionnaires pour évaluer la gravité de la constipation. Il souligne l’importance des ateliers thérapeutiques pour impliquer les patients. La visualisation des courbes de drainage aide à comprendre l’impact de la constipation, favorisant ainsi une meilleure prise en charge et une amélioration de la qualité de vie. En conclusion, intégrer les courbes de drainage dans la gestion de la constipation dans une démarche d’éducation thérapeutique avec les patients en DPA est essentiel pour optimiser les traitements et réduire les complications.

L’histoire du supportérisme de football est en plein développement et des recherches récentes ont montré son importance dès l’entre-deux-guerres, voire avant 1914. Le cas du Havre Athletic Club permet de documenter cette recherche nouvelle. Le clubs des « Supporters et amis du HAC » réunit environ 1000 personnes qui veulent se démarquer des simples spectateurs. Il joue un rôle important dans l’adoption du professionnalisme par le club doyen du football français. Leur soutien enthousiaste dans les travées du stade de la Cavée verte permet au club doyen de faire son chemin en deuxième division et d’accéder à l’élite en 1938, tout en réalisant de bonnes performances en Coupe de France. Contrairement à leurs rivaux du FC Rouen, les supporters havrais entretiennent d’excellentes relations avec leurs dirigeants et les soutiennent même financièrement quand le club connaît des difficultés.

Abstract Background Nine male and eight female calves born to a Normande artificial insemination bull named “Ly” were referred to the French National Observatory of Bovine Abnormalities for multiple fractures, shortened gestation, and stillbirth or perinatal mortality. Results Using Illumina BovineSNP50 array genotypes from affected calves and 84 half-sib controls, the associated locus was mapped to a 6.5-Mb interval on chromosome 19, assuming autosomal inheritance with germline mosaicism. Subsequent comparison of the whole-genome sequences of one case and 5116 control genomes, followed by genotyping in the affected pedigree, identified a de novo missense substitution within the NC1 domain of the COL1A1 gene (Chr19 g.36,473,965G > A; p.D1412N) as unique candidate variant. Interestingly, the affected residue was completely conserved among 243 vertebrate orthologs, and the same substitution in humans has been reported to cause type II osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a connective tissue disorder that is characterized primarily by bone deformity and fragility. Moreover, three COL1A1 mutations have been described to cause the same syndrome in cattle. Necropsy, computed tomography, radiology, and histology confirmed the diagnosis of type II OI, further supporting the causality of this variant. In addition, a detailed analysis of gestation length and perinatal mortality in 1387 offspring of Ly and more than 160,000 progeny of 63 control bulls allowed us to statistically confirm in a large pedigree the association between type II OI and preterm delivery, which is probably due to premature rupture of fetal membranes and has been reported in several isolated cases of type II OI in humans and cattle. Finally, analysis of perinatal mortality rates and segregation distortion supported a low level of germ cell mosaicism in Ly, with an estimate of 4.5% to 7.7% of mutant sperm and thus 63 to 107 affected calves born. These numbers contrast with the 17 cases reported and raise concerns about the underreporting of congenital defects to heredo-surveillance platforms, even for textbook genetic syndromes. Conclusions In conclusion, we describe a large animal model for a recurrent substitution in COL1A1 that is responsible for type II OI in humans. More generally, this study highlights the utility of such datasets and large half-sib families available in livestock species to characterize sporadic genetic defects.

Boron carbide (B4C)-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) are materials of choice for the manufacturing of radioactive material containers due to their neutron absorption properties. The neutron absorption capacity of this material depends mainly on the density of B4C particles in the aluminum matrix. The reinforced MMC sheets used to manufacture these containers are produced by a lamination process. The raw sheets coming out of the rolling mill show uneven distribution of B4C particles between the extremities of the sheets, constituted solely of aluminum (rejection zone), and the interior of the laminated sheet, with the right aluminum / B4C ratio (useful zone). Detecting the boundary between the useful zone and the rejection zone is a crucial step in the process, as it defines which part of the sheet should be used to manufacture the containers. Determination of this boundary is currently carried out by chemical digestion, which is costly, time-consuming, and provides only localized information. The aim of this work was to develop a non-destructive technique able to detect the boundary between the rejection zone and the useful zone. The approach is based on the difference in acoustic attenuation between rejection and useful zones. More precisely, the ultrasonic parameter used was the amplitude ratio between the backwall and the front wall echo of the sheet when performing a pulse-echo inspection at 20 MHz. The amplitude ratio in aluminum is smaller than in the useful zone containing B4C, which is more attenuating for the ultrasounds. Two types of scans were performed: 1D linear scan and 2D scan. The linear scan was performed using a conventional probe coupled to the part via a conformable wedge. The boundary between both zones was detected by segmenting the amplitude ratio profile into different sections with constant statistical parameters. The 2D scan was performed with an automated 5-axis inspection system in a water tank using a conventional probe. A map of amplitude ratios was generated, and the useful zone was detected using an agglomerative clustering segmentation. Validation was carried out by comparing the amplitude ratio profile with chemical digestion data from samples taken from these sheets. Experimental validation, performed on sheets with different B4C densities and thicknesses, showed that amplitude ratio enables a good detection of the boundary and therefore the useful zone.

High-velocity oxygen Fuel (HVOF) is a coating process that produces a dense, tightly bonded layer that significantly enhances wear resistance on the coated component. Our partner, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), develops innovative HVOF coating methods for cylindrical parts' internal surfaces used in critical applications such as landing gear components. However, to be adopted by the aerospace industry, it is necessary to demonstrate that these HVOF-coated parts can be reliably inspected using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. Although inspections using conventional ultrasonic of HVOF-coated parts are already well established, phased array ultrasonics (PAUT) have the potential to increase inspection productivity, defect detectability and traceability. Therefore, this study focused on the evaluation of PAUT methods performance for assessing internally coated cylindrical components in terms of defect type, size and orientation.

be challenging. The manual inspection techniques usually used in this context are time-consuming and can lead to inconsistent results. L3Harris and the Centre Technologique en Aérospatiale (CTA) have developed a novel robotized solution to conduct efficient ultrasonic inspection of sandwich-structured components. The system is based on collaborative robots to enhance safety for both components and operators and uses custom-made probe-holders designed to achieve smooth scanning movements and proper coupling conditions. This paper focuses on the ultrasonic aspects of the solution: customized phased-array probes, specific firing sequences and novel data analysis techniques. The objectives were to reduce the inspection time, lower the number of different probes and passes required to cover the full components, obtain complete ultrasonic images of the components ensuring data traceability over time, and provide guidance for the diagnostic. The solution uses a pair of custom 1.5D linear phased-array probes mounted on conformable wedges. The firing technique varies the active aperture during the scan. This allows for simultaneous acquisition of pulse-echo (PE) data in the lower and upper skins, and through-transmission (TT) data through the sandwich, during a single pass. A novel analysis algorithm was developed to automatically compare the collected A-scan signals in each of the three available channels (PE top, PE bottom and TT) to reference signals. Depending on the similitude of the signal triplets with the references, each inspected pixel can be classified in one situation (pristine or defective) and color-coded accordingly. A diagnostic map is then generated and can be used by the inspector in correlation with more classical data (A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans) to make an informed decision.

Au Maroc, l’élevage demeure une activité fondamentale dans les réalisations du secteur agricole, encore plus dans les zones arides et semi-arides. En vue d’en évaluer les performances technico-économiques et leurs facteurs de variation, cette étude a été réalisée sur un échantillon de 35 exploitations agricoles dans les oasis de montagne au Maroc (communes de M’semrir et Tilmi – Haut Atlas central -). Cet échantillon reflète la diversité des situations locales, avec une répartition entre exploitations transhumantes et sédentaires situées à plus de 1 900 mètres d’altitude. Les résultats révèlent une forte mobilisation de la main-d’œuvre familiale pour les travaux d’astreinte, représentant près de 97,8 % du total des heures de travail liées au troupeau. Le temps dédié à ce travail varie significativement entre les élevages sédentaires et transhumants, avec en moyenne respectivement 98,5 et 436,5 jours par an. L’autonomie fourragère, évaluée à environ 47 % en moyenne, est dépendante de la surface agricole utile et la taille du cheptel. Les taux de reproduction (mise-bas et avortement) et de mortalité reflètent des contraintes importantes pour le développement de l’élevage dans la zone d’étude. Ils mettent en exergue l’impact de la sécheresse, des insuffisances alimentaires et de l’éloignement des éleveurs de leur troupeau. En termes de revenus, l’élevage génère en moyenne 1 545 DH par Unité de Gros Bétail (UGB). La rémunération du travail en élevage varie considérablement entre les éleveurs sédentaires et transhumants, avec une moyenne journalière de 48 DH, inférieure au salaire minimal agricole garanti (SMAG). Ces résultats soulignent une situation vulnérable, exacerbée par les effets du changement climatique, qui compromettent l’attractivité du travail en élevage en zone de montagne. La limitation des ressources naturelles impacte sérieusement la résilience de l’élevage et la création d’opportunités d’emploi décent. Des actions concertées sont nécessaires pour renforcer la durabilité de l’élevage dans ces régions et assurer des moyens de subsistance viables pour les communautés locales.

L'article propose une lecture théolittéraire de l’ouvrage Le Serpent à plumes de David Herbert Lawrence. Il s’agit en fait d’une utopie théologico-politique qui cherche à restaurer une expérience religieuse en partie syncrétique, comme une critique prophétique du colonialisme. En ce sens, revisiter l’œuvre peut alimenter une réflexion théologique décoloniale, qui permet de repenser la place de la religion par rapport à la culture et à l’expérience humaine en général.

This paper analyses the state of public transport (PT) stops in Brussels through the lens of inclusiveness for disabled persons. The approach mixes qualitative perspectives (including talks and field trips with numerous NGOs, disabled individuals using PT and public authorities) and a comprehensive quantitative analysis of 2 487 stops across the STIB-MIVB network. The study found that the production of PT stops depends on a wide range of stakeholders. The degree of stops’ inclusiveness has been inherited largely from times when little attention was paid to travellers with specific needs. Despite significant efforts over the past years, a notable share of PT stops is still not inclusive, although shares vary subject to the travel constraints considered. There is no clear geographical pattern of inclusiveness, except at the scale of specific PT modes (underground stations vs surface stops) and several homogeneous bus or tram corridors.

This paper analyses the state of public transport (PT) stops in Brussels through the lens of inclusiveness for disabled persons. The approach mixes qualitative perspectives (including talks and field trips with numerous NGOs, disabled individuals using PT and public authorities) and a comprehensive quantitative analysis of 2 487 stops across the STIB-MIVB network. The study found that the production of PT stops depends on a wide range of stakeholders. The degree of stops’ inclusiveness has been inherited largely from times when little attention was paid to travellers with specific needs. Despite significant efforts over the past years, a notable share of PT stops is still not inclusive, although shares vary subject to the travel constraints considered. There is no clear geographical pattern of inclusiveness, except at the scale of specific PT modes (underground stations vs surface stops) and several homogeneous bus or tram corridors.

This paper analyses the state of public transport (PT) stops in Brussels through the lens of inclusiveness for disabled persons. The approach mixes qualitative perspectives (including talks and field trips with numerous NGOs, disabled individuals using PT and public authorities) and a comprehensive quantitative analysis of 2 487 stops across the STIB-MIVB network. The study found that the production of PT stops depends on a wide range of stakeholders. The degree of stops’ inclusiveness has been inherited largely from times when little attention was paid to travellers with specific needs. Despite significant efforts over the past years, a notable share of PT stops is still not inclusive, although shares vary subject to the travel constraints considered. There is no clear geographical pattern of inclusiveness, except at the scale of specific PT modes (underground stations vs surface stops) and several homogeneous bus or tram corridors.

City-dwellers are often confronted with the presence of many spontaneous animal species which they either like or dislike. Using a questionnaire, we assessed the appreciation and perception of the pigeon (Columba livia), the rat (Rattus norvegicus), and the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) by people in parks, train stations, tourist sites, community gardens, and cemeteries in Paris, France. Two hundred individuals were interviewed between May 2017 and March 2018. While factors such as age, gender, level of education or place or location of the survey did not appear to be decisive in analyzing the differential appreciation of these species by individuals, there was a clear difference in appreciation based on the species and the perceived usefulness of the animal, which is often poorly understood. The rat was disliked (with an average appreciation score of 2.2/10), and the hedgehog was liked (with an average appreciation score of 7.7/10). The case of the pigeon is more complex, with some people loving or hating it, and many others being indifferent (with an average appreciation score of 4.7/10). The most common descriptor associated with pigeons and rats is the word "dirty", while for for hedgehogs it is "cute". Like Driscoll (1995) who found a positive correlation between perceived usefulness an appreciation given to the species, we assume that providing information to the citizens about the ecosystem services provided by unappreciated urban species could improve their perception of these animals, thus enabling better coexistence.

The introduction of new grape varieties to Bordeaux is one of the available levers to build up resilience to climate change. An ideal candidate for varietal diversification must fulfill different criteria, including, among others, later phenology and economically sustainable yield. In order to identify potential candidates to be introduced in the varietal mix of the Bordeaux area, an experimental parcel called “The Bordeaux 2050 plot” was planted at Château La Tour Carnet in the Haut-Médoc (Cru Classé of the 1855 classification) with 90 different varieties in order to characterise multiple varietal traits. Phenology and yield data are presented here to assist growers in their planting decisions.

Many new methods for single atom skeletal editing of heterocycles have been developed in the past few years with obvious applications to discovery chemistry. In this perspective, we assess the recent advances in this field and the potential application to lead exploration campaigns.

Le concept de « frontière lacustre » pose de nombreuses questions quand il s'agit de prendre en compte la diversité des enjeux aquatiques face aux problématiques environnementales et politiques contemporaines. D'une logique de séparation, il faut penser coopération avec un élément aqueux qui se soustrait aux réalités terrestres de la frontière. Délimiter un objet lacustre, marqué par ses mouvements et sa profondeur, peut tout à fait se penser, même en cartographie. Par contre, une cartographie linéaire de la frontière peut avoir comme effet d'ancrer la représentation d'une limite forte, même quand elle peut être imperceptible dans la réalité. Il faut donc sortir des représentations classiques linéaires renforçant l'image d'une limite intangible, plus ou moins épaisse. Dans cet article, il est proposé d'utiliser l'outil de la cartographie mentale pour analyser le regard porté par les individus sur la réalité frontalière du lac Léman. Dans une volonté de proposer un regard géographique original, le public choisi est constitué de jeunes enfants (autour de 10 ans) qui ont participé à la croisière d'été « Eau'tour du Léman ». Cet événement, organisé par l'Association de sauvegarde du Léman, a permis de montrer la diversité des regards entre séparation politique et lieu commun à protéger.

Résumé: Ce texte rend compte des déterminants de la violence dans le lycée moderne garçons de Bingerville. Il vise à démontrer à travers une approche compréhensive, les perceptions sociales et les enjeux sociaux des pratiques déviantes ou d’incivilités au sein du lycée moderne garçons de Bingerville. Il soutient d’une part que la banalisation des actes de violence par la communauté éducative (élèves, enseignants, personnel administratif et parents d’élèves) et d’autre part, la violence symbolique qu’exerce l’institution scolaire sur les apprenants constituent les déterminants essentiels de la violence au lycée moderne garçons de Bingerville. Mots-clés : violence scolaire, perceptions sociales, l’école.

Abstract Background Recessive deleterious variants are known to segregate in livestock populations, as in humans, and some may be lethal in the homozygous state. Results We used phased 50 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and pedigree data to scan the genome of 6845 Manech Tête Rousse dairy sheep to search for deficiency in homozygous haplotypes (DHH). Five Manech Tête Rousse deficient homozygous haplotypes (MTRDHH1 to 5) were identified, with a homozygous deficiency ranging from 84 to 100%. These haplotypes are located on Ovis aries chromosome (OAR)1 (MTRDHH2 and 3), OAR10 (MTRDHH4), OAR13 (MTRDHH5), and OAR20 (MTRDHH1), and have carrier frequencies ranging from 7.8 to 16.6%. When comparing at-risk matings between DHH carriers to safe matings between non-carriers, two DHH (MTRDHH1 and 2) were linked with decreased insemination success and/or increased stillbirth incidence. We investigated the MTRDHH1 haplotype, which substantially increased stillbirth rate, and identified a single nucleotide variant (SNV) inducing a premature stop codon (p.Gln409*) in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT) gene by using a whole-genome sequencing approach. We generated homozygous lambs for the MMUT mutation by at-risk mating between heterozygous carriers, and most of them died within the first 24 h after birth without any obvious clinical symptoms. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR and western blotting on post-mortem liver and kidney biological samples showed a decreased expression of MMUT mRNA in the liver and absence of a full-length MMUT protein in the mutant homozygous lambs. Conclusions We identified five homozygous deficient haplotypes that are likely to harbor five independent deleterious recessive variants in sheep. One of these was detected in the MMUT gene, which is associated with lamb lethality in the homozygous state. A specific management of these haplotypes/variants in the MTR dairy sheep selection program would help enhance the overall fertility and lamb survival.

This paper, falling within the framework of discourse studies, explores people’s interaction in advertising discourse. Few research on people’s interaction in advertising messages has been conducted. This article integrates a qualitative approach analysis while basing on enunciation theory. Some advertisements downloaded from websites have been investigated. The results show that people’s interaction in advertisements is highlighted by person, time, and space deixis. They build a space-temporal frame within which interaction between advertiser and audience (customers and prospects) is favored to activate persuasion. In the case of the analyzed data, the following person deixis are noticed: I, we, you, and their variants; time deixis involve verbal tenses (present and past simple), temporal adjectives and adverbs; space deixis are made of demonstrative pronouns (this and that) and adverbs (here, there).

During the Early Empire, the secondary settlement of Orléans/Cenabum (France), in the territory of the city of Carnutes, covered an area of about 125 ha. Because of its status as a commercial centre with a river port and a bridge crossing the Loire, the town benefited from public facilities typical of Gaul, including public baths. Since the 19th century, several remains of trench aqueducts have been uncovered to the north and north-east of Orléans. They have made it possible to reconstruct at least three water supply structures.The catchments of these aqueducts are not known. Several springs or water points recorded in the neighbouring villages might have been used from the ancient period, but the lack of knowledge about the upstream route of the structure means that there is no backing for a specific hypothesis. At the downstream end, the data also remain very incomplete. A thermal facility identified near the monumental centre of Orléans/Cenabum in the 19th century or a peri-urban domus in the eastern districts of the town constitute two potential candidates for the outlet of the aqueducts, but did not show how they fitted into the urban fabric.In the second half of the 19th century, local scholars reported the discovery of the remains of an underground aqueduct (aqueduct A) along the present rue du Faubourg Saint-Vincent. The discontinuous observation points show a structure running from north to south towards the town. Since then, this structure has not been observed, which leaves many uncertainties as to its implementation, dating or route.Further east, the area known as “la Fontaine de l’Étuvée” has been known since mediaeval times as the site of a spring. In 1823, test pits led to the discovery of a stele dedicated to the goddess Acionna, from which the presence of a water sanctuary was deduced. Since then, several scheduled and preventative archaeological operations, especially over the last fifty years, have revealed the sanctuary and remains linked to the passage of water. Two trench aqueducts have been discovered. The older one (aqueduct B) winds along the bottom of a north-south oriented talweg, but deviates slightly in order to avoid the sanctuary, whose foundation dates back to the Roman conquest. The second, more recent aqueduct (aqueduct C), initially runs east-west, but has been diverted to the south at the level of a masonry manhole. A long, interrupted trench void of masonry extends towards aqueduct B after the manhole, while the masonry aqueduct C continues southwards. It runs for about 200 m before branching off again to the west. This change in the layout of the structure was made during the construction phase. The empty trench consists of two deep, wide linear excavations separated by a small strip of earth. The 2007 excavation showed that the aqueduct was built in sections of around 60 m in length, separated by a strip of unterraced land around 1.80 m wide. This was used both as a traffic space on either side of the trench and as a demarcation zone between two sections at two different stages of the construction. This space could also have been used for the preparation of a masonry manhole, which was never built. This abandoned route thus offers a unique view of the construction of an aqueduct, the organisation of the construction site and the distribution of the work teams.Aqueducts B and C meet at two quadrangular masonry basins uncovered between the 1970s and 1990s in the Parc de la Fontaine de l’Étuvée. Downstream of these, the trench of aqueduct B and its masonry conduit were identified during development work and diagnostics over a distance of about 400 m. This structure most certainly continued further south but was never found during the various operations in the area between the last section uncovered and the ancient city and its suburbs.Where observation was possible, it revealed that the masonry conduits of the Fontaine de l’Etuvée aqueducts are built in the classical manner. At the bottom of the excavation, the channel is between 0.50 and 0.70 m wide and between 0.75 and 1.30 m high and consists of a footing and two masonry pedestals. This channel is surmounted by a maintenance and circulation space, with a vault of limestone rubble covering the whole. Most of the masonry has suffered considerable deterioration due to the omnipresence of water on the site. The altitude of the water course remains largely unknown, because of the difficulty of reaching the base of the masonry conduit (up to 4 m deep) and the general poor state of preservation of the structures. Five quadrangular masonry manholes were excavated on the different sections. The workings of the complex of two quadrangular basins are still poorly understood, in particular because of the heterogeneity of the field data. Their positioning at the intersection of aqueducts B and C suggests that they were used as settling or expansion basins.Aqueduct B of the Fontaine de l’Étuvée could have been built during the first half of the 2nd century AD, since its installation trench intersects a ditch in the sanctuary. Aqueduct C is later than the first one and could date from the second half of the 2nd century. The chronology of the two basins is poor, but they seem to post-date the construction of aqueduct B.The aqueduct continued to function during Late Antiquity, since a very special arrangement, dated to this period, was found at the foot of a manhole north of the Fontaine de l’Étuvée sanctuary. Above the masonry shaft, timber armouring consisting of three rows of props supporting flights of horizontal planks holds back the surrounding earth, allowing safe access to the bottom of the trench from the surface. The masonry of the manhole uprights in contact with the armouring appears to have been partially rebuilt, which could justify the installation of such an arrangement. The footprint of this timbering could suggest repairs to a section of aqueduct over a length of approximately 6 m. The radiocarbon analyses carried out on certain pieces of wood suggest a date for the felling of the wood during the autumn or winter of 345-346, thus confirming that this section of aqueduct was in use in the middle of the 4th century and that the route of the aqueduct and the location of the surface manholes were known at that time.

The controversy between Catholics and Reformed in France under the Edict of Nantes (1598-1685) is well known, but only partially known. In fact, alongside famous confrontations, studied by researchers and perfectly documented by archives and publications, featuring prestigious theologians on both sides, other disputes have remained more confidential, even though their literary or social importance may have been decisive for a large number of the lay people. These were « popularised » controversies, but sometimes of a low intellectual level, precisely in order to be within the reach of the greatest number of people, and with intense methodological reflection on the best way to defeat the adversary and allow everyone to understand this victory. These controversies have remained relatively marginal, and it’s therefore a question here of launching research tracks in this dossier, the aim of which is thus to focus attention for once on the social and literary forms that a controversy can take, often disregarded because it’s not prestigious enough (including for the credit and reputation of its participants), or else too local, too vehement, too sensitive to the use of insults, too accessible to all (which is in itself a subject of controversy). The dossier will include four articles with literary issues, and four with social issues, but with echoes and dialogues.

François Véron (1575-1649), an tireless controversialist and author of hundreds of works ranging from feuille volante to treatises, was denigrated by the opponents of his time and generally despised by historiography. His life’s work was a method of controversy against the Protestants, combining theory and practice, a method intended to be simple and universal, slowly refined from 1615 onwards and directly responsible for the discredit into which he fell, because it was denounced as simplistic. However, the 1638 edition of this method, several hundred folio pages long, was intended to show the degree of mastery he had achieved. An unusual object, this book represents a kind of finale to a long process, which Véron perceived as a definitive work that could serve as a tool for the past, present and future. In this sense, it can be said that this testing reading also teaches us a great deal about the author, whose life was so intimately linked to his professional activity. Véron has indeed thought up and published a kind of total treatise on controversy, which is certainly difficult to grasp and denigrate, but which has its coherence and which he feels has reached perfection after a quarter of a century of work and experimentation.

Through the case of an Ivorian slit drum from the French national collections promised for restitution, the article questions the way in which the story of a so-called “ill-gotten” artifact can be presented to a general audience, and also how it can be linked to the concept of the Rashōmon effect. The facts, but also the questions, emerging from the author’s iconographic and bibliographic analysis tend to demonstrate the complexity of these stories concerning the life of objects that it is sometimes tempting to simplify.

Based on a doctoral research conducted with adults born in France, the author analyzes the various mobilities to the ancestral land through the lens of memory work. The case studies thus complement existing research on diasporic or memorial tourism among the first generations and root tourism among the subsequent generations. They propose four modalities through which the experience in Vietnam contributes to the process family and collective memory shaping. This process is based on genealogical investigation about facts, a sensory experience that engages the body in space, imagination as the ability to project oneself into an alternative or counterfactual memory, and finally, symbolic practices that align with pilgrimage analysis.

Cet article rend compte d’une recherche-action conduite avec les concepteurs d’une IA émotionnelle qui tentaient de s’éloigner du modèle de capture des technologies affectives. Un tel déplacement implique de rattacher une approche critique et des pratiques d’intervention. Saisir et faire agir forment un couple qui vient compléter une éthique des devoirs ou des conséquences, non plus en aidant les concepteurs à arbitrer entre des principes ou des calculs, mais en leur offrant de repartir de leurs expériences, et celles de leurs usagers, pour concevoir une innovation socialement désirable. Cette promesse est rendue possible par une éthique en situations, un cadrage opérationnel permettant de saisir, par la voie d’une ethnographie sensible, ce qui est à disposition dans les situations vécues par les usagers et par les concepteurs ; de mettre à leur disposition, par des approches participatives, des objets intermédiaires facilitant la transition vers des imaginaires autres ; et de se tenir à disposition pour des médiations nouvelles, en s’appuyant sur des méthodes créatives et projectives.

RÉSUMÉCirculant dans les arènes internationales, le concept de Solutions fondées sur la Nature (SfN) est apparu au cours de la dernière décennie dans les politiques environnementales et des risques liés à l’eau. Les SfN doivent permettre de répondre à des défis sociétaux tout en préservant ou favorisant la biodiversité. Nous proposons ici de suivre l’institutionnalisation du concept en France en nous appuyant sur des méthodes de sciences humaines et sociales. Au niveau national, nous identifions une institutionnalisation assez forte du concept dans les politiques publiques à travers différents vecteurs d’intégration. Les cas d’étude montrent des modalités d’appropriation du concept variables à l’échelle locale, oscillant entre une absence de mobilisation du concept malgré des pratiques qui semblent similaires à la définition de l’UICN, à un usage du concept stratégique dans certains contextes. Afin d’expliquer cette différence d’appropriation, nous avançons deux hypothèses. La première concerne l’« innovation conceptuelle » que représente les SfN, qui semble adaptée aux modes de fonctionnement des politiques publiques à l’échelle nationale, mais qui trouve certaines limites dans sa déclinaison à l’échelle locale. La seconde concerne les instruments d’action publique mobilisés pour promouvoir le concept, qui ne semblent pas permettre d’aboutir à un processus d’intéressement des acteurs locaux.

Computer-aided detection software based on artificial intelligence (CAD-IA), combined with digital chest X-rays, has recently been touted as an easy solution to a complex problem: “ending tuberculosis by 2030”. The WHO recommended the use of these devices in 2021, and numerous public/private partnerships have helped to evaluate them, creating a market for these first artificial intelligence-based global health tools. This article explores the stages in the creation of value and a market for these detection algorithms, thanks to an “accelerationist” regime that is well entrenched within the field of global health. By following the social life of the data used to develop, validate, sell, and profit from CAD-IA devices, we analyze how a new form of technological TB detection used in global health, despite its disruptive claims, remains caught up in processes of inequality that drive TB epidemics in many contexts and are indirectly valued scientifically, economically, and politically, by the technology itself.

In August 2008, after the war against Georgia, Russia decided to recognize the sovereignty of the secessionist Georgian regions of Abkhazia and south Ossetia, which are de facto independent since the early 1990’s. This war, unleashed by the action of he Georgian president M. Saakashvili, was a consequence of a clash between contrasting geopolitical goals in Caucasus. This article adopts a multi-scale approach to explain the war, analyzing its various dimensions, starting with the Abkhazian and Ossetian separatisms and the Georgian policy, aimed at “unifying” and modernizing the country, but dealing as well with the complex relationship between Russia and Georgia and finally with the wider international geopolitical rivalries playing out in the Caucasus.

Le renouvellement de nombreuses essences d’intérêts économique et écologique est remis en cause par une hausse généralisée des populations de cervidés et des dégâts qu'ils occasionnent. La simulation d’abroutissement est une méthode expérimentale consistant à combiner la section mécanique de la plante et l’application de salive de cervidés sur la zone sectionnée qui permet de contrôler précisément les épisodes d'abroutissement auxquels sont soumis les plants. Nous illustrons ici, par deux exemples, les possibilités offertes par cette technique pour comprendre les effets des abroutissements de chevreuil sur la croissance et survie des plants de Chêne. Messages clés • La simulation d’abroutissement consiste à imiter l’herbivorie en combinant section mécanique et application de salive sur la plante. • L’abroutissement simulé réduit de 50 % la survie des semis de Chêne. • Les semis répondent en investissant dans les traits fonctionnels favorisant la croissance (teneur foliaire en azote et chlorophylle).

L’agriculture joue un rôle important dans le développement socio-économique des Etats dans le monde, en général, et de la RDC, en particulier. En effet, elle ne peut engendrer le développement en question que si et seulement si elle est organisée et mieux modernisée. De même, l’agriculture permet à un Etat de lutter contre la crise alimentaire, la faim, la pauvreté, le chômage et elle est aussi à la base de l’augmentation de la richesse nationale, etc. Pour y arriver, voici quelques stratégies pour des politiques agricoles efficaces : des nouveaux mécanismes de financements, une nouvelle organisation socio-économique de la production agricole et un encadrement de la jeunesse en milieu rural.

This article analyzes the impact of the availability of scanner data, resulting from the computerization of retail stores, on the practices of national statistical institutes concerning the construction of price indexes. Notably, it details the methodological shift in the construction of price indexes allowed by the availability of scanner data and analyzes the technical constraints which can explain the (still) current low mobilization of scanner data by national statistical institutes.

Over the last decades, Aquitaine lakes have been exposed to growing biomasses of invasive macrophytes, in particular Lagarosiphon major, and to frequent blooms of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Our aim was to explore the potential role of L. major in the regulation of such blooms, through allelopathic interactions. Experiments consisted of exponential growth phase cells incubated for 96 h in L. major extracts at increasing concentrations. Our approach was based on untargeted metabolomics and photosynthetic activity measurements.We demonstrated the anticyanobacterial properties of L. major extracts. In particular, we reported that L. major extracts inhibited M. aeruginosa photosynthesis, and affected the production of various metabolite classes and pathways mainly involved in the secondary metabolism of the cyanobacteria.We further provided clear evidence about the existence of metabolite classes in L. major that may be involved in allelopathic interactions with M. aeruginosa, such as caffeic acid.

Abstract Background The frequency of chromosomal rearrangements in Canadian breeding boars has been estimated at 0.91 to 1.64%. These abnormalities are widely recognized as a potential cause of subfertility in livestock production. Since artificial insemination is practiced in almost all intensive pig production systems, the use of elite boars carrying cytogenetic defects that have an impact on fertility can lead to major economic losses. To avoid keeping subfertile boars in artificial insemination centres and spreading chromosomal defects within populations, cytogenetic screening of boars is crucial. Different techniques are used for this purpose, but several issues are frequently encountered, i.e. environmental factors can influence the quality of results, the lack of genomic information outputted by these techniques, and the need for prior cytogenetic skills. The aim of this study was to develop a new pig karyotyping method based on fluorescent banding patterns. Results The use of 207,847 specific oligonucleotides generated 96 fluorescent bands that are distributed across the 18 autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Tested alongside conventional G-banding, this oligo-banding method allowed us to identify four chromosomal translocations and a rare unbalanced chromosomal rearrangement that was not detected by conventional banding. In addition, this method allowed us to investigate chromosomal imbalance in spermatozoa. Conclusions The use of oligo-banding was found to be appropriate for detecting chromosomal aberrations in a Canadian pig nucleus and its convenient design and use make it an interesting tool for livestock karyotyping and cytogenetic studies.

Les technologies immersives intègrent de plus en plus le milieu de la formation professionnelle. Parmi celles-ci, la réalité virtuelle est celle qui présente un des potentiels des plus intéressants par sa capacité à immerger des apprenants dans des situations et des environnements d’apprentissage virtuels où la charge cognitive, les gestes et la prise de décisions ressemblent à ceux qui devraient être posés dans la pratique. Cette modalité devient d’autant plus pertinente lorsque les écoles ou les centres ne disposent pas de tous les équipements sur leur lieu de formation. C’est le cas de la Marine royale canadienne (MRC), qui doit former ses techniciens à l’entretien et à la réparation d’équipements sur des navires qui, eux, peuvent être en mer, ou tout simplement postés de l’autre côté du pays. Cet article résume les étapes de conception pédagogique et technique de simulations virtuelles destinées à la formation des techniciens de la MRC. Les auteurs y discutent des facteurs favorisant l’intégration de cette technologie ainsi que des forces et des limites de la réalité virtuelle dans ce type d’usage à partir d’un cas d’usage réel.

Le gouvernement du Québec a investi dans une offensive de transformation numérique. Elle vise à accélérer le virage technologique de plusieurs secteurs d’activités incluant celui de l’enseignement. Pour les universités, cette décision se traduit par un rehaussement de l’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC). D’ailleurs, dans plusieurs cas, ces TIC rejoignent les personnes dans leur manière d’apprendre. Parmi ces nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques, nous retrouvons la simulation clinique par réalité virtuelle (SimRV), constituant un exemple d’actualisation des approches technopédagogiques au service de l’apprentissage. En reprenant des scénarios de simulation clinique traditionnels, la SimRV amène la personne, par le biais d’expériences immersives, à réaliser des simulations qui, autrefois, nécessitaient l’accès à une structure formelle. Bien que cette approche soit récente, plusieurs avenues viennent lui conférer un grand potentiel d’application. Une équipe de la Faculté des sciences infirmières de l’Université Laval a testé ce potentiel dans un projet exploratoire de simulations interactives par vidéo 360 degrés interactive, dans le programme de deuxième cycle de formation des infirmiers praticiens spécialisés. Cet article présentera les avantages, les limites et les enjeux identifiés pour une intégration pédagogique réussie de cette nouvelle technologie.

« How can a balance between historiographical success and player entertainment be created? Solving that question may produce the greatest ongoing benefit to both the academic field and the development world » (Kempshall, 2020, p. 14). The videogame research-creation project presented in this article is an attempt to realize such a balance. After introducing what an “historian” approach to videogame design is and which questions it could address, we present our own project that seeks to explore how “historical material” is affected by its integration in a videogame, but also how this integration affects the communication of play in return.

The aim of this article is to present the issues related to the production and valorization of small pelagics in Côte d’Ivoire, highlighting the crucial role of Ghanaian actors in artisanal fishing. To this end, we have compiled and analyzed data from the Directorate of Aquaculture and Fisheries (DAP) and the Abidjan Oceanological Research Centre (CRO), focusing on the production, fishing units, and the number of fishermen as well as key actors in the value chain of small pelagics. Field activities were conducted to establish the operating account of different fishing segments, in order to calculate the added value and to map the distribution of artisanal production of small pelagics in Côte d’Ivoire. The results show that, from 2014 to 2018, over 95 % of the artisanal production of small pelagics in Côte d’Ivoire was ensured by Ghanaian fishermen, accounting for about 26,200 tonnes out of an average annual production of 27,500 tonnes. More than two-thirds of this production is processed artisanally, especially by smoking, mainly by Ghanaian women. The added value generated by artisanal fishing is estimated at 5 billion CFA Francs (XOF) in Côte d’Ivoire. Ghanaian fishing actors have thus developed, over the years, an effective vertical management of the artisanal exploitation of small pelagics in Côte d’Ivoire, significantly contributing to the national fisheries economy and the food security of the Ivorian population. However, this production remains insufficient to meet national needs, leading to an increase in imports of frozen pelagics, particularly from Mauritania, Senegal, and China. These imports are increasingly being questioned, due to the emergence of new markets in the African supplier countries of Côte d’Ivoire.