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Walls used to fill a frame structure may serve non-load bearing (visual, acoustic or fire separation) or load bearing and stiffening functions which provide geometrical stability of a structure. They are shear walls without any vertical load from higher floors. This paper proposes an algorithm for determining stiffness of a singular frame area, taking into account standards CSA S304.1-04, FEMA 306 and FEMA 274. An attempt was made to cover all valid standards (EN 1996-1-1:2010 and prEN 1996-1-1:2017) applied for designs.

This paper describes principles of verifying load capacity of reinforced masonry walls subjected to horizontal and vertical loading in accordance with EN 1996-1-1:2010 and the draft version of Eurocode 6 (prEN 1996-1-1:2017), These standards specify three methods for positioning reinforcement: the V method only for vertical reinforcement, the VH method that includes both vertical and horizontal reinforcement, and the H method only for horizontal reinforcement. Each of them can be subdivided into cases a, b, and c which differ in the course of standard stresses at the wall edges. This paper focuses on the V method which refers to reinforcement that is positioned vertically. It also presents equations required to determine load-carrying capacity of cross-section against vertical load NEd with neglected vertical reinforcement. Examples of VRd – NEd interaction diagrams are included.

Tests of a full-scale model of slab with the dimensions of 6.30x6.30m, built of TerivaPanel panels were carried out under short-term and long-term load. TerivaPanel panels are partial precast, pre-tensioned concrete slabs with ribs connected at the bottom. The panels have a specially shaped cross-connection (shear key) enabling loads to be transferred between the panels. The tests were carried out under a load placed on the top of the slab. Additionally, the load was applied sequentially. Measurements were made by an electronic method. In one of the stages, long-term testing, the load was applied to one half of the slab to examine the possibility of faulting. The measurements were carried out at monthly intervals, using a geodetic method. The values of vertical displacements at the panel joints (in the middle of the slab) and for central panels along the entire length of the joint were measured.

The article presents the results of particles measurements from a jet engine. Engine parameters were analysed during the actual flight and an attempt was made to map it in stationary tests. Research results were supported by correlation analysis. Based on measurements of particulate matter it was found that the most favourable conditions for particle formation occur during taxiing. Mass distributions were presented and emission factors were determined for three basic phases: taxiing, take-off and approach. The applied research methodology was based on the latest guidelines and was expanded to include propositions related to the analysis of engine operation in real flight conditions.

Particles are products of burning fossil fuels and the basic mechanisms of their formation are widely known. The above issue draws more and more attention of scientists due to the negative impact of solid particles on human health and climate. The emission of particles from aircraft is considered mainly in the case of near airport operations, which results from the applicable homologation regulations. However, due to the impact of exhaust emissions on the climate, it is planned to extend the regulations on limiting exhaust gases at cruising altitudes. The measurement of exhaust emissions in real flight conditions is very difficult to perform from a technical point of view, which is why modelling the environmental effects of air operations and laboratory measurements is very important. The article presents the results of jet engine tests made on the engine dynamometer and the measurements results of particle number concentration in the air during the landing of an aircraft equipped with the same engine as on the dynamometer.

The article compares driving test data using the latest legislative proposals applicable to passenger cars. Several measurements were performed on the same test route in accordance with the RDE test guidelines, which requires a number of criteria to be met. These criteria include: the length of the measuring segments, their overall test time share, and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. A mobile device for reading the EOBD System information was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters during tests. This allowed for the monitoring of parameters such as: load value, engine speed and vehicle velocity. The obtained results were then analyzed for their compatibility with the RDE procedure requirements. Despite the same research route, the obtained results were not the same. The analysis also uses the two-dimensional operating time share characteristics expressed in vehicle velocity and acceleration co-ordinates. As a result it was possible to compare the dynamic properties, share of operating time and, consequently, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their practicability and emission values.

Exhaust emissions from aircraft is a complex issue because of the limited possibility of measurements in flight conditions. Most of the studies on this subject were performed on the basis of stationary test. Engine certification data is used to calculate total emissions generated by air transport. However, it doesnt provide any information about the local effects of air traffic. The main threat to local communities is particulate matter emissions, which adversely affects human health. Emissions from air transport affect air quality, particularly in the vicinity of the airports; it also contributes to the greenhouse effect. The article presents the measurement results of the concentration and size distribution of particles emitted during aircraft landing operation. Measurements were carried out during the landings of aircraft at a civilian airport. It was found that a single landing operation causes particle number concentration value increase of several ten-fold in a short period of time. Using aircraft engine certification data, the methodology for determination of the total number of particles emitted during a single landing operation was introduced.

The article presents the results of studies conducted in the area adjacent to the airport located in Poznan, to determine the impact of aircraft landing operation on the concentration of particulate matter. Measurements were carried out using Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer Spectrometer 3090, enabling the measurement of the particle size distribution. The research allowed to determine the nature of the emitted particles and adds to the evaluation of impact on air quality. The tests were carried out during four aircraft landing operations. In each of the four cases total concentration of particulates number before landing (reference level) and during the landing of the aircraft was measured. In addition, the size distribution of reference level particles and its change after the landing operation was measured. Based on the conducted research, it was found that landing aircrafts have a significant impact on the concentration of particulate matter in the area adjacent to the airport. A single landing operation causes an substantially increase of the value of particle number concentration.

The introduction of new emission limits for exhaust emissions of ship engines contributes to the development of new powertrain solutions. New solutions in the simplest approach concern the reduction of the concentration of sulfur in motor fuels. Typically, the aforementioned fuels have a lower value of viscosity which causes a number of supply system problems. It is becoming more and more common to use fuel cells in engine rooms of various types of marine vessels. Unlike conventional systems that use internal combustion engines, these systems have zero exhaust emissions. Hydrogen, methanol, methane and other substances may be used as a fuel in fuel cells. However, so far the best operating parameters are manifested by cells powered by hydrogen, which is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing this fuel. Therefore, the use of turbine engines allows the obtaining of large operating and environmental advantages. The paper presents a comparison of the ecological parameters of turbine and piston engines.

The article presents a study on emission measurements in passenger cars in tests conducted under real traffic conditions – Real Driving Emissions using a Portable Emission Measurement System type of equipment. A special feature of the outlined RDE tests is that they were performed in Polish road conditions, and thus their parameters may differ from their counterparts adopted in most European Union countries. Based on the findings vehicle emission conformity factors were developed, characterized as the fractional increase (or decrease) of traffic emissions during the homologation test or under normal operation conditions in relation to the emission limit standards (for chosen emission class) of the vehicle. Conducted research and the calculated conformity factors allowed for the environmental impact assessment of the vehicles of various emission classes, while also allowing early actions to restrict the emissions of selected components in passenger vehicles. The methods and measures used can also be applied to other types of vehicles (e.g. heavy duty or off-road vehicles) or vehicles powered by other fuels.