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In order to find out how different pearl millet varieties affect fertilizer application rates and plant spacing in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria, two field experiments were carried out in a purely sandy loamy soil environment at the teaching and research farm of the Basic Vocational Agriculture School Tambu-Daura situated at 120 59'34 N, 80 16'58 E, and 549 meters above sea level) in Katsina State, Nigeria in the growing seasons of 2022 and 2023. Three different varieties of pearl millet (DANDIGALI, JIRANI, and SOSAT) were used in the trial, along with two plant spacing (50 cm and 70 cm) and two different fertilizer application rates (100:50:50 and 80:40:40). The treatments were factorized and placed under a Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Throughout the experiment, data on yield-related components were recorded. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the variety DANDIGALI recorded the greatest values for Total yield per hectare (1981 and 1823 kg/ha), Grain yield (78.50 and 75.12g), Harvest index (39.54 and 46.62%), and Biological yield (199.40 and 213.17) in both trial years. These values were significant (P

The agency of the commercial distributor receives great attention at the international level, by regulating its terms, conditions, and procedures for obtaining, because it leads to advancing the production wheel, and thus the prosperity of industry and trade, and it is noted on the internal level that there is a shortcoming in regulation and legislation in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, as the The Iraqi Commercial Agency Regulation law No. (51) of 2000 - enforceable in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq - did not indicate the agency of the commercial distributor, although the Iraqi Law in force No. (79) of 2017 referred to the agency of the distributor as a form of agencies and then it was defined in the Commercial Agency Regulation Law No. (1) of 2020, but it was not regulated independently, From a practical point of view, there must be legislative intervention to regulate it.

La dégradation des sols est un problème écologique majeur et réel qui entrave le développement socio-économique et la sécurité alimentaire dans le monde. En Afrique subsaharienne, elle est principalement causée par la mauvaise exploitation et l’occupation anarchique des sols d’où l’apparition de sols dénudés et indurés (‘‘hardés’’), la forte baisse des rendements agricoles, la perte de pâturages naturels, la désertification et le déboisement. Dans l’optique d’inciter une gestion durable, une étude des sols sera faite à l’échelle du pédopaysage. Sur le terrain, il faut examiner les indicateurs et causes de dégradation, ensuite prélever les échantillons des sols et analyser en laboratoire, puis les données seront couplées aux variables morphométriques pour étudier les sols et leur état de dégradation grâce aux SIG et R Studio. A cet effet, la carte de dégradation réalisée exprime le degré du danger en l’occurrence la dégradation forte (13 %), modérée (33 %), faible (19 %) et très faible (33 %). Succinctement sur le terrain, elle est représentée par des figures d’érosion, des sols nus et abandonnés, dont les planosols et les vertisols sont les plus dégradés, contrairement aux sols hydromorphes, sols ferrugineux tropicaux et sols peu évolués. Les principales causes évoquées sont les facteurs naturels dont un climat défavorable et des sols pauvres en MO (≤1%), en cations échangeables, en azote et la spectrométrie de fluorescence X confirme la dégradation de ces sols par la forte dominance du SiO2 (60 à 80 %) suivi du Fe2O3 et de l’Al2O3, avec des corrélations significativement positives entre la stabilité structurale et l’argile (0,9) et entre le F2O3 et l’Al2O3 (1) ; tandis que le SiO2 est corrélé négativement avec la stabilité structurale (-0,8), l’argile (-0,7), le Fe2O3 (-0,9) et l’Al2O3 (-0.9). Au final, il ressort que les facteurs anthropiques dont les mauvaises pratiques culturales et l’explosion démographique sont des causes très sérieuses de la dégradation des sols. Cependant, la pratique de l’agroforesterie, la rotation de culture, l’intensification des méthodes de lutte antiérosive et la lutte biologique apparaissent comme des pratiques pouvant permettre de renverser la tendance.

The endorsement of rights and freedoms in the constitution does not in any way mean that they are unleashed without restrictions, as the purpose of setting these restrictions is to create a kind of balance between the rights of citizens on the one hand and the rights of public authorities on the other hand, however these restrictions may be multiple, including What is constitutional, including what is legislative, and for the sake of real protection of rights and freedoms from restriction, especially legislative restriction. According to the laws and regulations issued by the authorities, as monitoring the constitutional judiciary is one of the most important components of building a democratic state, and therefore the constitutional judiciary oversight of the actions issued by the public authorities, especially the legislative authority, is necessary.

External and internal architecture is distinguished from all arts in that it deals with the basic three dimensions "length, width, and height" as well as the fourth dimension, which is time. In the art of photography, for example, man deals with two dimensions in addition to the dimension of time, but the person remains outside all these works, looking at and watching them. As for architecture, it represents a huge structural sculptural piece that a person approaches, enters, and walks in enjoying, examining it at all levels in a chronological sequence and within a certain schematic scale. The design thought shows the possibility of implementing paper folding designs with alternative industrial materials, such as: paper, cardboard, rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, fabrics, and natural materials, such as: leather, copper, aluminum, plywood, which led to an expansion Scope of using paper folding technology to form larger, thicker and more intense models. The design process relied on this approach, which was represented in achieving the values of the creative thought of interior design derived from the folding technique, and how to deal with interior design vocabulary dynamically so that it was possible to solve interior design problems inspired by the art of folding through a global perspective consistent with the principles of contemporary thought. Spectral process means the physics of adaptation in the theory of chaos or disasters, while in architecture, the concept of folding expresses a technique of origami art, which is the process of bending one layer upon another layer, and while the folding process appears as if in its content a process of repetition of the form, it is theoretically considered a subjective process As it does not delete or add any elements that make up the shape, and it is considered a precise process that addresses one of the most quality characteristics of the shape, which is the transition from one dimension to another (the second dimension to the third dimension), and it is also a process that involves changes that expand the geometric qualities of the element while maintaining with its topology.

Artists in our contemporary world need practical experiences and scientific and applied theories, which help them to achieve artistic work in an integrated picture and give seriousness to their artistic methods and aesthetic experiences. This is a necessity, because the artwork is a work that is inspired by an idea and a work that is stained with diligent effort, and a work that leads to the production of something special, and this distinctive thing is not created by artists from nothing. A specific idea or image on a specific material or materials. Artists choose to produce their artworks raw materials, materials, tools, methods and methods that are characterized by artistic and aesthetic products, whether through distinctive characteristics or through forms and textures that result from them. The research aims to clarify that the artist, by seeing the environment around him, can discover his raw material, which in turn is directed to new techniques that develop his plastic abilities such as silicon carbide (carborandum). In working to rationalize and develop it, and in knowing its investments in various fields and fields, such as art and art edition in 3particular. Among those industrial works is the use of an industrial material such as silicon carbide (carborandum), a material used with sand to roughen glass and remove rust in industrial industry and other fields. Manual methods or roughening by modern machines, each with new values.

Le changement climatique constitue une menace pour l’élevage en raison de ses conséquences sur les performances des animaux et sur la disponibilité des ressources pastorales. Les systèmes sylvopastoraux et agrosylvopastoraux sont des solutions pour concilier production animale durable et changement climatique. Ce document synthétise la littérature existante sur la diversité de ces systèmes d’élevage dans les zones de savanes et les régions côtières d’Afrique de l’Ouest, sur leurs contributions à l’adaptation et à l’atténuation du changement climatique, ainsi qu’à l’amélioration de la productivité des animaux et à la sécurité alimentaire des ménages. Les résultats de cette synthèse montrent que les arbres constituent des ressources alimentaires pour les animaux durant la période de soudure (absence de fourrages s’étendant généralement de mars à mai), ce qui améliore leur production. Ils constituent également de véritables sources d’atténuation au changement climatique.

A educação escolar quilombola e indígena no decorrer da história da educação no Brasil sempre esteve vinculada a uma realidade de precariedade, empobrecimento, negação do respeito ao direito de suas especificidades e particularidades. No século XX, a partir dos princípios trazidos na Constituição Federal de 1988, relacionados a educação escolar, vislumbra-se possibilidades para a instalação de maior investimento, respeito as especificidades, construção de propostas pedagógicas que dialoguem com a realidade dos povos indígenas e quilombolas. A partir daí se cria um elenco de políticas educacionais específicas nessa direção - diretrizes curriculares são aprovadas, surgem financiamentos para investimento nas escolas indígenas e quilombolas, formação de professores e professoras, há a consideração da educação intercultural, e em algumas cidades melhorias nas infraestruturas das escolas, dentre outras conquistas.

O artigo tem como proposta discutir como as políticas públicas de financiamento educacionais no Brasil, em especial o Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola (PDDE), do Fundo Nacional de Educação (FNDE), tem exercitado a equidade em seus Programas, visando a melhoria da qualidade da Educação Escolar Quilombola. Objetivamos refletir sobre como o PDDE tem contribuído para a consolidação de uma educação mais plural e cidadã. É perceptível o esforço das políticas de financiamento educacional, em especial a do PDDE, em possibilitar a consolidação de uma gestão escolar democrática e equânime, porém, é necessário um aprimoramento da sua legislação para que atenda as especificidades das comunidades a serem atendidas pela Política. Ressalta-se que um exercício de mudança tem sido praticado, a fim de garantir a valorização dos pertencimentos e das identidades étnico e racial no contexto de uma política pública de financiamento da educação tão duradoura como é o PDDE.

This article, co-authored by a sociologist at the André Salifou University (Zinder, Niger) and an archivist at the Sound Archives Centre of the Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme (Aix-en-Provence, France), explores the many ways in which sound archives recorded in Niger by researchers from different disciplines in the humanities and social sciences can be revitalised. A brief historical overview of recording methods in the African field highlights the importance of documenting the context of their production and archiving in order to ensure their audibility and facilitate their use. While considering the restitution to the field of collections recorded on the Nigerian territory and preserved in France, the authors adopt a comprehensive and continuous approach to take into account a decisive paradigm shift: the understanding of analogue archives converted into digital format and their production in a colonial context with a view to postcolonial use. In this endeavour, Digital Humanities play a facilitating role by promoting the analysis, comparison and sharing of sound archives among all relevant stakeholders. The mapping of heritage and scientific archives created in this way would offer new perspectives on the culture and history of Niger, supporting the process of restoring oral archives for scientific, cultural and creative use.

With the proliferation of research in recent decades, pronunciation has ceased to be the “Cinderella” of language teaching. However, there are still gaps between research findings and classroom implementations (Olson, 2014). To this end, this classroom-based, experimental study explored pronunciation knowledge, perception, and production among first-year Turkish EFL teacher trainees in the context of a sixteen-week-long undergraduate course. Data were collected through three diagnostic tests. In this regard, eighty participants were pretested before and post-tested after the course. The collected data were examined descriptively and inferentially via the IBM SPPS Version 25. Findings indicated dissimilar levels of rise in knowledge (modest), perception (slight), and production (substantial) performances of teacher trainees. Nevertheless, specific gaps in knowledge and problems with segmental and suprasegmental pronunciation features remained. Results were discussed, pedagogical implications were thoroughly assessed, limitations to the study were recognized, and recommendations for future research were made.

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to be revolutionary, but they have also sparked questions about power relations and socioeconomic inequalities that are reminiscent of previous colonial practices. The risk of “techno-neocolonialism,” a phrase used to characterize the potential for dominance and exploitation analogous to historical colonial practices, is juxtaposed with the possibility of unprecedented technological advancements. This paper examines the idea of techno-neocolonialism as a modern form of dominance and exploitation, emphasizing how the AI revolution runs the risk of sustaining these practices in a globalized environment. Through an analysis of vital AI enablers like talent, data, infrastructure, and computing power, we contend that the advantages of AI are frequently centered in rich countries, marginalizing the Global South. The paper goes on to stress how important it is that cooperative frameworks give equity, respect for one another, and ethical issues top priority while developing AI. This study, which ends with a plea for fair collaborations, seeks to show the way toward a more inclusive AI ecosystem that actually empowers all parties involved while avoiding the exploitation traps that come with techno-neocolonial partnerships.

Abstract: The fields of Communication Studies and Library Science are often regarded as distinct disciplines; however, they share fundamental commonalities in their focus on information. This paper explores the interrelationship between these two fields from both a cognitive and philosophical perspective. It examines how both disciplines approach the creation, organization, dissemination, and accessibility of information, and highlights the philosophical considerations that influence practices in each. Drawing on the impact of digital technologies, the paper illustrates how the boundaries between Communication Studies and Library Science are becoming increasingly blurred. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper discusses the ethical, epistemological, and practical intersections between the two fields, particularly in the context of information access, privacy, and the shaping of public consciousness. Finally, the paper addresses future challenges and opportunities in the evolving relationship between Communication Studies and Library Science. Keywords: Communication Studies, Library Science, Information Accessibility, Digital Technologies, Epistemology, Ethics.

Résumé: La folie, ce concept hybride et abstrait évoque un trouble du comportement et de l’esprit, est considérée comme l’effet d’une maladie altérant les facultés mentales de l’individu. Entre les délires, les Désaccords, le désordre, les cris, l’errance, l’inconscience, le fou est à priori celui qui incarne la sagesse et la vertu dans ce monde corrompu par les hommes du Pouvoir. Le roman reste le genre idéal qui permet à l’écrivain de représenter le thème de la folie dans tous ses états en se servant du pouvoir de l’imagination. Le Fou d’espoir de Lâabi est une métaphore d’un chemin vers la lumière d’un moi torturé par les forces des ténèbres des années de plomb. Chemin des ordalies ou fou d’espoir est un roman qui met en œuvre la remise en question des valeurs humaines. Les œuvres de Lâabi abordent une écriture de folie dans laquelle les délires, les voix, les répétitions, les dédoublements, la polyphonie, les va et vient entre le passé et le présent, l’humour et l’ironie, les négations et les interrogations constituent les caractéristiques de sa poétique. Le fou est-il le vagabond ou représente-t-il celui qui brise toutes les frontières de la parole afin de redonner l’espoir à l’humanité ? Pourquoi le fou ne cesse-t-il pas de crier ? Est-il furieux ou souffrant ? Mots-clés : Folie, vérité, cris, rupture, révolte.

Contexte : La race bovine Azawak, adaptée aux conditions environnementales sahéliennes, a été choisie pour un programme de sélection à noyau fermé, à la Station expérimentale de Toukounous au Niger. Objectif : Afin de développer un modèle de prédiction des valeurs d’élevage de candidats reproducteurs améliorateurs en lait et en viande, cette étude avait pour objectif d’analyser l’influence génétique d’une sélection pour les performances pondérales, sur la productivité laitière de cette race. Méthodes : Le pedigree utilisé comportait 1 691 lactations complètes de 649 vaches et 1 396 poids de veaux à la naissance. Les paramètres génétiques ont été analysés à l’aide d’un modèle animal multi-caractère résolu par des méthodologies bayésiennes et après analyses multivariées des facteurs environnementaux. Résultats : Les caractères de lactation et le poids du veau à la naissance étaient affectés par des effets environnementaux et génétiques avec une héritabilité variant de 0,14 à 0,32 pour les caractères de lactation et de 0,06 pour le poids à la naissance du veau. Des corrélations génétiques (-0,26 à -0,08) et phénotypiques (-0,06 à 0,07) non significatives et proches de zéro entre les caractères de lactation et le poids à la naissance du veau suggèrent qu’une sélection pour les performances laitières n’affectera probablement pas les performances pondérales précoces. Conclusions : Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’influence génétique de la productivité laitière sur les performances de croissance tardive du bovin Azawak.

Canopy height is a fundamental parameter for describing forest ecosystems. GEDI is a spaceborne LiDAR system that was designed to measure vegetation’s vertical structure at a global scale. This study evaluates the accuracy of GEDI-derived canopy height estimates over complex tropical forests in Mayotte Island (Overseas France) characterized by moderate height and biomass levels as well as a relatively steep terrain. The influence of GEDI signal and environmental parameters (canopy height, beam sensitivity and slope) on height estimates was assessed. Linear as well as non-linear approaches were implemented using the GEDI L2A product to estimate canopy height. Empirical models were trained on reference data derived from airborne LiDAR scanning. The results showed that using regression models built on multiple GEDI metrics yielded improved accuracies compared to a direct estimation from a single GEDI height metric. Canopy height, beam sensitivity and terrain slope were found to have a significant impact on the height metrics derived from GEDI waveforms. Conversely, both linear and non-linear regression models produced unbiased and stable estimates.

This paper aims to analyze and compare imperfective forms and implications in Hijazi Arabic, situated in the ongoing grammaticalization process of a progressive aspect marker across Arabic vernaculars. In Modern Standard Arabic, an eventive imperfective verb is ambiguous, as it could be given a progressive or a habitual reading. In the context of /min al-muhtamali ʔan/ “of the likely” however, it can only be given a future shifted reading. In Hijazi Arabic on the other hand, the study findings showed that eventive imperfective verbs are always ambiguous despite the context. With regard to the progressive aspect marker, it was revealed that Hijazi Arabic behaves like other dialects in that a marker has developed out of the active participle of the verb “sit” to indicate a progressive reading. Even though the newly developed marker in Hijazi Arabic does not require an animate subject and appears with verbs having seemingly conflicting meanings (e.g., “sit” used with “swim”), it has not lost its lexical meaning, and a short form has not been developed like in other dialects, such as Maltese and Iraqi Arabic.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على فرص ومعوقات التواصل باللغة العربية، خارج الصف لدى متعلمي اللغة العربية من غير الناطقين بها. وتنبع أهمية الدراسة من الدور الأساسي الذي يؤديه التواصل خارج الصف في تعزيز نجاح العملية التعليمية، وتطوير مهارات اللغة العربية لدى الطلاب. استعملت الدراسة استبانة لتحديد طبيعة تفاعل الطلاب اللغوي، داخل الجامعة وخارجها. وشملت عينة الدراسة (131) متعلما للغة العربية من غير الناطقين بها. وقُسِّمت إلى: مقدمة، وأربعة مباحث، وخاتمة، ففي المبحث الأول: أهمية اللغة العربية ومكانتها. وفي المبحث الثاني: تعليم اللغة تواصليا. وفي المبحث الثالث: معوقات التواصل التي تواجه متعلم اللغة، وفي المبحث الرابع: تحليل نتائج الاستبانة، ثم الخاتمة؛ وفيها نتائج الدراسة، وتوصياتها. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن فرص التواصل باللغة العربية داخل الجامعة كانت (مرتفعة)؛ حيث بلغت النسبة الإجمالية للطلاب الذين أشاروا إلى قوة هذه الفرص 74.90%. كما أشارت النتائج إلى وجود فرص (جيدة) للتواصل خارج الجامعة بنسبة 72.74%، وكشفت عن وجود معوقات تعيق عملية التواصل باللغة العربية، كان من أبرزها: استخدام الطلاب لغاتهم الأم داخل السكن، وعدم وجود آليات فعالة لتعزيز التواصل باللغة العربية.

Architecture and interior design are an integral part of our daily lives, we interact with them, are affected by them, and they affect us. Architecture has been designed to meet human needs, and create a relationship between humans and their interior environment, but there is a general lack of Emotional considerations in contemporary architecture, most of the buildings are designed as structures with modern covers to attract attention. As a result, these designs miss the true essence of architecture, which is the experience, the real human experience within the interior space. Human beings spend most of their lives inside buildings and interior spaces, whether in their homes, at work, or in other places, such as schools, hospitals, etc. Humans go through different emotional experiences every day. Moreover, buildings, especially interior spaces, have a great impact on these experiences, whether it is a positive or negative impact. This study examines this aspect of human life and it aims to create a unique human experience in the interior spaces. By studying the principles of phenomenology and their impact on the psychological state of man. As well as studying the principles of emotional design and how to use them to design a positive human experience for the user. The study suggests a proposed methodology that combines the philosophy of phenomenology, emotional design considerations, and human-centered design to design a multisensory human experience within internal spaces, and the proposed methodology was applied to the design of an early childhood education center, “a nursery school”.

The child uses movement from the early stages, and expresses his needs, feelings before the ability to speak. So movement is a social means by which an individual deals with his world around him just like language; Movement occurs either by the influence of one body on another body, i.e. an external force, or it is inside the body by the influence of muscle strength, and the intended movement is the purposeful movement that leads to the noticeable activity of skeletal muscles. The research deals with a study of the effect of interior design elements on the dynamic movement of a child with learning difficulties, by identifying the motor skills of children with learning difficulties in early childhood and the factors that affect this movement within the educational environment and the relationship of motor efficiency within the educational environment with the associated characteristics With learning difficulties and the accompanying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the researcher has listed some motor activities that can be integrated into the educational spatial environment to help develop the fine and gross motor skills of children with learning difficulties and their development. Thus, the importance of the interior design of the educational environment for children with learning difficulties appears; To control his behavior, productivity, and learning to gain experience and skills, provide appropriate spaces and spaces, and devise a design for the spatial space for children with excessive activity on the basis of reducing the number of external stimuli they have, and providing them with the opportunity to direct this activity, and to benefit from the excessive movements by investing them in a motor activity It benefits the child's body and rid it of random excess activity.

The electrochemical restoration process is one of the restoration processes, in addition to electrodeposition used to form or weld corroded or missing metal parts in historical metal objects with a thickness of layers that may reach several millimeters at a low cost and high quality. Also, the electrochemical restoration process is the ideal process for fabricating parts in some historical models in places that are difficult to reach by other traditional methods, such as fine nozzles, deep crevices, and so on. However, practical applications of electrochemically restoring metal objects gave the proof that many objects with complex shapes are difficult to restore. Here, the role of the research is the answer on many inquiries related to the determinants of the shape of the product and related to the basics of the electrochemical restoration process. Therefore, there is an urgent need to set many determinants that must be available in the form of the product to be restored by the electrochemical method. If these determinants are available in the form of the product, they will facilitate the restoration process to successfully perform the operation and obtain the desired results. And by doing several experiments, it has been proven that one of the most important limitations is the absence of deep gaps in the parts that will be electrically restored, as well as avoiding overlapping surfaces with sharp or right angles in the places that must be repaired...etc. It has been found that the absence of attention to verify the presence of these limitations in the product form will negatively affect the results of the restoration process, although their presence in the product has a clear positive effect in the electrochemical restoration of metal objects. research problem:  The need to put clear formal parameters to guide those who perform electrochemical restoration to realize the importance of the shape characteristics of the product to be restored and to facilitate the restoration process for those in charge of it and to research Purpose: 1. The knowledge of the most important defects and advantages of traditional restoration processes. 2. The recognition of the electrochemical restoration process, how it works, the solutions used and their nature, and the most important minerals that can be restored in historical objects. 3. Determination of the formal parameters based on which it is possible to know if the product is suitable for electrochemical restoration or not. Research Hypotheses:  for the shape of the product in the electrochemical restoration process will lead to: a) Facilitating the electrochemical restoration process for those in charge of the operation. b) Obtaining more positive results for the electrochemical restoration process. c) Specifications are better than traditional restoration processes. Research Methodology: The research follows the descriptive analytical method.

The public servant’s exercise of political rights is not absolutely like this, but rather a set of determinants derived from the legislation at times, and from the subjectivity of the public function at other times, and the determination of such determinants does not aim to ban political rights, but rather to place the exercise of these rights in its correct framework compatible with job duties, so it is Either they are fixed by legal texts, or they are derived from the nature of the public job, and these restrictions are imposed on all public officials, but in a relative manner according to the type of job, and the employee’s rank in the levels of the administrative ladder. And others, neglecting the duty of presidential obedience and not disclosing job secrets, so it was necessary to state who the employee is and then clarify the determinants imposed by legal texts

This work is based on meteorological data from the Bogandé synoptic station, which covers the Korsimoro area. It consists of analysing climatic parameters, in particular rainfall and temperature, from 1991 to 2020. The data was modeled using simple linear trends on graphs representing the monthly or annual averages of the various climatic parameters. This revealed an average rainfall of 669 mm/year, with an average of 48 rainy days per year. An annual average temperature of over 28°C with a rising tendency. The annual average evapotranspiration for the area is 181.73mm and is rising, as well as temperatures over the same period. The analysis of these climatic parameters enables us to see how the climate of the area has evolved through the various fluctuations. It is necessary in this sense that it could facilitate decision-making within the framework of the development of agro-pastoral activities in the commune.

Since 1990, Niger has seen a meteoric rise in the number of national and international non-governmental organisations and development associations. These organisations operate in several fields and some of them use national or international volunteers to implement their development projects and programmes. However, it is difficult for the government to keep track of the organisations that use volunteers. The general objective of this research is to show the importance of carrying out a diagnostic study of the structures using the missions of voluntary service in order to know the field, the zone and the strategies of intervention so that the Nigerien Agency of Voluntary service for the Development (ANVD) takes into account all these achèvements in order to work out a national strategy of the promotion of voluntary service. This is based on the assumption that a diagnosis of volunteering is the appropriate approach for the ANVD to identify all those involved in volunteering and to draw up a national volunteering strategy for Niger. On the basis of a mixed study, the diagnostic study took place from 16 to 26 January 2022 and involved 105 structures using volunteer missions and around thirty interviews carried out nationwide. At the end of this study, the results revealed a multitude of national and international organisations and associations working in various fields such as health, education, migration, climate change, concerted management of natural resources by users, etc., all of which contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals but are not covered by the ANVD. Thus, the results of this diagnostic study are the first basic reflections allowing the elaboration of a national strategy for the promotion of volunteering in Niger.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-based activities on middle school stu dents’ views about socio-scientific issues. The research was designed according to a case study. The study was carried out on 16 seventh-grade students from the eastern part of Türkiye. Over a period of 24 weeks, in the fall and spring semesters, students participated in STEM activities focused on socio-scientific issues. Data collection tools included the socio-scientific issues interview form, student diaries, field notes, and informal interviews. Content and descriptive analysis methods were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that students’ views on socio-scientific issues significantly improved, including their knowledge, sensitivity, awareness, ability in scientific reasoning, thinking habits, willingness to conduct research, ability to find solutions, and capability to prepare projects related to socio scientific issues.

Arap dil bilimi, hicri 1. asırdan itibaren girişilen bireysel çabalarla oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bu oluşum sürecini takip eden dönemde, özellikle hicri 2. asırda ortaya çıkan Kitābu’l-ʿAyn, sözlük olma niteliğini aşarak dil bilimine getirdiği katkılarla Arap linguistiğinin önemli ve kapsamlı bir alt dalının önünü açmıştır. Bu da hiç şüphesiz Arap leksikolojisidir. Kendisinden sonra, aynı soydan eserlerin taşıdığı benzerlikler bu eserin öncülüğünü inkar edilemez kılmaktadır. Bu alanda kaleme alınan kitaplar, Arap aklı ve birikimiyle oluşsa da sistem ve düzen bakımından yine Arap aklına ve Arap dili ilgililerine optimize edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu uğurda; verilen eserler, farklı dizim kategorilerini benimsemiş, bu tasnif faaliyeti ise sözlük maddelerinin dizimi sırasında dikkate alınacak harfler ile bu harflerin göz önünde bulundurulduğu yönleri üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu kategorilerden biri de kelime kökünün son harfi öncelenerek dizimlenen sözlüklerdir. Sanatsal kaygılar, Arap olmayanların erişim kolaylığı ve Arap dil morfolojisi gereği son harfin çoğunlukla değişikliğe uğramaması gibi saiklerle oluşan bu kategori, hicri 4. asrın dil alimi Ebū Naṣr İsmāʿīl b. Ḥammād el-Cevherī (ö. 400/1009) ile tanınmış olsa da çalışmamızın iddiası, hicri 284 yılında vefat eden el-Yemān b. Ebi’l-Yemān Ebū Bişr el-Bendenīcī’nin bu kategoride sözlük yazan ilk dil alimi olduğudur. Kendisi ve eseri hakkında yeterince çalışma yapılmayan bu dil aliminin eseri Kitābu’t-Taḳfiye fi’l-Luġa’dır. Bu çalışma, ilgili alanda erişilen ve yapılan taramalar sonucu ulaşılan doneleri aktarmayı; bu donelerin ışığında ise Kitābu’t-Taḳfiye fi’l-Luġa’nın, Arap leksikolojisinde hak ettiği konumu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

This research is basically focusing on studying the physical effects of the spread of Coronavirus within interior architectural spaces. In most international research centres concerning coping Covid-19 virus, similar studies were conducted to introduce ways of combating the spread of this virus. Places of human gatherings are more appropriate to carry out such studies related to finding ways to prevent the spread of Coronavirus infection. Therefore, educational buildings, especially classrooms and lectures halls are among the most crowded places, and their indoor space is ideal to a large extent for increasing the spread of Corona virus infection among people. The aim of this research is to calculate the rate of air change per hour in the interior spaces of educational buildings, based on the decision of the strategy of moving the air necessary to renew it by replacing clean air instead of polluted air by expelling it outside the building through a series of similar studies and applying to one of the educational halls. In this context, the methods of combating and preventing the Coronavirus were reviewed and the case of one of the halls was studied within one of the educational institutes in Dakahlia governorate and some recommendations were given that can be applied in similar institutes. There are significant risks in building ventilation management and in maintaining healthy indoor environments. Dealing with the global epidemic of the covid-19 varies from one country to another, according to preventive measures, method, behaviour, and culture. The disease in Egypt becomes more brutal in the winter months at a time when people especially during work hours where the indoor atmosphere is closed and with poor ventilation conditions. Moreover, the Egyptian government tries to preserve its economy which is depending on different shapes of social interactions, such as commercial centres, public and private clubs, schools, universities, and government service organizations. In this context, the Egyptian government has eased the lock down restrictions gradually, and then cancelled it completely regarding certain vital associations such as universities, schools, commercial centres, and public services (UK-Government, 2018). Therefore, besides the national vaccination program for Egyptian citizens, it is also necessary to adopt the measures of the World Health Organization to prevent the spread of Covid 19 infection, including physical distancing, personal hygiene, and good ventilation of spaces, to obtain more effective results in limiting the spread of infection (World-Health-Organization, 2022).

In recent years, new spaces were required for a variety of activities. This study deals with library buildings as a case study that is most important to cultural buildings. New library buildings are being built as part of the city's attempts to promote visibility, image, and brand as a desirable future and identity. A large number of new public libraries are thoughtfully constructed in rundown urban areas and former industrial zones to provide attractive new urban and meeting spaces. As a result of the recent digitization of knowledge resources, library spaces have become less popular, and they have had to reinvent their role in the urban fabric. To reach a wider audience and become vibrant spaces, libraries are redirecting their activities. The research's objective is to present and discuss some international library building designs that represent distinct cultural and socioeconomic ideas. Models were chosen from a variety of locations that, for users and frequent visitors to the context in general, were marked by change and development. The goal of the analysis of the chosen global case studies is to determine the successes and lessons learnt. Followed by case studies from Egypt from which a survey has been conducted. Four case studies from Egypt were selected from various locations in order to gather different viewpoints using a questionnaire. The study employs a theoretical analytical methodology, with case studies, comparisons, and discussions; analyzing the implementation of new activities in contemporary libraries to determine their impact on the urban and human level, as well as how they interact with the context and human perceptions. The study concludes by recommendations and suggestions to case studies based on users’ preferences. The findings illustrate the changes that have taken place in modern library spaces, helping to reshape the identity of a new community or development area by creating a lively and communicative environment that will draw a big population and serve the general public.

The research sheds light on the importance of design thinking in the ceramics industry, as it is a scientific thinking for innovation and development through problem solving. The conditions of the institution or company and the marketing conditions and societal culture surrounding the product for the target groups. It is a collaborative work of a multidisciplinary team. Since the main focus in design thinking is the human being and his material and moral needs, this necessitated monitoring and understanding the needs of the target consumer group, where meeting them is a basis for the success of the product. This is called empathy, and it is one of the most important stages that qualify for identifying problems. These problems may be unilateral, simple, or complex, unlimited. The research has taken Wedgwood's work as a successful example in an attempt to follow the design thinking approach in these products and prove that it is an important reason for Wedgwood's success in establishing an important edifice for the ceramics industry and is considered the first of its kind in the modern era in England and even in the whole world with its continued success and distinction since its establishment and opening 1769 to the present day. With the presence of many technical and technical reasons for the success of his factory products such as accuracy, commitment, rigor and innovation, we see in this research that the methodology that Wedgwood followed in thinking was the most important reason for the success of his industrial. The research concluded that Wedgwood has adopted a methodology very similar to what is known recently as design thinking. The research followed the stages of sympathy, ideas, experimentation, and presentation of models for old Wedgwood products, which have continued to be successful to this day, such as jasper, basalt, cream tableware, and others. Design thinking as a logical approach to obtaining successful results in tableware products. The research concluded that Wedgwood's success in creating a distinctive industrial edifice and changing the shape of the ceramic industry was not a matter of chance, but was behind him a genius organized mind of a potter and a distinguished businessman working on innovation, innovation and challenge and that he adopted a distinctive and special thinking of his at the time, but it is similar to the design thinking methodology known today.

Recently, the world has turned towards the manufacture of green clothes that are environmentally friendly to preserve human health. Among these trends is the use of natural dyes that are safe for the environment, extracted from natural sources, in order to avoid environmental dangers that have become a disaster that threatens human life and exposes him to many health problems. The textile industry is also considered one of the important industries, so those in charge of this industry were interested in replacing harmful chemicals with natural materials that are not harmful to human health and are environmentally friendly, and are often dependent on plant sources that are grown under controlled conditions such as the use of organic fertilizers. So, the aim of the research was to identify different types of natural dyes, their advantages and damages resulting from their use, and how to obtain multiple shades of color, in addition to using natural, environmentally friendly fabrics such as organic cotton, bamboo and soybeans, dyeing them with these natural dyes, and studying the extent of their impact in terms of natural and mechanical properties on the fabrics replaced. the study. The researchers conducted tests on environmentally friendly fabrics such as thickness, weight and friction, as well as tests on natural dyes in terms of color fastness on fabrics in relation to sweat, washing, friction and light. The fabrics show that the best of them are soybean cloth, followed by organic cotton when using dyes (turmeric - henna - hibiscus), When conducting a color fastness test for sweat on fabrics, it was found that the best of them were organic cotton, followed by bamboo and then soybeans when using hibiscus and spinach dyes. This confirms the possibility of using dyes on environmentally friendly fabrics and is completely safe for human health

The present paper aims to study cleaning the linen fabric wrappings used for mummies throughout ancient Egyptian history. It was applied to the linen fabric wrappings of Tayuheret’s mummy ( the Third Intermediate Period). The conservation and restoration of the mummy took the following stages; first the dating and technical/artistic analysis. The assessment of the impact which used materials in the mummification on the linen wrappings of the mummy, then, examining the role of deterioration factors on the physical and chemical characteristics of the linen fabric wrappings. Followed by, studying the latest examination types and scientific analysis for the sample of Tayuheret’s mummy (linen wrappings, mummification materials, and dyed linen fabric wraps). Finally, providing a restoration and conservation method of the linen fabric wrappings according to the scientific conditions of the conservation and restoration of archaeological linen fabric.

Contexte : Une meilleure connaissance des caractéristiques des pâturages naturels est indispensable pour leur gestion durable. Objectif : Cette étude a été conduite dans la commune urbaine de Téra, pour caractériser les pâturages en vue d’une gestion durable de leur potentiel productif. Méthodes : La méthode de relevés phytosociologiques de Braun-Blanquet a été utilisée pour identifier les différentes espèces présentes sur les pâturages. Dans chaque placette, la biomasse a été prélevée dans 5 placeaux de 1 m2. La discrimination des différents pâturages a été réalisée sur la base d’Analyses Factorielles des Correspondances Détendancées (AFCD) couplées à des Classifications Hiérarchiques Ascendantes (CHA). Les espèces caractéristiques des pâturages ont été identifiées à travers l’Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) avec le logiciel PCORD 5. Les différences entre les pâturages et l’homogénéité de la flore au sein de chaque pâturage ont été analysées. Résultats : Les 71 relevés phytosociologiques réalisés ont permis de recenser 189 espèces parmi lesquelles figurent 48 ligneux. Ces espèces appartiennent à 42 familles dont les principales sont les Poacées (20,63 %) et les Fabaceae (16,93 %). L’analyse de la matrice des 71 relevés a permis d’identifier sept types de pâturages dont la productivité varie de 0,48± 0,02 tMs/ha à 3,23 tMs/ha, soit des capacités de charge comprises entre 0,07 UBT/ha et 0, 47 UBT/ha. L’analyse de la diversité alpha a montré que ces pâturages sont relativement très diversifiés avec des richesses floristiques qui varient de 44 à 112 espèces, des indices de Shannon de 3,52 à 4,81 bits et des équitabilités de Piélou de 0,64 à 0,71. Conclusions : Ces résultats montrent que les parcours de la commune de Téra sont floristiquement diversifiés et ont un potentiel productif élevé. Ils peuvent également être utilisés comme base, pour une exploitation rationnelle des ressources afin d’assurer leur durabilité.

Procura-se demonstrar neste estudo que há formas de silêncio e de vazio presentes em Uma Menina Está Perdida no seu Século à Procura do Pai, de Gonçalo M. Tavares, que podem ‘solucionar’ a crise da palavra e dizer o indizível. Para a consecução deste estudo, elege-se o encontro de Marius com Moebius e, a partir da leitura e análise dessa passagem, inicia-se um diálogo com as teorizações de Lauro José Siqueira Baldini (2017), Santiago Kovadloff (2003, 2014), David Le Breton (1999, 2013), Renato Lessa (2014), e George Steiner (1988), entre outros autores, para tentar compreender como o vazio nesse romance possibilita dizer o indizível.

Following the end of apartheid regime in 1994, it became clear to the government that a new constitution was urgently needed in order to redistribute and restitute land. After two years of intense deliberations and consultations, a new constitution was finally adopted in 1996. The new constitution clearly spelt out the fundamental principles of land reform policy. As a result, three-legged land reform strategy was adopted. These are (i) land tenure; (ii) land restitution; and (iii) land redistribution. However, existing scholarship has shown that these land reform programmes have not really addressed the social injustices of the past. Although there has been interesting scholarship on land question in post-apartheid South Africa, most of the previous studies focus on ‘economic compensation’ rather than ‘social justice’. In attempt to fill this gap in scholarship, this paper examines land question within the theoretical prism of social justice theory. The paper analyses the concept of social justice; then, proceeded to the discussions, applications and critiques of Kurt Lewin’s three-model of social change, John Rawls’ theory of social justice and Nancy Frazer’s model of parity of participation to land question in post-apartheid South Africa.

Context and background Digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential tools for a wide range of scientific and geospatial applications, providing critical data for elevation and terrain analysis. While remote sensing DEMs have gained popularity due to their extensive spatial coverage and detailed spectral characteristics, assessing their accuracy is crucial for ensuring the reliability of the information they provide. Goal and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and performance of various Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for geospatial applications in Ibadan, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to assess the DEMs' accuracy using GPS point survey data and to identify the most suitable DEM for reliable topographic representation in the study area. Methodology: Seven DEMs were evaluated: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission with 30 m and 90 m resolution (SRTM30 and SRTM90), NASADEM with 30 m resolution, Copernicus DEM with 30 m and 90 m resolution (COP30 and COP90), Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D with 30 m resolution (AW3D30), and ALOS PALSAR with 12.5 m resolution. The DEMs' accuracy was assessed using mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), standard deviation (STDE), and linear error metrics, validated against GPS point survey data. Results: The analysis revealed that AW3D30 consistently provided the highest accuracy, closely representing the actual terrain of Ibadan. NASADEM exhibited the lowest ME and MAE values, indicating high precision, while ALOS PALSAR demonstrated the greatest deviations, despite its STDE and linear error metrics being comparable to other models. This study underscores the importance of accuracy assessment for DEMs in geospatial applications and serves as a valuable reference for selecting appropriate DEMs for various geospatial tasks in Ibadan, Nigeria.

يهدف البحث إلى التعريف بالحديث الصحيح وشروط صحته، ثم تناول عدة ضوابط للعمل بالحديث الصحيح، وصولًا إلى أصل البحث وأساسه، وهو أسباب ترك العمل بالحديث الصحيح، فتناولها البحث في القسم الدراسي تناولًا مجملًا، ثم كان الحديث عنها بالتفصيل في القسم التطبيقي، فذكر البحث جملة من الأسباب والعلل المؤدية لترك العمل بالحديث الصحيح، التي كان منها: النسخ ومعارضة الحديث الصحيح بما هو أصح منه، وتأويل ظاهر معناه، ومخالفة ظاهر الحديث لأصول الشريعة، إلى غير ذلك من العلل التي تناولها البحث، والتي عمل على شرحها شرحًا وافيًا من خلال عرض الأمثلة التطبيقية الموضحة لتلك الأسباب، وتوصل إلى، أن ثمة ضوابط لترك العمل بالحديث الصحيح، وليس الأمر متروكًا للتشهي أو لما وافق العقل أو خالفه. وأن بعض الأمثلة الوارد ذكرها في البحث، محل عمل لبعض الفقهاء، وإن كان عامة الفقهاء قد تركوا العمل بها. وتبين أن بعض الأحاديث الصحيحة الإسناد، ترك أهل العلم العمل بها لسبب من الأسباب المعتبرة عندهم علما وتفقها، وليس من عند أنفسهم.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى التأصيل لـــموضوع «الدعوة بالقصة في القرآن الكريم»، بعد أن تعددت وسائل الدعوة وأساليبها ومصادرها، للوصول إلى إبراز مفهوم القصة القرآنية باعتبارها وسيلة للدعوة وتوضيح أثارها في الخطاب الدعوي، والتعرف على ضوابط استخدام القصص القرآني وطرق استنباط الأحكام والعقائد، وقد اتبع البحث المنهج الاستقرائي والمنهج التحليلي القائم على تصوير المسائل ثم تحليلها وتأصيلها شرعيًا وفق مناهج البحث المعتمدة. ويتكون البحث من مقدمة وتمهيد ومبحثين، والنتائج والتوصيات، جاء التمهيد، مدخلا مفاهيميا لـمفهوم "القصص القرآني". أما المبحث الأول فكان لوسائل وأساليب الدعوة إلى الله تعالى، وكان المبحث الثاني عن الدعوة بالقصص القرآنية: ضوابط الاستخدام وشروط الاستنباط، وقد أظهر البحث أن القصص القرآني يمثل أداة فعالة في الدعوة إلى الله، وأظهر أن الآيات القرآنية تحمل إعجازًا لغويًا وبلاغيًا، مما يجعلها تترك أثرًا عميقًا في نفوس المستمعين والمتأملين. كما تبين أن مصادر القصص المستخدمة في الدعوة ليست مقتصرة على القرآن الكريم فقط، بل تشمل السنة النبوية، والسيرة النبوية، وسيرة الخلفاء الراشدين، وأقوال السلف الصالح، ووقائع العلماء والدعاة. هذه المصادر مجتمعة تسهم في تعزيز الفهم الديني وتوضيح القيم والمبادئ الإسلامية.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس تأثير وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي على إنتاج برامج الإذاعات وتوزيعها وترويجها، وقد اعتمد المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال توزيع استبانة على عينة قوامها 124 مشاركا من أساتذة الإعلام والإعلاميين. وتعاملت الدراسة مع منهجية متعددة الأساليب تجمع بين أدوات البحث الكمية والنوعية. وتم استخدام استبانة مسح إلكتروني تم توزيعها عبر الإنترنت لعينة من مجتمع الدراسة وهي عينة من أساتذة من كليات الإعلام، وإعلاميين يشتغلون في قنوات الراديو والتلفزيون مكونة من 124 فردا، حول كيفية استخدامهم لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في إنتاج البرامج وتوزيعها والترويج لها. كما تم تحليل البيانات المجموعة باستخدام الإحصاء الوصفي والاستدلالي لاستخلاص النتائج والاستنتاجات. اعتمدت الدراسة أيضًا على مراجعة الأدبيات السابقة بهدف توفير السياق النظري والمعلومات الأساسية لأسئلة البحث. كما تم إجراء المراجعة بنهج منظم لاختيار الدراسات ذات الصلة وتحليل نتائجها. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ساهمت في تعزيز تفاعلية عملية الإنتاج وتوسيع نطاق الإذاعات، كما ساعدت في تطوير مختلف مراحل العمل الإذاعي.

L’objectif de la présente étude est de détecter les traductions ratées dans le dictionnaire « Expressions idiomatiques arabes » de Moussaoui, d'en expliquer les raisons et de suggérer à la place des traductions françaises correctes. Nous avons suivi une approche analytique basée sur la théorie de Scopos. D’après notre analyse, il ressort que donner une traduction littérale de l’expression est une étape intermédiaire importante qui devrait précéder l’offre de l’équivalent définitif en français dans le dictionnaire. Elle devrait être adaptée au système linguistique de la langue cible. Elle donnerait au lecteur du dictionnaire des perceptions culturelles précises de la langue de départ. Toute traduction ratée à cet égard empêche le lecteur de saisir des aspects cognitifs importants liés à cette langue. Ces traductions littérales doivent être suivies des équivalents minutieusement choisis dans la langue cible. Le traducteur devrait être conscient de la portée exacte de l’utilisation des expressions originales. La traduction littérale et l’équivalent final formeraient ainsi des matières brutes grâce à lesquelles, le lecteur du dictionnaire sera capable, d’abord en arabe, de bien choisir l’expression idiomatique adaptée à la situation. Ensuite en français, il pourra adopter les équivalents proposés dans le dictionnaire, en trouver d’autre formes dans sa langue, ou bien en forger des formes toutes neuves. Par ailleurs, traduire les expressions idiomatiques obsolètes exige en particulier d’en authentifier la forme et le sens. Traduire ses expressions serait ainsi une façon de les faire revivre dans leur langue d’origine et de partager la sagesse qu’elles impliquent avec d’autres langues.الهدف من الدراسة الحالية هو الكشف عن الترجمات الخاطئة في معجم "التعبيرات الاصطلاحية العربية" لموسوي، وشرح أسبابها واقتراح ترجمات فرنسية صحيحة بدلا منها. وقد اتبعنا منهجا تحليليا يعتمد على نظرية الهدف. وقد تبين من خلال تحليلنا أن إعطاء ترجمة حرفية للتعبير هو مرحلة وسيطة مهمة يجب أن تسبق إعطاء المكافئ الفرنسي في صورته النهائية في المعجم. ويجب أن تتكيف هذه الترجمة الحرفية مع النظام اللغوي للّغة الهدف. حيث أن من شأنها أن تعطي قارئ القاموس تصورات ثقافية دقيقة للّغة المصدر. وأي ترجمة فاشلة في هذا الصدد ستحول دون استيعاب القارئ لجوانب معرفية مهمة متعلقة بتلك اللغة. وعقب هذه الترجمات الحرفية، يجب أن تأتي مكافئات من اللغة الهدف مختارة بعناية. وينبغي أن يكون المترجم على دراية دقيقة بنطاق استخدام التعبيرات الأصلية. ومن ثم فإن الترجمة الحرفية والمكافئ النهائي سيشكلان سويا موادا أولية سيتمكن بفضلها بداية قارئ القاموس، من اختيار التعبير الاصطلاحي الذي يتناسب مع الموقف في اللغة العربية. ثم سيكون قادرا في اللغة الفرنسية على قبول المكافئات التي يطرحها المعجم، أو إيجاد أشكال أخرى منها في لغته، أو صكّ أشكال جديدة تماما. علاوة على ذلك، فإن ترجمة التعبيرات الاصطلاحية القديمة تتطلب بشكل خاص التحقق من مبناها ومعناها. وبالتالي فإن ترجمتها ستكون وسيلة لإعادتها إلى الحياة في لغتها الأصلية ومشاركة الحكمة التي تنطوي عليها مع اللغات الأخرى.

The construction industry in the 21st century is facing huge challenges, especially with the emergence of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, which has produced great development in the fields of architecture especially in the interior design. Now many companies are designing and implementing construction projects using BIM technology. However, the Building & construction sector suffers from a shortage of experts & specialists with (BIM) skills, as there is a huge gap and lack of skills for this technology. To meet the future needs of (BIM) skills in the labor market, it was necessary to take serious actions to graduates suits the labor market. In most of the architectural education syllabus in Egypt, there is a gap concerning (BIM) technology as a result, most of the architectural graduates do not have enough knowledge or skills in using (BIM) technology, which creates a large gap between academia, design and construction industry. This study is based on analysis and understanding of the most important methodologies include (BIM) technology in interior design education syllabus and and identify the most important challenges faced, then try to develop a framework for the methodology of effectively integrating BIM technology within the architectural education syllabus.

The trademark is the most important element in confirming the visual identity of an organization or company. Its main function is to introduce and constantly remind it to confirm a specific idea of it. A well-designed wordmark logo is what gives a company the ability to compete, and reflects its unique personality. From here, the research problem arose in studying typography design considerations suitable for wordmark logos? Where the research aims to study the Arabic typography design considerations suitable for wordmark logos, by taking advantage of the role of the typography in creating a specific identity for it, and the researcher presents and analyzes different models for them. Since the design of the appropriate typography for the wordmark logo, is an integral part of building its identity, it has the ability to tremendously express. Fonts carry different meanings and connotations, and we automatically react differently in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors when we see them. Thus, designing the right typography for it will convey the correct message to the recipient, while the wrong design will reduce its credibility. The research found that there is a strong relationship between memory, perception, and attention, as attention works with memory to form a distinct state of visual perception of letters and writings for the recipient, in which he identifies the structural and formal features of the typography elements, on the basis of which a corresponding formation in the memory that invokes him when he sees the same visual perceptions that Include it again.

Salt glaze is one of the distinctive glazes with its special aesthetic effects, and the researcher has done a number of researches to obtain salt glaze with its various effects by traditional methods first and then by non-traditional methods secondly, and that was in several previous studies, and the fire was done in the traditional kiln to fire sewage pipes, to obtain Salt glaze in traditional ways, then fire in the tunnel kiln, then fire in the rolls kiln (fast firing), and the previous study was about the possibility of obtaining the effects of salt glaze on ceramic tiles by application methods different from the traditional known methods, and this was done by more than one method. For application, but in the laboratory and not on production lines, and given the importance of the method of application of salt on ceramic tiles to obtain the effects of salt glaze because the resulting salt effects differ according to the method of salt application, so the study completed the topic of applying salt on ceramic tiles, and this study deals with how to produce ceramic tiles with salt glazing by industrial methods of production and application, and an attempt to solve its problems on the production line. Therefore, in this research, the same methods of application are used on the production line. Production lines such as silkscreen printing of dry milled salt, but due to the tendency of table salt (NaCl) to become saturated with moisture in the air, after a short time, salt hydration and agglomeration occur, so another method of application was tried, which is grinding salt with water in certain proportions until we reach to a density suitable for spraying (as an emulsion), which is a method corresponding to the method of application by disc on the production line, as well as applying the same emulsion with increasing water percentages to adjust the density to be suitable for application by silkscreen printing. decoration), and each of them had a special aesthetic character and special results as a result of the different temperatures, the time of the fire cycle and the different method of application.

Experience is an entrance to study humane behavior, one of its forms is the artistic product. Any idea isn’t just theoretical experiences that present inside the mind, it’s a collection of practical experiences. Movie is an artistic product which created from the experience of team work, and the viewer experience. Team work experience includes both study experience, and life experience. Viewer experience is a result of his repeated views of film and context of his daily life. Cinematic image is coded with signs which form the cinematic language. Double experience works for both to create a common space that allow decoding which cause a successful communication. Research problem: unavailability of study around the progress of cinema history as a visual experience. Awareness by cinematic experience and realizing it, is considered a problem that hasn’t been discussed before, at any previous study. Research significanc :experience could be an entrance to explain and study film. Research aims analyzing and studying of film's visual elements in line with concept of experience, Study of cinema history “as an experience”. Research methodology: inferential, descriptive.

Cette étude vise à analyser l’impact de merchandising sur le comportement des consommateurs kinois. L’étude contribue à la recherche sur le marketing en analysant les facteurs marketing capable d’influencer l’acte d’achat dans un point de vente. En établissant un argument théorique basé sur le merchandising. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que la présentation du produit, large croix, la lisibilité et fixation du prix du produit voire sa promotion influence le comportement du consommateur. Toutes ses stratégies sont considérées comme appât attirant la clientèle impactent positivement sur le choix à faire dans un supermarché.