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As a result of recent trends in energy consumption, innovative facade systems are being used more and more in both new building construction and renovation of old buildings. A wide range of interface system types are used to meet these requirements. Many of these systems are very complex and require not only fire safety requirements, but also other requirements such as humidity, rain protection, stability, thermal insulation and other functions. Social and technical aspects are also important. This review article provides general information about façade systems in buildings, modern facades and façade manufacturing materials. This study also deals with evaluations and technical requirements for facade systems, including aesthetic standards, insulation and other criteria. And other ideas that we will address in this article.

Iraq has witnessed a number of crises that had an impact on multiple industries, including the construction industry particularly. In 2014, Iraq was subjected to terrorist acts in several provinces, which led to insecurity and a very large financial crisis that affected all provinces, This was followed by the financial crisis that occurred due to the drop in oil prices and because oil was the main and exclusive source of income for the Iraqi economy, this resulted in a severe economic collapse. This study examines the financial crisis's detrimental effects on the construction industry. The research has divided the crisis in finance into two types: the external crisis, which has occurred as a result of external influences such as the decline in oil prices globally, which has been reflected in the budget of the Iraqi government, and the second type is the internal crisis, which has occurred as a result of bankruptcy or the bankruptcy of any of the parties involved in the constructing industry. The open questionnaire represents the practical side, which was completed by conducting personal interviews with construction and project implementation experts and financial and economic experts to discuss how to deal with the crisis's effects and address them. The researcher concluded that the factors that have a high degree of influence on the occurrence of crises are arranged according to relative importance from highest to lowest, as follows: (changes in oil prices, changes in currency exchange rates, the bankruptcy of banks, force majeure, high prices, and the unemployment rate). The (post-crisis stage) is the highest among the stages, with the highest percentage when it comes to the stage at which the financial crisis impacting construction projects could be addressed.

The article deals with the organizational and technological features of construction. Currently, based on foreign and domestic experience, a significant number of regulatory and methodological documents have been developed for the use of facade systems, but these works do not fully disclose organizational and technological issues and contain only general recommendations for the production of work. In particular, the existing recommendations for the installation of facade systems, for the most part, describe the constructive solutions of facade systems, technological issues related directly to the installation of the facade system, while not disclosing in sufficient detail the organization of the construction site, the issues of choosing the necessary means of paving, the issues of standardizing the labor intensity of work, issues of quantitative and qualitative selection of the composition of workers for the production of work. The organization of construction production for the installation of hinged facade systems with an air gap during the construction of buildings is associated with coordination with general construction works. Often, construction management projects developed at the design stage are adjusted taking into account the current conditions. These changes can occur both before the start of work and during the production of work. The introduction of organizational and technological changes in the production process of work can lead to a significant decrease in technical and economic indicators. In this regard, it is relevant to resolve the issues of assessment and selection of effective organizational and technological solutions for the device of facade systems.

With its building infrastructure almost completely destroyed during the military conflict, modern Iraq is facing an urgent need for a number of measures to increase the quality of installation, construction and reconstruction jobs and to reduce timeframes taking into account local and climatic features. To achieve this, the priority task is to develop methods and theoretical recommendations based on the analysis of existing methods for calculating construction timeframes, ones that would most accurately reflect the influence of such factors as cement class, type and an average daily air temperature. The climatic conditions in Iraq impact negatively on the properties of hardened concrete. Specifically, concrete mixture shrinks more rapidly, which entails a change in its physico-mechanical properties and further corrosion of reinforcement bars at joints in monolithic prefabricated housing construction. This paper aims to determine factors that affect construction timeframes and quality for prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings, and to develop a model on the basis of statistical research to determine the concrete hardening time at joints in prefabricated frame housing construction.

Résumé Introduction. La malnutrition est un problème de santé publique chez les en-fants en Guinée. Objectif. Contribuer à l’évaluation du soin des enfants de 6 à 59 mois souffrant de malnutrition aigüe modérée dans les Foyers d’Apprentissage et de Réha-bilitation Nutritionnelle (FARN) de la préfecture de Kouroussa. Matériel et méthodes. Une étude transversale de type descriptif, menée du 1er août au 30 novembre 2017, avait concerné 322 enfants malnutris modérés, identifiés par la mesure du poids/taille et du périmètre brachial. Sept recettes de bouillies enrichies, préparées dans les FARN, à partir d’aliments locaux et des conseils sur les bonnes pratiques d’alimentation et d’hygiène ont été utilisées pendant 12 jours. Résultats. Il ressort de l’étude que la tran-che d’âge majoritaire était celle de 6 à 17 mois, soit 63%. Plus de la moitié (79%) des en-fants ont eu un rattrapage de croissance ≥ 400g. Le gain pondéral moyen journalier était bon, soit 8g/kg/j. L’analyse des indicateurs de soin des enfants malnutris modérés a don-né des valeurs conformes aux recommandations du protocole national, montrant, ainsi, les côtés positifs des FARN de Kouroussa pour le soin des enfants malnutris modérés. L’analyse des macronutriments a permis de calculer les valeurs nutritionnelles des bouillies. Cependant, les analyses microbiologiques et physico-chimiques des recettes n’ont pu être réalisées. Conclusion. Cette étude montre que les FARN restent une solution rapide et durable pour la prise en charge des enfants malnutris modérés. [Abstract Introduction. Malnutrition is a public health problem for children in Guinea. Objectives. To contribute to the care assessment of children, aged 6 to 59 months suffe-ring from moderate acute malnutrition, in the Learning and Nutritional Rehabilitation Homes (LNRH), in Kouroussa prefecture. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study, from august 1st to november 30th 2017, involved 322 moderately malnourished children, identified by weight/height, and mid upper arm circumference measurement. Seven recipes of enriched porridges, made in the LNRH, from local foods, with counseling on good practices of feeding, and hygiene for young children were used during 12 days. Results. The study showed that the majority age group of children was 6 to 17 months i.e. 63%. More than half (79%) of the children had catch-up growth (≥400g). The average daily weight gain was good, at 8g/kg/d. The global analysis of the care indicators, for moderately malnourished children, showed that the values were in accordance with the recommendations of national protocol, thus showing the positive aspects of the children management, in Kouroussa LNRH. The macronutrients analysis was permitted to determine the nutritional values of the different recipes. However, microbiological, and physicochemical analyzes of the recipes were not realized. Conclusion. This study shows that the LNRH remain a fast and sustainable solution for the moderately malnourished children care.]

Blood angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) assay is now realized by the determination of enzyme activity on synthetic substrate, mostly furylacryloyl-phenylalanyl-L-glycyl-L-glycine (FAPGG). The matrix can be serum or heparin-plasma, with or without a separator; the assay developed on serum or plasma is not adapted to other matrix such as cerebrospinal fluid where the ACE activity is much lower. This assay has been adapted on a number of automated biochemistry analyzers with the specifications of the supplier of reagents, sometimes with modification of volumes or times for analysis. Samples can be stored at +4̊C for at least for one week, freezing at -20̊C is possible but refreezing is not advised. The assay is linear from 10 to 200 UI/L. Fidelity is excellent after calibration of the assay. Accuracy can be calculated from IQA and EQA results, and the analytical uncertainty is between 2% and 5% in function of the serum ACE value. Usual values will be soon available from studies on age brackets and sex, because ACE activity seems to be more elevated in boys during adolescence. At signature, it is interesting to have medical information on the diagnosis of sarcoidosis or its treatment including ACE inhibitors as a proof of intake; we can give a commentary on elevation of serum ACE activity from other causes than sarcoidosis and the causes for low activities.