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IntroductionPublic health concerns over the impact of social media use (SMU) on adolescent health are growing. We investigated the relationship between SMU and sleep health in adolescents in Canada aged 11 to 17 years. MethodsData from the 2017–2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study were available for 12 557 participants (55.2% female). SMU was categorized by frequency of use (non-active, active and intense) and the presence of addiction-like symptoms (problematic). Mixed effects logistic regression models identified associations between SMU and seven sleep health indicators (insomnia symptoms, daytime wakefulness problems, screen time before bed, meeting sleep duration recommendations, sleep variability and late bedtime on school and non-school days). ResultsCompared to active SMU, non-active SMU was associated with better sleep indicators, except for insomnia symptoms. Intense SMU was associated with greater odds of having poor sleep health indicators (adjusted odds ratio [aORs] from 1.09 to 2.24) and problematic SMU with the highest odds (aORs from 1.67 to 3.24). Associations with problematic SMU were greater among girls than boys, including having a later bedtime on school days (aOR = 3.74 vs. 1.84) and on non-school days (aOR = 4.13 vs. 2.18). Associations between SMU and sleep outcomes did not differ by age group. ConclusionCompared to active SMU, non-active SMU was associated with better sleep indicators, except for insomnia symptoms. Intense SMU was associated with greater odds of having poor sleep health indicators (adjusted odds ratio [aORs] from 1.09 to 2.24) and problematic SMU with the highest odds (aORs from 1.67 to 3.24). Associations with problematic SMU were greater among girls than boys, including having a later bedtime on school days (aOR = 3.74 vs. 1.84) and on non-school days (aOR = 4.13 vs. 2.18). Associations between SMU and sleep outcomes did not differ by age group.

IntroductionLes effets de l’utilisation des médias sociaux sur la santé des adolescents soulèvent de plus en plus de préoccupations en matière de santé publique. Nous avons exploré la relation entre cette utilisation et la santé du sommeil chez les adolescents du Canada de 11 à 17 ans. MéthodologieDes données de l’Enquête sur les comportements de santé des jeunes d’âge scolaire de 2017-2018 étaient disponibles pour 12 557 participants (dont 55,2 % de sexe féminin). Des catégories d’utilisation des médias sociaux ont été établies en fonction de la fréquence (utilisation non active, active ou intensive) et de la présence de symptômes évoquant une dépendance (utilisation problématique). Des modèles de régression logistique à effets mixtes ont révélé des associations entre l’utilisation des médias sociaux et sept indicateurs de la santé du sommeil (symptômes d’insomnie, somnolence diurne, utilisation d’un écran avant de se coucher, respect des recommandations sur la durée du sommeil, variabilité du sommeil, heure de coucher tardive les jours d’école et heure de coucher tardive les jours de repos). RésultatsComparativement à une utilisation active des médias sociaux, une utilisation non active a été associée à de meilleurs résultats des indicateurs de la santé du sommeil, sauf en ce qui concerne les symptômes d’insomnie. Une utilisation intensive des médias sociaux a été associée à un risque accru d’indicateurs défavorables de la santé du sommeil (rapport de cotes ajusté [RCa] de 1,09 à 2,24) et une utilisation problématique a été associée au RCa le plus élevé (1,67 à 3,24). Les associations avec une utilisation problématique des médias sociaux étaient plus marquées chez les filles que chez les garçons, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’heure de coucher tardive les jours d’école (RCa = 3,74 vs 1,84) et les jours de repos (RCa = 4,13 vs 2,18). Les associations entre l’utilisation des médias sociaux et les résultats en matière de sommeil ne variaient pas selon la tranche d’âge. ConclusionUne utilisation intensive et une utilisation problématique des médias sociaux ont été associées à un risque accru de troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents du Canada, avec des associations plus marquées chez les filles que chez les garçons. D’autres recherches doivent être menées pour éclaircir les mécanismes à l’origine des associations entre l’utilisation des médias sociaux et le sommeil, de manière à orienter les recommandations en matière de santé publique.

Abstract Background Rumen microbes break down complex dietary carbohydrates into energy sources for the host and are increasingly shown to be a key aspect of animal performance. Host genotypes can be combined with microbial DNA sequencing to predict performance traits or traits related to environmental impact, such as enteric methane emissions. Metagenome profiles were generated from 3139 rumen samples, collected from 1200 dual purpose ewes, using restriction enzyme-reduced representation sequencing (RE-RRS). Phenotypes were available for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the ratio of CH4 to CH4 plus CO2 (CH4Ratio), feed efficiency (residual feed intake: RFI), liveweight at the time of methane collection (LW), liveweight at 8 months (LW8), fleece weight at 12 months (FW12) and parasite resistance measured by faecal egg count (FEC1). We estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by host genetics and the rumen microbiome, as well as prediction accuracies for each of these traits. Results Incorporating metagenome profiles increased the variance explained and prediction accuracy compared to fitting only genomics for all traits except for CO2 emissions when animals were on a grass diet. Combining the metagenome profile with host genotype from lambs explained more than 70% of the variation in methane emissions and residual feed intake. Predictions were generally more accurate when incorporating metagenome profiles compared to genetics alone, even when considering profiles collected at different ages (lamb vs adult), or on different feeds (grass vs lucerne pellet). A reference-free approach to metagenome profiling performed better than metagenome profiles that were restricted to capturing genera from a reference database. We hypothesise that our reference-free approach is likely to outperform other reference-based approaches such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing for use in prediction of individual animal performance. Conclusions This paper shows the potential of using RE-RRS as a low-cost, high-throughput approach for generating metagenome profiles on thousands of animals for improved prediction of economically and environmentally important traits. A reference-free approach using a microbial relationship matrix from log10 proportions of each tag normalized within cohort (i.e., the group of animals sampled at the same time) is recommended for future predictions using RE-RRS metagenome profiles.

The Swiss Group for Mass Spectrometry (SGMS) is a society dedicated to fostering collaboration among scientists across diverse mass spectrometry fields, ranging from gas-phase ion chemistry to life sciences. SGMS has a strong commitment to educating and supporting the next generation of mass spectrometrists pursuing MSc and PhD degrees. Our membership comprises about two hundred individuals, predominantly from Switzerland, representing academia, industry, and regulatory bodies.[1] SGMS is an Associate Member Society of the Swiss Chemical Society (SCS).

This article presents an interlocution between school with multigrade classes and peasant knowledge. Thus, this study aims to identify and characterize the knowledge to be treated at school with multigrade classes based on the narratives of the peasant community. The theoretical lens used is based on Postcolonial Studies. Methodologically, this study is based on narratives carried out with peasant residents of Engenho Galileia, located in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão-PE. The analyzes show that the peasant community has a lot to say about the knowledge that can/could be part of the school's pedagogical and curricular practices with multi-grade classes from the countryside, thus contributing to the construction of an institution in the decolonial bias, by recognizing the specific knowledge of the community in their pedagogical practices.

Sudden cardiac arrest, abrupt cardiovascular collapse with loss of vital signs, is a leading cause of death. The uptake of emerging evidence, however, optimizes survival rates. For those who survive, and their family members, life can involve enduring physical, mental, cognitive, and social alterations which warrant evidence-informed interventions by health and social service providers. The study purpose was to aggregate published qualitative evidence to yield an understanding of survivors' and family members' life experiences following hospital discharge after a cardiac arrest. The study design, metasummary, was suitable for describing survivors’ and their family members’ experiences following the paradigm life-altering cardiac event. Nineteen primary studies, with a population of 288 adults, met the inclusion criteria. Extraction, abstraction, and aggregation of findings yielded eight topical categories labelled: acknowledging life has changed; confronting mortality; regaining former life; interacting within the family, interacting within the broader social context; involving healthcare providers; evolving health status; and enacting a new life. These topical categories combine to represent two overarching themes - seeking wholeness and being connected. Survivorship relies on pragmatic support from and connection with family, friends, peers, and healthcare providers to address the complexity of challenges following cardiac arrest. Amid these challenges, the early development of individualized recovery plans have the potential to promote continuous and comprehensive care for survivors and families. Further, strengthening interprofessional service planning and delivery, integrating innovative technologies, and tailoring comprehensive care based on individual needs of both survivors and their family has the potential to address wellbeing following cardiac arrest.

BackgroundRecent studies report that the health benefits of physical activity differ depending on whether the activity is performed in the morning, afternoon or evening. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine whether the timing of physical activity within the 24-hour day is associated with health. MethodsFive databases were searched for English or French language peer-reviewed studies that examined whether the timing of physical activity within the day is associated with health. No limits were placed on publication year, study population, study design or health outcomes. Studies that examined acute effects of physical activity or timing of physical activity around food intake were excluded. ResultsThis systematic review examined 35 studies, with 17 259 participants, and the following health outcomes: measures of sleep health, adiposity, fat-free mass and muscle size, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical function and mobility, mental health, and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Heterogeneity across studies precluded meta-analyses, and we present our findings using narrative syntheses. Of the 35 studies, 11 reported that morning physical activity provides greater health benefits than afternoon/ evening physical activity, while 12 found that morning physical activity provides fewer health benefits than afternoon/evening physical. In the remaining 12 studies, there was no clear difference in health benefits based on the timing of physical activity. The quality of evidence for the different health outcomes across study designs was very low. ConclusionThere is no consistent evidence that physical activity at one time of day provides more favourable health benefits than physical activity at a different time of day. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42021231088)

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to systematically review the relationship between the timing of sedentary behaviours and access to sedentary activities in the bedroom with sleep duration and quality in children and youth. A secondary purpose was to examine whether these relationships differ when comparing screen-based and non-screen-based sedentary activities. MethodsWe searched four databases for peer-reviewed studies published between 1 January 2010 and 19 January 2021. Risk of bias assessment for each study and certainty of evidence were assessed using the GRADE framework. ResultsWe identified 44 eligible papers reporting data from 42 separate datasets and including 239 267 participants. Evening participation in screen-based sedentary behaviours and access to screen-based devices in the bedroom were associated with reduced sleep duration and quality. Daytime screen use was also associated with reduced sleep duration, although this was examined in relatively few studies. Whether performed during the day or night, non-screen-based sedentary behaviours were not consistently associated with sleep duration or quality. The quality of evidence was rated as low to very low for all outcomes. ConclusionIn order to maximize sleep duration and quality, children and youth should be encouraged to minimize screen time in the evening and remove screens from bedrooms. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020189082)

IntroductionTo continue to inform sleep health guidelines and the development of evidence-based healthy sleep interventions for children and adolescents, it is important to better understand the associations between sleep timing (bedtime, wake-up time, midpoint of sleep) and various health indicators. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the associations between sleep timing and 9 health indicators in apparently healthy children and adolescents 5 to 18 years old. MethodsStudies published in the 10 years preceding January 2021 were identified from searches in four electronic databases. This systematic review followed the guidelines prescribed in PRISMA 2020, the methodological quality and risk of bias were scored, and the summary of results used a best-evidence approach for accurate and reliable reporting. ResultsForty-six observational studies from 21 countries with 208 992 unique participants were included. Sleep timing was assessed objectively using actigraphy in 24 studies and subjectively in 22 studies. The lack of studies in some of the health outcomes and heterogeneity in others necessitated using a narrative synthesis rather than a metaanalysis. Findings suggest that later sleep timing is associated with poorer emotional regulation, lower cognitive function/academic achievement, shorter sleep duration/ poorer sleep quality, poorer eating behaviours, lower physical activity levels and more sedentary behaviours, but few studies demonstrated associations between sleep timing and adiposity, quality of life/well-being, accidents/injuries, and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. The quality of evidence was rated as “very low” across health outcomes using GRADE. ConclusionThe available evidence, which relies on cross-sectional findings, suggests that earlier sleep timing is beneficial for the health of school-aged children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to better advance this field of research. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42020173585)The pandemic has negatively impacted a substantial portion of the Defence Team. When responding to future crises, it is recommended that leaders of organizations provide additional supports to higher-risk groups and to supervisors who are ideally positioned to support employees during challenging times.

IntroductionPour continuer à éclairer les lignes directrices sur la santé concernant le sommeil ainsi qu’à favoriser l’élaboration d’interventions fondées sur des données probantes en faveur d’un sommeil sain chez les enfants et les adolescents, il est important de mieux comprendre les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil (heure du coucher, heure du lever, point médian du sommeil) et divers indicateurs de santé. L’objectif de la revue systématique dont fait état cet article était d’analyser les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil et neuf indicateurs de santé chez des enfants et des adolescents de 5 à 18 ans apparemment en bonne santé. MéthodologieLes études publiées dans les 10 années précédant janvier 2021 ont été recensées à partir de recherches effectuées dans quatre bases de données électroniques. La revue systématique a été réalisée selon le modèle PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses) et nous avons évalué la qualité méthodologique et le risque de biais de chaque étude. La synthèse des résultats repose sur une démarche axée sur les meilleurs éléments probants en vue de rapports précis et fiables. RésultatsQuarante-six études observationnelles de 21 pays portant sur 208 992 participants ont été incluses. L’horaire de sommeil a été évalué objectivement au moyen de l’actigraphie dans 24 études et subjectivement dans 22 études. En raison, d’une part, de l’absence d’études quant à certains de nos critères de résultats en matière de santé et, d’autre part, de l’hétérogénéité des études quant à d’autres critères, nous avons effectué une synthèse narrative plutôt qu’une méta-analyse. D’après nos constatations, un horaire de sommeil tardif serait associé à une moins bonne régulation des émotions, à un rendement scolaire et des fonctions cognitives plus faible, à une durée de sommeil plus courte, à une qualité de sommeil plus faible, à des comportements alimentaires moins bons, à des niveaux d’activité physique plus faibles et à des comportements plus sédentaires. Peu d’études ont porté sur les associations entre l’horaire de sommeil et l’adiposité, la qualité de vie et le bien‑être, les accidents/blessures et les biomarqueurs du risque cardiométabolique. En fonction de l’approche GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation), la qualité des données probantes a été jugée « très faible » pour tous les critères de résultats en matière de santé. ConclusionD’après les données probantes disponibles, qui reposent sur des résultats transversaux, un horaire de sommeil précoce est bénéfique pour la santé des enfants et adolescents d’âge scolaire. Des études longitudinales et des essais contrôlés randomisés sont nécessaires pour améliorer nos connaissances dans ce domaine de recherche. (no d’enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42020173585)

IntroductionSelon certaines études récentes, les bienfaits de l’activité physique pour la santé diffèrent selon que l’activité est pratiquée le matin, l’après-midi ou le soir. Le but de cette revue systématique était de déterminer s’il existe un lien entre, d’une part, le moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique sur 24 heures et, d’autre part, la santé. MéthodologieNous avons consulté cinq bases de données pour trouver des études évaluées par les pairs, en anglais ou en français, qui visaient à déterminer s’il existe un lien entre le moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique au cours de la journée et la santé. Aucune limite n’a été imposée pour l’année de publication, la population étudiée, le plan d’étude ou les résultats sur la santé. Nous avons exclu les études qui s’intéressaient aux effets précis de l’activité physique ou du choix du moment pour faire de l’activité physique en fonction de la prise d’aliments. RésultatsCette revue systématique a porté sur 35 études réalisées auprès de 17 259 participants et sur les résultats sur la santé suivants : santé du sommeil, adiposité, masse musculaire et taille des muscles, biomarqueurs cardiométaboliques, fonctionnalité physique et mobilité, santé mentale et risque de maladies cardiovasculaires, de cancer et de décès. L’hétérogénéité des études a rendu impossibles les méta-analyses, et nous présentons nos résultats à l’aide de synthèses narratives. Sur les 35 études examinées, 11 ont révélé que l’activité physique est davantage bénéfique pour la santé si elle est pratiquée le matin que si elle est pratiquée l’après-midi ou le soir, tandis que 12 ont déterminé que l’activité physique est moins bénéfique pour la santé si elle est pratiquée le matin que si elle est pratiquée l’après-midi ou le soir. Dans les 12 autres études, il n’y avait pas de différence nette dans les bienfaits pour la santé en fonction du moment choisi pour faire de l’activité physique. Dans l’ensemble des plans d’étude, la qualité des données probantes pour les résultats sur la santé s’est révélée très faible. ConclusionIl n’existe pas de données probantes cohérentes indiquant qu’il est plus bénéfique pour la santé de faire de l’activité physique à un moment donné de la journée plutôt qu’à un autre. (no d'enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42021231088)

IntroductionL’objectif de cette étude était d’effectuer une revue systématique des relations entre, d’une part, l’horaire des comportements sédentaires et l’accès à des activités sédentaires dans la chambre et, d’autre part, la durée et la qualité du sommeil chez les enfants et les adolescents. Un objectif secondaire consistait à vérifier si ces relations étaient différentes selon le type d’activité sédentaire, c’est-à-dire selon si l’activité était liée à l’utilisation des écrans ou non. MéthodologieNous avons cherché dans quatre bases de données les études ayant fait l’objet d’une évaluation par les pairs publiées entre le 1er janvier 2010 et le 19 janvier 2021. Le risque de biais pour chaque étude et le degré de certitude des données probantes ont été évalués en recourant à l’approche GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RésultatsNous avons trouvé 44 articles correspondant à nos critères de recherche, qui portaient sur des données issues de 42 bases de données et 239 267 participants. L’adoption de comportements sédentaires liés à l’utilisation des écrans le soir et l’accès à des écrans dans la chambre ont été associés à une baisse de la durée et de la qualité du sommeil. L’utilisation des écrans pendant la journée a aussi été associée à une baisse de la durée du sommeil, ce paramètre n’ayant cependant été pris en compte que dans relativement peu d’études. Qu’ils soient diurnes ou nocturnes, les comportements sédentaires non liés à l’utilisation des écrans n’ont pas été associables systématiquement à la durée ou à la qualité du sommeil. La qualité des données probantes a été évaluée comme étant faible à très faible pour tous les résultats. ConclusionPour que la durée et la qualité du sommeil soient optimales, il faudrait nciter les enfants et les adolescents à réduire au minimum le temps passé devant les écrans le soir et bannir les écrans de leur chambre. (no d'enregistrement dans PROSPERO : CRD42020189082)

Fleuve fortement aménagé, le Rhône fait l’objet depuis plus de vingt ans de nombreux travaux de restauration écologique et hydraulique, accompagnés d'un programme scientifique de suivi et d'évaluation des effets des actions sur les milieux et la biodiversité. Dans ce contexte, d'anciens ouvrages de protection des berges ont été démantelés avec comme objectifs le développement d'espèces végétales liées au fleuve et la création de milieux nouveaux pour favoriser une dynamique latérale du Rhône. Dans cet article, les chercheurs nous présentent les premiers résultats prometteurs du suivi des sites restaurés et proposent des actions de restauration et de gestion pour le futur.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that can colonize different habitats, including extreme ones. They are of great interest to the scientific community, especially because of their ability to produce cyanotoxins: toxic secondary metabolites potentially harmful to organisms especially when released to surface waters.

Copyright of Promotion de la Santé et Prévention des Maladies Chroniques au Canada is the property of Public Health Agency of Canada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les berges de cours d’eau sont particulièrement affectées par les invasions biologiques qui peuvent menacer la bodiversité et le fonctionnement de ces milieux. En s'appuyant sur les résultats d'une étude portant sur plusieurs types d'aménagements de berges de rivières, cette note permet de mieux comprendre l’intérêt du génie végétal pour diminuer les risques de prolifération des espèces invasives sur les berges de rivière.

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems produce bioactive secondary metabolites including cyanopeptides that pose ecological and human health risks. Only adverse effects of one class of cyanopeptides, microcystins, have been studied extensively and have consequently been included in water quality assessments. Inhibition is a commonly observed effect for enzymes exposed to cyanopeptides and has mostly been investigated for human biologically relevant model enzymes. Here, we investigated the inhibition of ubiquitous aquatic enzymes by cyanobacterial metabolites. Hydrolytic enzymes are utilized in the metabolism of aquatic organisms and extracellularly by heterotrophic bacteria to obtain assimilable substrates. The ubiquitous occurrence of hydrolytic enzymes leads to the co-occurrence with cyanopeptides especially during cyanobacterial blooms. Bacterial leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were exposed to cyanopeptide extracts of different cyanobacterial strains ( Microcystis aeruginosa wild type and microcystin-free mutant, Planktothrix rubescens) and purified cyanopeptides. We observed inhibition of aminopeptidase and phosphatase upon exposure, especially to the apolar fractions of the cyanobacterial extracts. Exposure to the dominant cyanopeptides in these extracts confirmed that purified microcystins, aerucyclamide A and cyanopeptolin A inhibit the aminopeptidase in the low mg L–1 range while the phosphatase was less affected. Inhibition of aquatic enzymes can reduce the turnover of nutrients and carbon substrates and may also impair metabolic functions of grazing organisms.

Abstract Background Microparasitic diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. Genetic improvement of resistance to microparasitic diseases in breeding programs is desirable and should aim at reducing the basic reproduction ratio $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 . Recently, we developed a method to derive the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 for macroparasitic diseases. In epidemiological models for microparasitic diseases, an animal’s disease status is treated as infected or not infected, resulting in a definition of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 that differs from that for macroparasitic diseases. Here, we extend the method for the derivation of the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 to microparasitic diseases. Methods When $${\text{R}}_{0} \le 1$$ R0≤1 , the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 is zero because the disease is very rare. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 . is higher than 1, genetic improvement of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 can reduce expenditures on vaccination if vaccination induces herd immunity, or it can reduce production losses due to disease. When vaccination is used to achieve herd immunity, expenditures are proportional to the critical vaccination coverage, which decreases with $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 . The effect of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 on losses is considered separately for epidemic and endemic disease. Losses for epidemic diseases are proportional to the probability and size of major epidemics. Losses for endemic diseases are proportional to the infected fraction of the population at the endemic equilibrium. Results When genetic improvement reduces expenditures on vaccination, expenditures decrease with $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 at an increasing rate. When genetic improvement reduces losses in epidemic or endemic diseases, losses decrease with $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 at an increasing rate. Hence, in all cases, the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 increases as $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 decreases towards 1. Discussion $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 and its economic value are more informative for potential benefits of genetic improvement than heritability estimates for survival after a disease challenge. In livestock, the potential for genetic improvement is small for epidemic microparasitic diseases, where disease control measures limit possibilities for phenotyping. This is not an issue in aquaculture, where controlled challenge tests are performed in dedicated facilities. If genetic evaluations include infectivity, genetic gain in $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 can be accelerated but this would require different testing designs. Conclusions When $${\text{R}}_{0} \le 1$$ R0≤1 , its economic value is zero. The economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 is highest at low values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 and approaches zero at high values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 .

The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms continue to increase in freshwater systems across the globe. Cyanobacteria can release toxins and several bioactive secondary metabolites and analytical methods are needed to effectively assess their concentrations in surface waters. Since booms can evolve rapidly in parts of a lake, high resolution of spatial and temporal sampling increases the complexity of monitoring efforts. Here, we present the validation of an automated, online-solid phase extraction (SPE) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) method. This online-SPE HPLC-HRMS/MS methods enables quantitative monitoring of surface waters for 17 cyanobacterial peptides (cyanopeptides), spanning 5 distinct cyanopeptide classes, including: microcystins, anabaenopeptins, nodularins, cyclamides and cyanopeptolins. The method can quantify these cyanopeptides in the low ng/L-range with high accuracy (85-116%) and low relative matrix effects (

Labuan Bajo tourist destination is one of the super priority tourist destinations in Indonesia. The importance of obtaining and analyzing tourists' reviews is to understand their preferences and views on the existing facilities and services. Therefore, this research is conducted to obtain and analyze visitor review data obtained from TripAdvisor and Google Maps. The methods used in analyzing these visitor reviews are Lexicon-Based for labeling, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest for classification. The labeling results using the Lexicon-Based method showed 4187 positive reviews, 1796 negative reviews, and 1774 neutral reviews. The classification was performed using SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) and without using SMOTE due to data imbalance. Results using SMOTE with SVM showed an accuracy of 0.89, precision of 0.95, recall of 0.85, and f1-measure of 0.90, with an ROC AUC value of 0.94, with Random Forest showed an accuracy of 0.87, precision of 0.91, recall of 0.86, and f1-measure of 0.88, with an ROC AUC value of 0.93. The determination of priority scale was done by obtaining the top 10 words and the number of sentiments related to development. The frequently occurring positive sentiment words were 'beautiful,' 'natural,' 'exotic,' 'scenic,' 'clean,' 'ancient,' 'amazed,' and 'historical.' The preservation of natural and historical assets must be maintained and continuously preserved.On the other hand, the frequently occurring negative words were 'expensive,' 'cost,' 'guide,' 'road,' 'garbage,' and 'hot.' Based on these words, the development of transportation and infrastructure is undoubtedly needed to enhance the attractiveness of Labuan Bajo as a tourist destination.

The transport of gas in clay-based materials is dominated by diffusion. SCK CEN has studied and recorded an extensive data set of diffusion coefficients of gases in various saturated clays (Boom Clay, Opalinus Clay, Callovo-Oxfordian claystone and bentonites) used in Europe as host formations or in engineered barrier systems in the context of deep geological disposal of high and intermediate level nuclear wastes. However, partially saturated conditions may exist during the life cycle of a radioactive waste repository. The current study aims at establishing an experimental method to measure the diffusion coefficients of various gases in partially saturated clay-based materials by means of double through diffusion tests (cross diffusion of gases across the porous sample, driven by concentration gradients) and to assess the impact of desaturation on gas diffusivity. Historically, gas diffusion measurements have been performed under dissolved conditions with continuous water and dissolved gas flow around the clay sample. However, since the saturation degree of the sample has to be constant, a novel setup has been designed and optimized to operate under a pure gas phase under controlled relative humidity (RH). The experimental concept consists of cross diffusion of gas mixtures from two reservoirs at a fixed relative humidity on either side of the sample cell, namely, the upstream and downstream reservoirs. The RH is controlled using the same saturated salt solutions in both reservoirs. During the experiment, gases will diffuse from the upstream to the downstream reservoir. By measuring the change in gas composition in the downstream reservoir with a gas analyzer equipped with a mass spectrometer (which expresses the gas composition in terms of partial pressure), the gas flux and hence the diffusion coefficient is estimated by applying steady state Fick’s first law. The experimental methodology has been validated by performing an experiment on a sandy-clay sample of known petrophysical properties, at full saturation.

This article deals with the specificities and uses of sound data produced in the particular context of an experiment led in Brussels over the last twenty years by the BNA-BBOT organization. Relying on a transversal practice mixing methodologies and fields of application (art, human sciences, education), the author exposes the singular modalities and processes of production, conservation and exploitation of these data. These processes are intrinsically linked to issues of narrativity, historization and appropriation. Between micro-stories and collective storytelling, vocal collection and soundscapes, a database renders the thickness of what is given through sound.

Fleuve fortement aménagé, le Rhône fait l'objet depuis plus de vingt ans de nombreux travaux de restauration écologique et hydraulique, accompagnés d'un programme scientifique de suivi et d'évaluation des effets des actions sur les milieux et la biodiversité. Dans ce contexte, d'anciens ouvrages de protection des berges ont été démantelés avec comme objectifs le développement d'espèces végétales liées au fleuve et la création de milieux nouveaux pour favoriser une dynamique latérale du Rhône. Dans cet article, les chercheurs nous présentent les premiers résultats prometteurs du suivi des sites restaurés et proposent des actions de restauration et de gestion pour le futur.

The paper addresses the impact of higher education reforms on academic teaching and the concrete implications of the new academic teaching requirements for the professional practice of professors. It explores how labour market requirements change the university from the point of view of professors and how they deal with these changes. The paper draws on 64 interviews with professors from Germany, which were conducted as part of a qualitative study on the consequences of performance evaluation procedures at German universities.

Abstract Background Breeding companies may want to maximize the rate of genetic gain from their breeding program within a limited budget. In salmon breeding programs, full-sibs of selection candidates are subjected to performance tests for traits that cannot be recorded on selection candidates. While marginal gains in the aggregate genotype from phenotyping and genotyping more full-sibs per candidate decrease, costs increase linearly, which suggests that there is an optimum in the allocation of the budget among these activities. Here, we studied how allocation of the fixed budget to numbers of phenotyped and genotyped test individuals in performance tests can be optimized. Methods Gain in the aggregate genotype was a function of the numbers of full-sibs of selection candidates that were (1) phenotyped in a challenge test for sea lice resistance (2) phenotyped in a slaughter test (3) genotyped in the challenge test, and (4) genotyped in the slaughter test. Each of these activities was subject to budget constraints. Using a grid search, we optimized allocation of the budget among activities to maximize gain in the aggregate genotype. We performed sensitivity analyses on the maximum gain in the aggregate genotype and on the relative allocation of the budget among activities at the optimum. Results Maximum gain in the aggregate genotype was €386/ton per generation. The response surface for gain in the aggregate genotype was rather flat around the optimum, but it curved strongly near the extremes. Maximum gain was sensitive to the size of the budget and the relative emphasis on breeding goal traits, but less sensitive to the accuracy of genomic prediction and costs of phenotyping and genotyping. The relative allocation of budget among activities at the optimum was sensitive to costs of phenotyping and genotyping and the relative emphasis on breeding goal traits, but was less sensitive to the accuracy of genomic prediction and the size of the budget. Conclusions There is an optimum allocation of budget to the numbers of full-sibs of selection candidates that are phenotyped and genotyped in performance tests that maximizes gain in the aggregate genotype. Although potential gains from optimizing group sizes and genotyping effort may be small, they come at no extra cost.

Research in remote locations is more expensive than similar activities at sites with easier access, but these costs have rarely been compared. Using examples from seabird research, we show that conducting research in the Arctic is typically eight times more expensive than pursuing similar studies at a southern location. The differences in costs are related principally to the much higher expenses of travel and shipping (typically 4–10× higher for Arctic work), as well as the good practice of meaningful engagement with northern communities (4%–25% of project costs). Although there is some variation in costs among Arctic countries, we hope that the consistent pattern of relatively higher Arctic costs allows policy-makers and funding agencies to better plan for research support, especially for this region that is experiencing rapid environmental change.

Les berges de cours d'eau sont particulièrement affectées par les invasions biologiques qui peuvent menacer la bodiversité et le fonctionnement de ces milieux. En s'appuyant sur les résultats d'une étude portant sur plusieurs types d'aménagements de berges de rivières, cette note permet de mieux comprendre l'intérêt du génie végétal pour diminuer les risques de prolifération des espèces invasives sur les berges de rivière.

O artigo analisa o texto de 1Co 4,14 em seu contexto literário, histórico e sociocultural. Objetiva-se interpretá-lo a partir da mentalidade de ‚honra e vergonha‘ em seu tempo, especificamente em que isso contribuiu para a construção da masculinidade hegemônica patrikiriarcal. Com elementos exegéticos, hermenêuticos e a categoria analítica de gênero, demonstra a força transformadora e contracultural da posição e da mensagem de Paulo em relação à percepção e à práxis diferenciadas e críticas a essa concepção e sua base ideológico-filosófica de poder patriarcal. O questionamento apostólico aos líderes da comunidade em Corinto baseiam na práxis da graça e do serviço, e não no exercício da masculinidade que baseia em discriminação e preconceitos. Com isso, o artigo visa fomentar análise crítico-construtiva de textos sagrados e de sua história interpretativa, que corrobora até hoje com o ‚alinhamento‘ ideológico dessa masculinidade hegemônica, também responsável por violência de gênero, de classe e etnia.

Abstract Background Macroparasites, such as ticks, lice, and helminths, are a concern in livestock and aquaculture production, and can be controlled by genetic improvement of the host population. Genetic improvement should aim at reducing the rate at which parasites spread across the farmed population. This rate is determined by the basic reproduction ratio, i.e. $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 , which is the appropriate breeding goal trait. This study aims at providing a method to derive the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 . Methods Costs of a disease are the sum of production losses and expenditures on disease control. Genetic improvement of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 lowers the loss-expenditure frontier. Its economic effect depends on whether the management strategy is optimized or not. The economic value may be derived either from the reduction in losses with constant expenditures or from the reduction in expenditures with constant losses. Results When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 ≤ 1, the economic value of a further reduction is zero because there is no risk of a major epidemic. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 > 1 and management is optimized, the economic value increases with decreasing values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 , because both the mean number of parasites per host and frequency of treatments decrease at an increasing rate when $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 decreases. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 > 1 and management is not optimized, the economic value depends on whether genetic improvement is used for reducing expenditures or losses. For sea lice in salmon, the economic value depends on a reduction in expenditures with constant losses, and is estimated to be 0.065€/unit $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 /kg production. Discussion Response to selection for measures of disease prevalence cannot be predicted from quantitative genetic theory alone. Moreover, many studies fail to address the issue of whether genetic improvement results in reduced losses or expenditures. Using $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 as the breeding goal trait, weighed by its appropriate economic value, avoids these issues. Conclusion When management is optimized, the economic value increases with decreasing values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 (until the threshold of $${\text{R}}_{0} = 1$$ R0=1 , where it drops to zero). When management is not optimized, the economic value depends on whether genetic improvement is used for reduced expenditures or production losses. For sea lice in salmon, the economic value is estimated to be 0.065 €/unit $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R0 /kg production.

Abstract Background Profitability of breeding programs is a key determinant in the adoption of selective breeding, and can be evaluated using cost-benefit analysis. There are many options to design breeding programs, with or without a multiplier tier. Our objectives were to evaluate different breeding program designs for aquaculture and to optimize the number of selection candidates for these programs. Methods The baseline was based on an existing breeding program for gilthead seabream, where improvement of the nucleus had priority over improvement of the multiplier tier, which was partly replaced once every 3 years. Alternative breeding programs considered were annual multiplier tier replacement, annual multiplier tier replacement with priority on improvement of the multiplier tier, and a program without a multiplier tier. Cost-benefit analyses were performed to compare breeding programs. The outcomes were used to describe relationships between profitability and the number of selection candidates, length of the time horizon, and production output, and to estimate the optimum numbers of selection candidates. Results The baseline breeding program was profitable after 5 years and reached a net present value of 2.9 million euro in year 10. All alternative programs were more profitable up to year 17. The program without a multiplier tier was the most profitable one up to year 22, followed by the program with annual multiplier tier replacement and nucleus priority. The optimum number of selection candidates increased with the length of the time horizon and production output. Conclusions The baseline breeding program was profitable after 5 years. For a short time horizon, putting priority on improvement of the multiplier tier over the nucleus is more profitable than putting priority on nucleus improvement, and vice versa for a long time horizon. Use of a multiplier tier increases the delay between costs made for selection and resulting benefits. Thus, avoiding the use of a multiplier tier will increase the profitability of the breeding program in the short term. The optimum number of selection candidates increases with the length of the time horizon and production output. Using too many selection candidates relative to the optimum leads to less reduction in profitability than using too few selection candidates.

Description of the subject. This paper describes the development, evaluation and limitations of screening PCR assays based on genes and for use in GMO detection. Objectives. The aim of this research is to propose new PCR assays based on gene-coding sequences that will join a panel of existing screening assays to make better GMO detection possible. Method. Real-time PCR methods using double-dye probes were developed for genes frequently encountered in GM constructs and evaluated in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Results. Eight real-time PCR tests were designed based on the sequences of the bar, pat, EPSPS, gox, gus and hsp70 genes. Two of them proved of limited interest due to the presence of positive signals linked to the presence of the donor organisms: residual sequences of Escherichia coli in the master mixes for the gus PCR assay and while for the hsp70 PCR test, hsp70 being only used in GM maize at present, it is useless as hsp70 originates from maize. The assays for bar, pat, EPSPS and gox were found to successfully detect the corresponding structural elements introduced in GM constructs. Several PCR assays were proposed for the EPSPS gene in order to cover the different versions of the gene. Conclusions. Real-time PCR tests for bar, pat, EPSPS and gox were developed and met the expected performance criteria in terms of specificity and sensitivity. The targets can be amplified with the same PCR conditions as PCR assays already developed for the detection of promoters and terminators, and can be used in combination on the same PCR plate in order to provide wider coverage of GMOs and initial information concerning the GMO(s) present.

Introduction: The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth were released in 2016. They contain specific recommendations on the daily time that 5- to 17-year-olds should devote to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of Canadians aged 10 to 17 years that meet the recommendations contained within the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 22 115 young people was examined. Movement behaviour data were self-reported. Adherence to the guideline recommendations were based on the following: accumulation of at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, no more than 2 hours per day of recreational screen time, and 9 to 11 hours/night of uninterrupted sleep for those aged 10 to 13 years or 8 to 10 hours/night for those aged 14 to 17 years. Results: Only 3% of the sample met all three of the key recommendations contained in the guidelines. Twenty-five percent met two of the recommendations, 51% met one of the recommendations, and 21% met none of the three recommendations. More children and youth met recommendations for sleep duration (66%) than for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (35%) and screen time (8%). Conclusion: A small minority (< 3%) of Canadians aged 10 to 17 years met all three of the key recommendations contained in the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth.

Description of the subject. This paper discusses the influence of amplicon length on real-time PCR results. Objectives. The aim of the experiments was to show that amplicon size has an influence on detection. Method. Tests were performed on genomic and plasmid DNA. Double-dye probes and SYBR® Green were used for detection by real-time PCR. Primers were selected in order to produce fragments with increasing sizes. Experiments dealt with two targets: an endogenous target for soybean (part of the lectin gene) and a transgenic target (junction P35S-CTP of the MON40-3-2 soybean). Results. The results show that the kinetics of amplification curves evolve as a function of amplicon length, and smaller amplicons yield a higher level of fluorescence for the plateau phase. DNA degradation within the sample as well as the principles of fluorescence acquisition as a function of the chemistry used can also be factors. Conclusions. It was experimentally shown that the observed effect is linked to the suboptimal elongation temperature used in real-time PCR. Detection using SYBR® Green is less impacted as the loss of efficiency is partially compensated by the greater integration of SYBR® Green molecules in the larger fragments.

Introduction : Le document Directives canadiennes en matière de mouvement sur 24 heures pour les enfants et les jeunes publié en 2016 contient des recommandations quant à l’activité physique quotidienne d’intensité moyenne à élevée, au temps de loisir passé devant un écran et au sommeil chez les jeunes de 5 à 17 ans. Cette étude a pour objectif d’estimer le pourcentage de Canadiens de 10 à 17 ans qui respectent ces recommandations. Méthodologie : Nous avons analysé un échantillon national représentatif de 22 115 jeunes. Les données sur le comportement actif ont été autodéclarées. Le respect des recommandations des Directives repose sur les éléments suivants : accumulation d’au moins 60 minutes par jour d’activité physique d’intensité moyenne à élevée, pas plus de 2 heures par jour de temps de loisir passé devant un écran et de 9 à 11 heures de sommeil continu par nuit pour les jeunes de 10 à 13 ans ou de 8 à 10 heures de sommeil continu par nuit pour les jeunes de 14 à 17 ans. Résultats : Seulement 3 % des jeunes de l’échantillon respectaient les trois recommandations clés. Vingt-cinq pour cent respectaient deux recommandations, 51 % en respectaient une et 21 % n’en respectaient aucune. La recommandation en matière de sommeil était la plus respectée par les enfants et les jeunes (66 %), suivie de celle en matière d’activité physique d’intensité moyenne à élevée (35 %) et de celle relative au temps passé devant un écran (8 %). Conclusion : Une faible proportion (moins de 3 %) de Canadiens de 10 à 17 ans respectent les trois principales recommandations des Directives canadiennes en matière de mouvement sur 24 heures pour les enfants et les jeunes.

In order to realize the vision of climate neutrality, the proportion of renewable sources is increasing in the energy system. To accommodate the energy system, demand response (DR) has been established to make the building energy use flexible. This study aims to investigate the effect of DR actions on energy flexibility in a Finnish district heated apartment building. The rule-based control algorithm was applied for the DR control of space heating based on the Finnish dynamic hourly district heat price. This research was implemented with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA ICE. The obtained results show that price fluctuation impacts the DR control and further affects the amount of charging and discharging energies. February has the maximum hourly district heat price with the largest variation, which results in the maximum charging energy of 968 kWh during a single charging period being close to the heat storage capacity of a fully mixed 28 m3 water tank with ∆T of 30 K. The studied demand response control can significantly shape the heating power demand of the buildings and increase the flexibility of the energy use.