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Examines the type of materials available for area studies courses, finding that in general their contents, drawn from news media reports, are of low intellectual value. Proposes the utilization of data collected and analyzed by specialists and presents a sample unit on the levels of income and socioeconomic status in France. (MES)

Reasoning for the decision to invest and the role of fiscal policy objectives on the level of investment. The use of financial instruments contributes to additional revenue that can be used for the social and economic development of taxpayers in the long term. Globalization of economic processes, and the deepening of international economic and financial cooperation, have led to the diversification of income earned and increased the visibility of our country in terms of investment. The Republic of Moldova can be considered an attractive area for foreign investors, while at the same time remaining a favourable area for domestic investors, due to its geographical location, fiscal, political, and social regulations, as well as the existence of a qualified and cheap labour force. The subject of the paper focuses on examining aspects of tax law on financial income from investment activities in national and international practice. Several methods were used in the research including statistical, analytical, comparative analysis, content analysis, graphical illustration, etc. In conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it was possible to identify the challenges faced by Moldovan taxpayers who obtain financial income from placement activities to ensure an increasing level of income, presenting the advantages and disadvantages.

This article compares two methods to study the link between educational pathways and income. Sequence analysis provides a holistic view but might fail to identify key trajectory characteristics. A new validation method overcoming this limit is proposed. Feature extraction and selection can directly identify these key characteristics. The conclusion summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of each method and provides guidelines on how to choose a method to study the relationship between a previous trajectory and a later-life outcome.

Collective action through Agricultural Marketing Co-operative Societies (AMCOS) is a significant tool for improving smallholder livelihoods; hence, contributing to farmers’ economic development. AMCOS provides a favourable atmosphere for an effective government aid scheme, farm input supply, and mobilization of funds from external support services organizations. However, farmers are facing many challenges, such as inadequate access to agricultural credit, market linkage, information, inadequate technologies, and underperforming markets. There are mixed findings on whether or not agricultural cooperatives improve members’ livelihoods. Therefore, this study evaluated the contribution of AMCOS to members’ livelihood outcomes and constraints for sustainable livelihood development. A total of 340 respondents were interviewed. The findings showed that AMCOS members had higher outcomes in some livelihoods than non-members of AMCOS. In addition, AMCOS contributed to members’ income and some of the assets. Lastly, stakeholders pointed out inefficient service delivery, inadequate skills of co-operative managers, and district co-operative officers’ interference in AMCOS business, which deprived members of co-operative autonomy, as constraints facing AMCOS to enhance sustainable livelihoods for members. Therefore, the study recommends that AMCOS management improve service delivery and plan for continuous staff development. Also, District Co-operative Officers should observe co-operative principles and values in executing their duties.

تعد دراسة سلوك المستهلك مجال واسع ومعقد الى حد كبير، كما أنها احد الموضوعات الهامة لمعرفة تطلعات ورغبات المستهلكين وعاداته وتقاليده في الشراء دوافع الشراء لديه وال يخفى ما تلعبه دراسات اإلنفاق االستهالكي من أهمية بالغةفي رصد وتحليل سلوك المستهلك - من خالل بيان العوامل المؤثرة فيه وخاصة العوامل االقتصادية واالجتماعية- في سعيه إلشباع حاجاته املختلفة من السلع والخدمات. وبما أن االسرة تعد أحد املجموعات الهامة المؤثرة على سلوك الى تكوين االسرة ومدة وجودها والطبقة االجتماعية ً المستهلك، ويختلف هذا التأثير على السلوك االستهالكي للفرد استنادا التي تنتمي اليها والظروف االقتصادية التي تعيشها، والشك في أن للعوامل )االقتصادية واالجتماعية( تأثير مختلف من شريحة ألخرى، لذا فان أهميةالبحث تكمن في أهميةالعوامل المذكورة في التأثير على االنفاق االستهالكي ألسر عينةالبحث عن أن أهمية البحث تكم ً على مجمل البنود األساسية للسلع والخدمات. فضال ن في االساس الى قصور مثل هذه األبحاث الخاصة بمدينة دهوك بمختلف شرائحه. وفي االخير توصل البحث الى عدد من االستنتاجات والمقترحات تم عرضها في نهاية البحث لعل من أهم االستنتاجات أن اإلنفاق االستهالكي ألسر عينةالبحث يتزايد بتزايد فئات الدخل، وكما أنهيزيد بارتفاع مستوى تعليم رب األسرة،وبازدياد أفراداالسرة،وأتضحأنهكلمازاد عدداألسر الذين يسكنون فيمساكن باإليجاركلما زاد انفاقهم االستهالكي الشهري، أما أهم المقترحات فتتمثل في اجراء مزيد من الدراسات المشابهة للدراسة الحالية بحيث ً تستهدف قطاعات معينة و عن تلك المستخدمة في البحث حتى مناطق ومدن اخرى من جهة ، وأخذ متغيرات أخرى فضال يتسنى معرفة تأثيرها في االنفاق االستهالكي لألسر. The study of the consumer behavior is considered a wide and complex field to a large extent. And it is one of the important subjects to find out about the aspirations and desires of consumers, know their customs, and traditions in the purchasing and their buying motives. The study of consumer spending has extreme importance in monitoring and analyzing the consumer behavior in their quest to satisfy their various needs of goods and services, through the factors affecting the consumer (especially the economic and social factors). The family is considered one of the important groups affecting the behavior of the consumer. This influence of the consumer behavior of the individual differs from one person to another based on the family configuration, the duration of its existence, the social class it belongs to and the economic conditions that it lives in. There is no doubt that the factors (economic and social) have influence differs from one group to another. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in the importance of the mentioned factors in the impact on consumer spending of the families in the research on the overall basic items of goods and services. In addition, the importance of the research basically lies in the lack of such research of Duhok with its various classes. Finally, the research found a number of conclusions and proposals which were presented at the end of the research. Perhaps one of the most important conclusions is that the consumer spending of the families in the research is increasing the income. Consumer spending increases with the rise of the education level of the head of the family, and also increases when the number of family members increases. And it turned out that whenever the number of families who live in rented houses increase, their monthly consumer spending will increase. The most important proposal is to make further studies similar to the current study in order to target certain sectors and other regions and cities, and taking other variables as well as those used in the research in order to know its impact on consumer spending of the families.

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The World Happiness Report 2018 ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and revealed a link between happiness and obesity. Despite the importance of this link, few studies have analyzed this relationship. Moreover, it may be the case that the relationship between happiness and obesity is nonlinear. The relationship between happiness and income, however, has been studied by several researchers, particularly after the publication of Easterlin (1974). In his famous paradox, Easterlin found that after reaching a certain level, the further increase of material wealth no longer promotes happiness. Here, we investigate whether there is a quadratic relationship between happiness & obesity and happiness & income, for a panel of EU countries for the period 2005- 2016, using the system GMM method. The empirical results suggest an inverse U-shaped relationship between happiness & obesity and happiness & income, implying that as obesity (income), represented by body mass index, increases, happiness first increases then stabilizes and finally decreases. Hence, the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between happiness and income supports the validity of the Kuznets curve hypothesis. Some control variables were also included in the regressions in order to solve omitted variable bias problems. The results indicate that income inequality and unemployment have a significantly negative impact on happiness.

The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of the set of measures adopted by the labor reform of 2017 on the generation of employment and income in Brazil. The study is based on the literature that highlights the importance of structural change in employment as a key element for economic growth and development, emphasizing that in Brazil, there is still a view that the labor market should take on more flexible work relationships to advance in the improvement of jobs, levels of employment, productivity and income. Subsequently, the article summarizes and critically comments on the main measures of the labor law reforms adopted in post-2017 Brazil. Finally, it presents an analysis of the behavior of the labor market in Brazil between 2012 and 2022 based on data from the PNADC/IBGE survey. The main results of the survey confirm that the labor reform of 2017 has not shown advances in labor market indicators or in the main macroeconomic aggregates of the country. In contrast, the data suggest deterioration in the indicators of employment, income and allocation of workers in occupations with low productivity and income characteristics.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread in a very short time globally, bringing significant consequences to the health of millions of people. At the same time, the pandemic had a strong impact on the global economy by increasing government spending and declining tax revenues that led to worsening macroeconomic indicators and subsequently, the emergence of a new period of recession. In order to support the economy, public authorities have developed and implemented a series of measures and policies that will gradually lead to the improvement of the global economic context and the recovery of the economy in the shortest possible time. Moreover, at the level of the European Union, the authorities were more involved than ever by implementing a new intervention instrument entitled "Next generation EU" through which funds were allocated to European states, and at the same time, it was decided to activate the derogation clause. The Stability and Growth Pact, according to which European states can deviate from the criteria specified in the founding treaties of the European Union, refer to the level of the budget deficit, respectively of government debt as a percentage of gross domestic product. The motivation for choosing this topic is on the one hand the negative impact that this phenomenon has generalized at all socio-political and economic levels, as well as the topicality of the topic debated in contemporary scientific research.

Background Though chronic pain is widespread, affecting about one-fifth of the world’s population, its impacts are disproportionately felt across the population according to socioeconomic determinants such as education and income. These factors also influence patients’ access to treatment, including pharmacological pain management.Aim A scoping review was undertaken to better understand the association of socioeconomic factors with physicians’ pain management prescribing patterns for adults living with chronic pain.Methods An electronic literature search was conducted using the EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Ovid MEDLINE databases and 31 retrieved articles deemed relevant for analyses were critically appraised.Results The available evidence indicates that patients’ lower socioeconomic status is associated with a greater likelihood of being prescribed opioids to manage their chronic pain and a decreased likelihood of receiving prescription medications to manage migraines, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.Conclusions These results suggest that individuals with lower socioeconomic status do not receive equal prescription medicine opportunities to manage their chronic pain conditions. This is influenced by a variety of intersecting variables, including access to care, the potential unaffordability of certain therapies, patients’ health literacy, and prescribing biases. Future research is needed to identify interventions to improve equity of access to therapies for patients with chronic pain living in lower socioeconomic situations as well as to explain the mechanism through which socioeconomic status affects chronic pain treatment choices by health care providers.Abbreviation SES: socioeconomic status; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; IV: intravenous; SC: subcutaneous; bDMARDs: biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; DMARDS; disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; TNFi: tumour necrosis factor inhibitors; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The oasis system of the Manga constitutes a unique ecosystem with dune facies which are linked and surround the depressions in the form of shallows and oasis basins. These valleys, which are threatened by silting, support the economic activities of the inhabitants and offer numerous ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to analyse local perceptions of ecosystem services in the Manga in order to establish sustainable strategies for the perpetuation of ecosystem services. Data were collected through village assembly surveys and individual interviews with a sample of 194 farmers. The results show that farmers perceive 18 ecosystem services in the four categories defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The category of provisioning services is the most diverse with 10/18 of the services mentioned. The perception of ecosystem services varies little across the study areas and gender has a significant influence on perceptions. Communities are aware of the threats to exploited ecosystems and are willing to preserve ecosystems through local strategies to sustain the services they derive. Community involvement in implementing these sustainability strategies is influenced by gender and income level of the farmers. The implementation of simple strategies within the reach of farmers should allow for sustainable use of ecosystems and provision of services for the well-being of communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of poor people who live in rural areas and rely on agriculture for a living need secure access to productive land. Gender disparities in access to productive resources, such as agricultural land, remain a major concern, especially in Nigeria. This study therefore, investigated the impact of land access and ownership on farm production across gender in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total of 480 respondents comprising of 240 male headed households and 240 female headed households across the three states in Southwest Nigeria. Cross-sectional data were obtained through structured questionnaire and subjected to statistical analysis such as propensity score matching (PSM), inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA), and instrumental variable (IV) regression approach to control for possible endogeneity that could arise from the data collected. Farm yield of household heads was used as indicator to estimate the impact of land access and land ownership. Results show that most (56.7%) of male and 46.4% of female headed households acquired land through family inheritance. The significant difference existed between farm yield gained by male and female headed households due to their level of land access and land ownership at 5%. The size of the estimated treatment effect indicates a high improvement in the farm yield outcome of male headed households compared their female counterparts. Also, findings show that marital status, level of education, access to credit, and membership of association all had a positive and statistically significant relationship with both male and female headed households’ access to land and land ownership at various levels. This study thus, conclude that there were gender differences in land accessibility and ownership in the study area as male headed households were found to have more access to farm land than their female counterparts. Reliable data on male and female headed households’ access to land and land ownership are critical for providing an accurate picture of female headed households’ land tenure arrangement, improving policy formulation and monitoring progress towards the attainment of gender equality in land access is hence encouraged. Also, group formation and membership should be promoted and encouraged especially among female headed households to enhance their purchasing power through access to credit, and common voice in accessing communal lands.

This paper proposes to reveal some aspects of tax law regarding the nature and method of income taxation made by individuals who provide consumers with digital content, following the conclusion with the latter of a contract for the supply of digital content, in short, the activity of streaming. Although this concept appeared almost a hundred years ago, streaming has become a tool often used since the late 2000s in the video game, music, television and radio industries. In recent years, however, especially in 2020, it has become an important source of income for various categories of people, active for some, becoming a job, or passive, as a hobby. However, the considerable increase of them, implicitly and of the amount of realized incomes can raise problems, as well as if and in what way they can be taxed, given the forms of obtaining them.

This paper investigates that the effects of total real public investments made to Artvin upon the real per capita income in Artvin. The relationship between public investments and income is analyzed using Granger causality and cointegration tests. Also, the analysis has covered the period of 1988-2017, based on annual observations. According to the results of Granger test, there is a causality relationship at 5% level of statistically significance from public investments to the income of Artvin citizens, whereas there isn't any significant causal relationship from income to public investments. A long-term relationship hasn’t been determined between public investments and per capita income in Artvin in Johansen cointegration test.

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BMS: Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologique (Sage Publications Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although there is a considerable amount of study which examines the effect of democracy on national income, a limited number of papers analyses the effect of democracy on per capita income. The main objective of this research is to show the effect of democracy level on per capita income among new sample, 21 countries which share a similar coup d’état experience in their political history, to fulfil the gap in the literature. The countries selected are from different continents and are those most affected by coups. The impact of two different democracy indicators (Freedom House and Polity IV) on the per capita income of the countries in the period 2000-2014 is analysed. The results of the panel data estimation show that, an increase in democracy level has a positive effect on per capita income for both democracy indicators. As expected, the effect of the investment, secularism and education variables on income is positive, whereas the effect of population growth rate is negative. And trade has no definite effect on per capita income.

Organizational and economic analysis of the value chain for handmade soap from Carapa procera DC. oil in Burkina Faso Description of the subject. Carapa procera is an oil tree that is widely grown in Burkina Faso. Its high socio-economic potential could contribute to the diversification and increase in sources of income for local communities. Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the value chains of handmade medical soap made from C. procera seed oil and to assess potentials for improving the local economy. Our analysis is limited to organisational and economic dimensions from this value chains, in particular on the creation of added value and its distribution between the principal actors which make it up. Method. An inventory of oil products from 29 local markets and interviews with 104 operators were conducted in Kénédougou province and other production localities in Burkina Faso. Results. The value chains of handmade medical soap included at least 283 operators with 574 activities including seed collection, primary transformation of seeds into oil, secondary transformation of oil into soap and trading of soap. Seventy-three percent of operators were members of an organization and 71% of the relationships between operators were based on contracts. The margins were 0.08 €·kg-1 of seeds for seed collectors, 1.79 €·l-1 of oil for primary transformators, 1.42 €·kg-1 and 2.22 €·kg-1 of soap for secondary transformators and traders, respectively. The total annual income perceived by all operators was 10,573 € and the total value added was 11,335 €. The income was unequally distributed among the operators with 20% of them having more than 70% of the total income. Conclusions. A redistribution of the income to improve the shares of the currently underprivileged operators is necessary in order to boost the value chains of handmade medical soap of C. procera.

Following in Sweden's and Australia's footsteps, the Government of Québec introduced a tax credit for experienced workers in 2012, encouraging older workers to remain in or return to the labour market. This program became the Tax Credit for Career Extension in 2019. Using the public microdata files of the Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey and the province of Ontario as a comparison group, the effect of this income tax credit on older workers' labour force participation and employment rates was estimated by the difference-in-differences method. A probit analysis indicates that the tax credit had a positive and significant effect on the probability of employment or participation in most age and sex subgroups of workers aged 60 and over. From 2012 to 2019, the credit is estimated to have contributed to the retention or creation of an average of a little less than 27,000 jobs per year, at an average annual cost of $4,800 per job, which gives Québec an edge over countries with comparable policies. Thus, a program that targets age and income groups can significantly improve the performance of this fiscal instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic analysis of the subcontract distilleries is a less-explored area of literature. At present, there are approx. 140 commercial and 500 subcontract distilleries in Hungary, in the distribution of production, the former is about 2 million, the latter producing 9 million liters of 50% vol distillate. In the study we carried out an economic analysis of subcontract pálinka distilleries by simulation modeling. Prior to our study, we defined which distillery can be considered to be average in Hungary today and this was taken into account in the marginal conditions of the investigations. Calculations were made using @Risk 7.5 software package. The special feature of margin calculation compared to commercial distilleries that they do not have their own fruit base. It has been proven that the cost of distillation can vary from 331 to 1068 HUF/litre taking into account the extreme values of 1000 simulations, and the average of self-cost is 545 HUF/litre. Based on the empirical distribution of the simulations, it can be stated that 61.1% probability is that the cost below 550 HUF margin level is expected, what is to say the distilling is profitable. Increasing production can significantly reduce the cost of distillation production by up to 30% compared to the original value but practically not, or very difficult to implement. When examining the elements of the cost factors, it was found that four determinants (cost elements and production) that have a decisive influence on the first cost. Income per liter is closely related to the first cost. According to the simulation results, it can vary between -239 and + 150 HUF/litre at 90% probability. The most significant increase in cost is the specific wage cost, and the effect of changes in energy and general costs is only six-tenths of the wage cost. It is advisable to continue making pálinka as a part-time job. By simulation modelling, setting a 1% tolerance for the difference between revenue and expense, we found 29 cases where the production volume can be considered as a brake even point. By determining the simple arithmetic mean of these cases, we can declare that the brake even quantity is 13892 liters. By setting the minimum and maximum values, we have developed a model applicable to any payroll, which can be used for cost-benefit calculations. Generally, the pálinka making can be considered as a profit generator, but the resources, location, and demand have a great influence on this income-generating capacity.

Women make up slightly more than half of the world's population, but their contribution to indicators of economic activity, growth and living standards is significantly lower than their capabilities, which has serious macroeconomic consequences. Despite significant progress in recent decades, labor markets around the world remain fragmented by gender, and progress towards gender equality has apparently stopped. The proportion of women in the labor force remains lower than the corresponding proportion of men, women carry out most of the unpaid work, and in the case of remuneration, they account for a disproportionate share of workers in the unorganized sector and among the poor. Significant pay differences between women and their male colleagues are also noted. In many countries, labor market discrimination limits women's paid work, and the proportion of women in higher positions and among entrepreneurs remains low. The implementation of tasks in the field of economic growth, job creation and the inclusion of a wider population in economic activity are closely intertwined. Economic development and stability are necessary conditions to provide women with the opportunities that they need, but at the same time, the very inclusion of women in the labor market is one of the elements of the equation of growth and stability. In particular, in countries with rapidly aging populations, an increase in the share of women in the labor force can create an impetus for growth, offsetting the consequences of a decrease in the labor force. The recognition that a woman can take a more active part in the economy can be considered a breakthrough, a new trend. These trends need to be supported, despite the fact that the unemployment rate among women is still too high.

Millions of poor people who live in rural areas and rely on agriculture for a living need secure access to productive land. Gender disparities in access to productive resources, such as agricultural land, remain a major concern, especially in Nigeria. This study therefore, investigated the impact of land access and ownership on farm production across gender in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total of 480 respondents comprising of 240 male headed households and 240 female headed households across the three states in Southwest Nigeria. Cross-sectional data were obtained through structured questionnaire and subjected to statistical analysis such as propensity score matching (PSM), inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA), and instrumental variable (IV) regression approach to control for possible endogeneity that could arise from the data collected. Farm yield of household heads was used as indicator to estimate the impact of land access and land ownership. Results show that most (56.7%) of male and 46.4% of female headed households acquired land through family inheritance. The significant difference existed between farm yield gained by male and female headed households due to their level of land access and land ownership at 5%. The size of the estimated treatment effect indicates a high improvement in the farm yield outcome of male headed households compared their female counterparts. Also, findings show that marital status, level of education, access to credit, and membership of association all had a positive and statistically significant relationship with both male and female headed households’ access to land and land ownership at various levels. This study thus, conclude that there were gender differences in land accessibility and ownership in the study area as male headed households were found to have more access to farm land than their female counterparts. Reliable data on male and female headed households’ access to land and land ownership are critical for providing an accurate picture of female headed households’ land tenure arrangement, improving policy formulation and monitoring progress towards the attainment of gender equality in land access is hence encouraged. Also, group formation and membership should be promoted and encouraged especially among female headed households to enhance their purchasing power through access to credit, and common voice in accessing communal lands.

In this paper, I study the relationship between maternal education and offspring income higher education are more likely to cultivate offspring with higher education. Using 2012 and 2014 China Labor Force Dynamics Survey, I find that one year increase of maternal education is associated with a 1.7% increase in children’s income. In studying the mechanism, I suggest that maternal education improves offspring’s income via improving children’s education. Hence, I conclude that women with a strong individual educational background devote more time and energy to their children. Consequently, their offspring earn a higher income.

Banks and other financial institutions are required by law to comply with AML requirements to guarantee they do not facilitate money laundering. However, financial institutions are exceptionally susceptible to money laundering activities in Malaysia. With this concern, this project aimed to identify the determinants which contribute to money laundering activities among commercial banks in Malaysia. Since there are only a few studies have analysed various factors that influence money laundering, this study intends to achieve the aim of the study which is to figure out the level of influence that the factors identified as independent variables on the dependent variable, money laundering. In this study, technology, legal framework, income, and ethical behaviour are acknowledged as the independent variables. A total of 102 survey questionnaires were delivered to commercial bank employees via a convenience sample strategy. Descriptive and inferential statistics were compiled by entering the replies of a total of 102 respondents one by one into SPSS. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship and correlation between all four independent variables; technology, legal framework, income and ethical behaviour towards the dependent variable, money laundering. Consequently, the null hypothesis formulated for this research has been disproved, however, the alternative hypotheses have all been accepted and validated by the data analysis conducted. In addition, this research is claimed to be capable of resolving money laundering difficulties and educating commercial banks on how to identify and prevent money laundering in their organisations.

The paper aims to examine Croatian import demand elasticities to changes in income and relative prices while allowing time variation in parameters of import demand. Data sample consist of quarterly time series data over the period 2000 q1 -2018 q3. Following state space model with time-varying parameters approach estimates were obtained and tested. The results revealed persistent and high income elasticity of import demand in Croatia. However, the role of relative prices has changed over the observed period and eventually cannot be distinguished from zero. The findings from this research supported the hypothesis of prices convergence in Croatia towards the prices within European Monetary Union member countries. Furthermore, results found no significant effect on Croatian import demand when Croatia joined the European Union. The research results indicate that, due to a relatively high income elasticity of import demand and convergence of import prices, production of innovative and sophisticated products should be facilitated.

Background Postoperative pain management (POPM) appeared to be weak in Rwanda. Aims The aim of this study was to compare POPM measures in a teaching hospital between 2013 and 2017. Methods A two-phase observational study in 2013 and 2017. was conducted. Participants were recruited prior to major surgery and followed for two postoperative days. A numerical rating scale (0–10) was administered to all participants in both years, and the International Pain Outcomes questionnaire was administered in 2017. Recruitment, consent, and data collection were performed in participants’ preferred language. Results One hundred adult participants undergoing major general, gynecologic, orthopedic, or urologic surgery were recruited in 2013 and 83 were recruited in 2017. Fourteen percent of participants in 2013 and 46% in 2017 scored their worst pain as severe (>6; P

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a common mental illness and Hypertension is a chronic disease and due to the negligence depression is co-morbidity with hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factor among hypertensive patients in Dammam. METHODS: it was a cross-sectional study and 342 hypertensive patients were selected from primary health care centers in Dammam, KSA. Beck Depression Inventory scale was used to determine the depression. The logistic regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between depression (dependent) and other variables. The P-value of less than 0.05 has been set to be statistically significant. RESULTS: the proportion of depression with various degrees of severity among study participants was 19.6%. After Adjustment of covariates, older age [aOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.22-9.10; p= 0.019,low income [a OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.02-9.11; p= 0.003, illiterate [aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.09-7.65; p= 0.005], physical inactivity [ aOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.21-9.65; p= 0.051], ever smoker [aOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.09-3.77; p= 0.002], long standing hypertension = 3 years [aOR 3.765, 95% CI 1.01-7.10; p= 0.049] were more likely significantly associated with depression among hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: depression is common among hypertensive patients in our setting. The associated multiple risk factors are older age, low income ( 3000 SR), physical inactivity, long standing hypertension.

In Senegal, despite the intervention of several projects or programmes to improve the productivity of cashew plantations, the cashew sector still suffers from many difficulties due to low yields and marketing difficulties. This study focuses on the characteristics of cashew tree plantations and the determinants of income according to the organisation of the sector. Thus, socio-economic surveys were carried out among 778 producers in sixty-three (63) villages. The Cobb Douglass production model, which establishes the relationship between the quantity produced and the production factor(s) used, was used to analyse the determinants of income from the sale of nuts by producers. The results obtained showed that the average area of a plantation is on average 2.5 ha (Ziguinchor department), 3.7 ha (Sédhiou) and 2.1 ha (Kolda). The number of cashew trees/ha is estimated at 167 plants/ha in Ziguinchor, 198 plants/ha in Sédhiou and 187 plants/ha in Kolda. The Ziguinchor region is the most productive (385 kg/ha), followed by Sédhiou (280 kg/ha) and Kolda (255 kg/ha). Producers' incomes have improved significantly with good production, with a selling price per kilogram of nuts above 500 Fcfa, but also with better support for producers. On the other hand, factors such as the payment of labour for the collection and maintenance of orchards negatively influence producers' incomes. The cashew nut sector plays an important role in the economy of the agro-ecological zone studied. It contributes significantly to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of the producers. However, a structuring of the marketing link would allow producers to better benefit from the sale of cashew nuts.

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Promotion of small ruminant farming by the women's groups of Nampossela and Nitabougoro in the Koutiala district of southern Mali. The rearing of domestic animals, especially cattle and sheep, plays an important role in achieving food security and contributes significantly to the incomes of rural populations. In rural areas, for example, there are agricultural producers who practice beef and sheep fattening to increase and secure income. It is in this context that the present study was initiated. The objective of this study was to determine the zoo-economic performance of feeding fattening sheep. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sheep ages, purchase price, weighing, feed, manure production, sale price, etc. the study sample included 52 sheep in 2016 and 91 sheep in 2017. These sheep were divided into three treatments: T0 (control, sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass and bran), T1 (sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass and cotton seed cake) and T2 (sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass, bran and cotton seed cake). The sheep breeds used consisted of Djallonke and Bali-Bali. The data analysis shows that in 2016, Average Daily Weight Gain (ADG) was 42±25, 55±18 and 67±33 g /day respectively for T0, T1 and T2 treatments. While in 2017, the ADG was of 28±22 g/day (T0), 46±28 g/day (T1) and 42±27 g/day (T2). Through these results, it was found that the sheep belonging to the treatments (T1 and T2) had the highest ADG in comparison with the control sheep (T0). In addition, the cumulative production of dried manure throughout the fattening period fluctuated between 33 (T0) and 43 kg per sheep (T1 and T2) in 2016 against 37 (T0) and 44 kg per sheep (T1) in 2017. On sale, the T1 and T2 processing sheep achieved on average the highest profit margin. In view of these results it is recommended for sheep fattening to supplement the sheep with cotton cake for a better production of meat and manure.

Eradicating household food insecurity is essential to the articulated vision of a national food policy that aims to promote healthy living and safe food for families across the country. Household food insecurity refers to the insecure or inadequate access to food due to financial constraints. Despite federal commitments to improve the situation, food insecurity in Canada increased between 2007-08 and 2011-12. It currently affects more than four million Canadians, and is particularly grave in Indigenous communities. Food insecurity takes a toll on individuals’ health and well-being, and it is a burden on our healthcare system. The social epidemiology of household food insecurity shows it to be inextricably linked to the social and economic circumstances of households. Federal and provincial policy interventions that improve the financial circumstances of very low income households have yielded reductions of up to 50 percent in household food insecurity prevalence and severity. Yet, prevalence rates remain high. A national food policy represents an invaluable opportunity to address food insecurity in Canada. To do so, this policy must transcend the conventional boundaries of agriculture and agri-food. Addressing food insecurity requires the integration of policy actions across the three levels of government. In addition, performance targets must be established, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms implemented, to ensure that policies and programs meant to address food insecurity actually have a meaningful impact.

This article provides a general outline of theatre in Malta where the small size of the archipelago (316m2) makes it difficult to develop professional theatre. It evaluates the issues theatre faces when confronted by political constraints that affect cultural policies and outlooks. It looks at the growth of theatre education in Malta that has raised standards and demand for professionalization of theatre. Productions in English and Maltese are discussed, and the changes in attitude and the emergence of new authors are highlighted. The article also considers the disadvantage of the lack of proper theatre criticism and how this can contribute to raising standards and attendance.

This article analyzes some concepts to argue why the quality of life in Romania is far from what was desired in the early nineties. Its presents the normative method that helps us to validate the consumption of the population by covering at minimum the essential goods and services necessary for the individual, and his family, at home and in society. Next part presents us a dynamic of social policy measures which fluctuates the main incomes of the population in the 1990-2018 time interval, and their influence on consumption. The last part of the study concludes: what are the needs of the population and to what extent they were satisfied, or not, within the time period studied. During the period of time 1990-2018 the incomes of the various families with children and pensioners could not keep up with the price increases on the products and services on the market. This has resulted in time deterioration in the quality of life of these families. The incomes or spendings of the population provide clear and concrete situation on the quality of life of the population and thus help to take action, through socio-economic policies oriented towards the benefit of the members of those companies. Household incomes are extremely sensitive to adverse developments in the economy, as well as to the failures of the national and world markets. The gap between Romanians and other Europeans incomes is determined by differences in the level and structure of employment but also of the wage policies adopted.

Agro-economic Analyses of Maintenance and Improvement of Soil Fertility in the Cotton Area of Dano, Burkina Faso. The study has been conducted in three villages (Wallala, Sorkon and Gnigwaman) from the district of Ioba (administrative centre of Dano) in Southwest Burkina Faso. The objective was to assess the agro-economic impact of activities to maintain and improve soil fertility in Dano. A total of sixty producers was surveyed in the villages of Wallala (20 producers), Sorkon (20 producers) and Gnigwaman (20 producers). Some measures of productivity have been made on the fields with stone rows plus organic fertilizer application (SR+OF App), simple stone row (SSR), organic fertilizer application (OF App) and control (field without fertility technic). The results show that composting is the best adopted technique by respectively 60%, 50% and 20% of the producers in Wallala, Sorkon and Gnigwaman villages. Many constraints linked to these technics (high cost of realization, demand of time, non-perceptible immediate effect) hinder their adoption by a large number of producers. The highest yields (768 kg/ha) are noted in the converted field into stone rows with nutritive element (SR+ nutritive elements) versus 453 kg/ha for the control fields. The results on the income show that the latter improved at the level of exploitation that adopted the proposed technics compared to the control plots. The highest gross margin (160,450 CFA) is obtained by producers who have converted fields with stone rows (SR) with Organic Fertilizer (OF). The impact of the technologies on the level of soils chemical fertility remains insignificant. For producers, training and availability of technologies that are less restrictive and adapted to their condition of production are compulsory for a good soil fertility management.

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to create and quickly implement new policies and programs to both mitigate the health effects of the virus and support the income of individuals. Many are wondering whether these income support programs are there to stay or if the current crisis marks a turning point in the debate about the adequate level of intervention by the State. This article tries to establish if public opinion about this issue is affected by current circumstances. Survey data was collected in Quebec at the height of the pandemic. It shows that, compared to earlier surveys, Quebecers are much more tolerant of the level of general taxation that applies to them. It also shows that opinions about the level of taxation are not influenced by having individually benefited from an income support program such as the Canada Emergency Response Benefit. This new openness to possibly higher taxes in the future does not seem to depend on exposure to the current crop of emergency support programs. Other surveys will be required to assess whether these changes are permanent or if they will recede after the crisis is over. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]