58 results on '"INTRINSIC motivation"'
Search Results
2. Psycho-social factors behind attaining and maintaining sobriety within participants of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) mutual-help groups in Romania. A qualitative study
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Adriana-Lavinia Bulumac
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alcoholics anonymous (aa) ,motivation and motives to attain and maintain sobriety ,intrinsic motivation ,family pressure ,commitment to aa ,commitment to sobriety ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
While addiction is a significant social problem in Romania, there has been little research into support groups as an intervention in Romania, despite the growing number of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) mutual-help groups. Although AA has been found to be effective in other countries, unfortunately in Romania it is little known, even among physicians. The purpose of this exploratory study, which is the first known study of 12 step programs in Romania, was to explore the motivation and motives of AA’s participants to become sober and maintain their sobriety. The study specifically explores both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of AA attendees, as well as other factors, such as relationships, professional and economic status. This exploratory study used qualitative methods. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Themes related to intrinsic motivations to become sober emerged as a much stronger theme among alcoholics who desired and maintained their sobriety than extrinsic factors. The most common intrinsic motivations were low self-esteem, dissatisfaction with alcohol consumption, and an internal desire to change. Extrinsic motivations, while not as preponderant as intrinsic motivations, included family pressure on the individual to change and the recommendations of physicians. The extrinsic motivation turned into intrinsic motivation as alcoholics sobriety grew. The commitment theory (Rudy & Greil, 1987) could explain this shift in participants` motivation since AA participants get involved in AA, invest time and energy in AA activities, and sacrifice their old identities in favour of new ones. As a result, they become committed to AA and to recovery. Their perspective on life and sobriety changes as they get involved in AA. The findings suggest that those working in the area of alcohol abuse should pay more attention to the intrinsic motivations to change for alcoholics, as these appear to play an important role in attaining and maintaining sobriety. In addition, while intrinsic motivation seems to be mandatory in maintaining sobriety, it is not imperative in attaining sobriety since as a result of commitment to sobriety and AA it can turn into intrinsic motivation.
- Published
- 2023
3. Généralisation des expériences sociales vécues dans les activités parascolaires au contexte scolaire.
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Bouchard, M., Denault, A.-S., Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., and Poulin, F.
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue de Psychoéducation is the property of La revue canadienne de psycho-education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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4. Developing Dissertation Support in the Writing Centre
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Keith O'Regan
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dissertation support ,writing groups ,intrinsic motivation ,self-advocacy ,Discourse analysis ,P302-302.87 - Abstract
The uneven levels of writing support that dissertation writers receive throughout each stage of their PhDs has contributed to low completion rates and general dissatisfaction with the doctoral process. By offering both collective and individual assistance, the Café and one-to-one writing programming described herein centres students in their own work by examining the often-unspoken expectations that structure their PhDs. This programming establishes honest communication with dissertation writers in order to promote self-advocacy and intrinsic motivation so that they may take greater control over their projects. By modeling a reflective understanding of dissertation writing, this programming enhances longer term productive processes that enable higher completion rates and a greater sense of fulfillment with the PhD.
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- 2022
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5. La motivation scolaire d'élèves québécois du deuxième cycle du secondaire en temps de pandémie.
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Falardeau, Érick, Guay, Frédéric, Bradet, Richard, and Boulet, Johannie
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ONLINE education ,EXTRINSIC motivation ,INTRINSIC motivation ,DISTANCE education ,SCHOOL day ,ACADEMIC motivation - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN EFL LEARNING AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL
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Данијела М. Прошић Сантовац and Aна В. Халас Поповић
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Self-Determination Theory ,intrinsic motivation ,extrinsic motivation ,foreign language ,English language ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
Whether learners are motivated or not and, if they are motivated, whether their motivation is intrinsic or extrinsic is an important factor influencing the outcome of learning a foreign language. This paper examines the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of students learning English as a foreign language at B1 level according to The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The theoretical background of the research set forth in this paper does not rely only on the aforementioned dichotomy but it is also based on a more detailed classification of extrinsic motivation by Ryan and Deci (2000) into four types (external regulation, introjected regulation, regulation through identification, integrated regulation) as well as the tripartite classification of intrinsic motivation by Vallerand et al. (1992) (intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation toward accomplishments, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation). The aim of the research was to gain insight into the most significant factors influencing motivation of the aforementioned students, the type of motivation which is the strongest driving force in these students’ learning of English and the relation between different types of motivation and the students’ gender, regular class attendance, voluntary participation in an extra written assignment and the total average grade obtained throughout the entire academic year. The sample for the research included 145 students at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad enrolled on 14 different study programmes. A quantitative approach to data collection was used through a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The research results based on the statistical analysis of the collected data showed that the most important factor influencing motivation for EFL learning is the teachers’ behaviour and rapport with their students. In the examined sample, the most prominent type of motivation was an external one or, more specifically, regulation through identification and integrated regulation. A statistically significant difference was noticed in the case of participants’ gender as a variable in this research, especially taking into account intrinsic motivation to know and experience stimulation. Students’ irregular class attendance and decision not to participate in an extra written assignment were related to their lack of motivation. Furthermore, the degree of students’ motivation and their total average grade were in direct proportion. Finally, it was concluded that the participants perceived motivation as a significant outcome of EFL teaching.
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- 2022
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7. Motivația intrinsecă și extrinsecă în achiziția limbii române ca limbă străină în mediul online
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Ana Mihaela ISTRATE
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intrinsic motivation ,extrinsic motivation ,online teaching ,foreign language acquisition ,Social Sciences ,Language and Literature - Abstract
This study focuses on the most recent challenges that language teachers have been facing in the last year and a half with the onset of the health crisis caused by the Covid19 pandemic. It addresses the most important issues related to synchronous and asynchronous online teaching, highlights some of the most important theories in online language teaching, and looks at the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that drives young people to continue learning online. The most important conclusion is related to the importance of that linking element, which can bring about a change of mentality, not only for the teachers involved in teaching Romanian as a foreign language, but especially in terms of how young people enrolled in the programme are able to embrace change. Thus, the level of involvement of the teacher is very important, being able to push the educational process to the point of creating a virtual environment comfortable and interesting enough to attract students, to determine cognitive processes, to initiate the desire for knowledge and development. Last but not least, the article turns its attention to how students have adapted to language teaching in the online environment with the help of the Microsoft Teams teaching platform, which has proven to be extremely important as a teamwork tool, allowing the development of modern projects, interactive presentations and lectures that can be recorded and viewed afterwards. In this way, an educational space can be developed that is capable of supporting a much greater number of interactive activities, supported by visuals, while providing immediate feedback to the student.
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- 2022
8. Qu’est-ce qui nous motive véritablement?
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CHALIFOUX, BENOIT
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MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,INTRINSIC motivation ,AUTONOMY (Psychology) ,EXTRINSIC motivation ,AFFILIATION (Psychology) - Abstract
The article focuses on the complex subject of motivation, with topics including the different sources of motivation, the importance of intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivations, and main psychological needs for optimal motivation in autonomy, social affiliation, and feeling of competence. It mentions about the effectiveness of the traditional carrot-and-stick approach to motivation and emphasizes the universal applicability of developing the skill of motivation.
- Published
- 2023
9. Effet de la pratique de la calligraphie sur le développement de l'intelligence émotionnelle des enfants.
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Bin Zhou, Jun-Sheng Liu, and Biao Sang
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CHILD psychology , *CALLIGRAPHY , *EMOTIONAL intelligence , *STATISTICAL sampling , *EMOTIONS , *INTRINSIC motivation - Abstract
The relationship between the practice of calligraphy and individual emotion is an important facet of ancient calligraphic theory. According to the Classics (Huangdi neijing, le Luxin jing, Xiaoer yaozheng zhijue, etc.), Chinese calligraphy can regulate emotions and cultivate children's temperament and intelligence. The objective of this study was to find out whether the practice of calligraphy had a positive impact on the development of emotional intelligence in children. Using the cluster random sampling method, two fourth-grade classes were randomly selected from an elementary school in Shanghai as an experimental class for calligraphy intervention training. At the same time, a parallel class without any intervention was selected in the same year of this school to serve as the control class for the study. The Emotional Intelligence Scale for Children and Adolescents was developed based on Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory. According to the results, the practice of calligraphy had a positive effect on three dimensions of emotional intelligence, namely the management of emotions, the recognition of one's own emotions and the recognition of the emotions of others, but there is no obvious effect on interpersonal management and self-motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
10. The educational effectiveness of serious games
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Hassen Ben Rebah and Rachid Ben slama
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serious games ,benefits ,situated learning ,intrinsic motivation ,trial and error method ,adaptive serious games ,Theory and practice of education ,LB5-3640 ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Information technology ,T58.5-58.64 - Abstract
A serious game is a computer application that combines a serious intention of a pedagogical, informative and a communicational type with playful springs of the video game (want to win, collaboration, competition, strategy). This two-dimensional approach has transformed the game from a simple means of entertainment to a robust-integrated tool growing in the world of training and learning. Serious games include the engagement of video games with the worlds of educational and computer simulation to integrate the user in a safe and entertaining learning environment. Many techniques have been used to ameliorate computer graphics and technology in the last few years to make this type of game more adaptive to the learning context. In this study, we are interested in presenting the pedagogical contributions of serious games as well as the different possible approaches of their integration in a learning situation and this is based on a variety of case studies and examples of experimentation. We will start with definitions of other video games that have some valuable characteristics of learning in order to contrast and relate them with serious games. Subsequently, we discuss the definition of serious game and the benefits of its use in education. We will, then, examine approaches to integrate serious games into classrooms with an emphasis on the assets and liabilities of each approach. To finish, we conclude on the trends that will follow the serious games technology in the educational field as well as some recommendations to be taken into consideration in order to better exploit these tools in a pedagogical context.
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- 2019
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11. QUAND UNE FEMME EN SITUATION DE HANDICAP S'INVITE DANS LES AFFAIRES" UNE ANALYSE PAR LES RÉCITS DE VIE DES HANDIPRENEURES CAMEROUNAISES.
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NGA NKOUMA TSANGA, Rosalie Christiane
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IDENTITY (Psychology) ,EXTRINSIC motivation ,INTRINSIC motivation ,INFORMAL sector ,POLITICAL entrepreneurship ,BUSINESSWOMEN - Abstract
Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
12. Relation entraîneur–athlète et style interpersonnel de l'entraîneur en contexte précompétitif, quels liens avec la performance ? Une étude basée sur le modèle motivationnel de la relation entraîneur–athlète
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Combeau, Eloïse and Debanne, Thierry
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COACH-athlete relationships ,SPORTS medicine ,HUMAN behavior ,INTRINSIC motivation ,BASIC needs ,SPORTS nutrition ,SPORTS sciences - Abstract
Copyright of Movement & Sport Sciences / Science & Motricité is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Profil motivationnel des étudiants du premier cycle de la Faculté de médecine de Marrakech.
- Author
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Hachimi, Abdelhamid, Adarmouch, Latifa, Ismail, Ayman, Hajjine, Adam, Amine, Mohamed, and Bouskraoui, Mohammed
- Abstract
Background: In the field of education, motivation is identified as an essential factor in commitment, performance, perseverance, and success. The self-determination theory suggests that human behavior is regularized by different kinds of motivation. We have considered carrying out this study following the intention of ministerial and educational decision-makers to reform medical studies. Aims: Identify motivation factors for medical studies and determine the different types of motivation among undergraduate students. To our knowledge, this is the first study in our Moroccan context. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2017 in the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Marrakech, among undergraduate students of the 2016/2017 academic year. An anonymous questionnaire was developed, based on a review of the literature. It included two sections: the first was devoted to socio-demographic data and the second was dedicated to academic motivation using the scale of Motivation in Education-University Studies (EME-U). Results: The response rate was 80.44% and 78.55% for the first and second years respectively. The mean age was 19.12 ± 1.02 years, with female predominance in 65% of cases. Intrinsic motivation comes first, followed by extrinsic motivation. Conclusion: Intrinsic motivation was the predominant type of motivation among students. Autonomy characterizes more female students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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14. De la culture pour stimuler : manipuler dans le discours publicitaire.
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KHRAZI, Ahmed and TOUIAQ, Mounia
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SMARTPHONES ,INTRINSIC motivation ,EVERYDAY life ,ADVERTISING ,ADVERTISERS ,EXTRINSIC motivation - Abstract
Copyright of Mélanges francophones is the property of Galati University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
15. JOB'S BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE IN SOCIETY: (An exegetical study of the text of Job 31:16-23).
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ŞCHIOPU-CONSTANTIN, GHEORGHE
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MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *INTRINSIC motivation , *BEHAVIOR - Abstract
Job 31 is a chapter that arouses both confusion and amazement. The perplexity is given by the negative-imprecative way in which, for the last time, Job defends his behaviour during his prosperity. The amazement emerges from the values that are highlighted by him, starting from the motivations and intentions, and continuing with the nature of the words and the manifested acts. Job 31:16-23 is the rendering of the way in which Job used to behave with the poor and defenseless people of society. Job's concern for the poor is a benevolent modus operandi, derived from a modus vivendi whose intrinsic motivations discover an ethic of epitomical nature in relation to the disadvantaged ones in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
16. Le livre du lancement.
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Siang, Sanyin
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CHANGE ,INTRINSIC motivation ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,CAREER changes ,GOAL (Psychology) ,BUSINESS success - Published
- 2019
17. The Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators on IT professionals. Case of Latvia
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Gribanova Svetlana
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intrinsic motivation ,extrinsic motivation ,it professionals ,factor analysis ,regression ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Research background: In contemporary environment and conditions of globalization, IT professionals become significant part of labour force for every organization, which needs to be competitive in the market. This paper, on one hand, demonstrates how employees can be involved in production process, and, on the other hand, it helps to observe the interconnection between theory and practical application of management. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the research was in defining and determining the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for IT professionals in Latvia. Methods: The data for the research was collected with the help of online survey held in December 2019 using online survey panels. The targeting criteria for the respondents was the employment on position of IT employee, company located in Latvia and employed full time. Sample size was 1500 respondents. The research used factor analysis, which allowed defining intrinsic and extrinsic motivators and evaluating their significance and method of multidimensional linear regression to determine the influence of personal characteristics of employees on types of motivation. Findings & Value added: Factor analysis of motivations shows that there are five types of motivators, which make IT professionals work more productively, stay late at work if needed and do the best they can to solve the task set by their management. These are material stimulators, respect, responsibility, fear and self-realization. The results of the research can be well interpreted with the help of McGregor Theory, who demonstrated that there is a need of combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. The findings can be used in building appropriate motivation strategy for IT professionals.
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- 2021
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18. Formative Assessment for Promoting Intrinsic Motivation in an EAP Reading Comprehension Course
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Ana Laura Escobar Leiva, Laureen Arias Durán, and Mónica Jiménez Murillo
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formative assessment ,construct validity ,content validity ,intrinsic motivation ,summative assessment ,Romanic languages ,PC1-5498 ,French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature ,PQ1-3999 - Abstract
This study aims to determine the extent to which formative assessmentinfluences performance in summative assessment and student attitudestowards reading academic texts in English. In a sample of 9 psychology major students at a public university in San José, Costa Rica, the study gathered data pertaining to learner performance in both formative and summative assessment as well as self-reported attitudes and perceptions in questionnaires administered after assessment. The results have revealed that formative assessment has positively influenced student performance in summative assessment, and that in turn it has promoted a more enthusiastic attitude towards reading academic texts in English.
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- 2018
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19. Staff motivation factors in the public sector - case of public education professionals in morocco: Modeling test
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ATLAGH, MHAND, Tamnine, Larbi, Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion De Fès (ENCGF), and Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA)
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Motivation ,Extrinsic motivation ,Satisfaction ,Teachers ,JEL: M - Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics/M.M1 - Business Administration/M.M1.M12 - Personnel Management • Executives ,Executive Compensation ,Motivation, Satisfaction, Teachers, Motivational factors, Intrinsic motivation, Extrinsic motivation ,Motivational factors ,Enseignants ,Intrinsic motivation ,Motivation, Satisfaction, Enseignants, Facteurs de motivation, Motivation intrinsèque, Motivation extrinsèque ,[SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration ,Facteurs de motivation ,Motivation extrinsèque ,Motivation intrinsèque - Abstract
In the era of new public management, the reform of the field of national education, in Morocco and elsewhere, is one of the concerns of successive governments over the past three decades. The success of any attempt at reform is conditioned by taking into account the expectations of women and men operating in the education sector. Teacher motivation is therefore the cornerstone of the performance of any education system. Since the twentieth century; Work motivation has been the subject of various studies which have developed behavioral theories intended to explain how it works and its consequences in work relationships. The growing interest in the topic of motivation at work is directly linked to the history of the evolution of companies in terms of the search for performance. In this regard, the motivation of professionals is an important factor to be aware of in order to develop sustainable actions, within the framework of strategic human resources management, particularly in the field of education and training. Noting that in the field of education, and mainly that of public education, there is still little work that has been interested in this theme, our study would aim to identify the determinants of the motivation of teachers in the public sector. The work of this research will draw inspiration mainly from Herzberg's bifactor theory (1966), but also from the work of Maslow (1954), Vroom (1964), McGregor (1973), McClelland (1971) and other authors, who sought, with their theories, to demonstrate that employee motivation is mainly intrinsic, that is to say linked to the own content of the work. JEL Classification : M12 Paper type: Theoretical research, À l’ère du nouveau management public, la réforme du champ de l’éducation nationale, au Maroc et ailleurs, est l’une des préoccupations des gouvernements qui se sont succédé au cours des trois dernières décennies. La réussite de toute tentative de réforme est conditionnée par la prise en compte des attentes des femmes et des hommes opérant dans le secteur de l’enseignement. La motivation des enseignants est, de ce fait, la pierre angulaire de la performance de tout système éducatif. Depuis le XXième siècle ; la motivation au travail a fait l’objet de diverses études qui ont développé des théories comportementales destinées à expliquer son fonctionnement et ses conséquences dans les relations de travail. L’intérêt croissant pour le thème de la motivation au travail est directement lié a l’histoire de l’évolution des entreprises en termes de recherche de la performance. À ce propos la motivation des professionnels est un facteur important à connaître pour développer des actions durables, dans le cadre d’une gestion stratégique des ressources humaines, notamment dans le domaine de l’éducation et de la formation. Constatant que dans le domaine de l’enseignement, et principalement celui de l’enseignement public, il y a encore peu de travaux qui se sont intéressés à ce thème, notre étude aurait pour objectif d’identifier les déterminants de la motivation des enseignants du secteur public. Les travaux de cette recherche s’inspireront principalement de la théorie bifactorielle d’Herzberg (1966), mais aussi des travaux de Maslow (1954), Vroom (1964), McGregor (1973), McClelland (1971) et d’autres auteurs, qui ont cherché, avec leurs théories, à démontrer que la motivation des salariés est principalement intrinsèque, c’est-à-dire liée au propre contenu du travail. Classification JEL: M12 Type de l’article: Recherche théorique
- Published
- 2021
20. Analysis of intrinsic motivation during a problem-solving activity
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Denet, Lola, Mnemonic Synergy (Mnemosyne), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Flowing Epigenetic Robots and Systems (Flowers), Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Unité d'Informatique et d'Ingénierie des Systèmes (U2IS), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), Laboratoire d'Innovation et Numérique pour l'Education (LINE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Inria & Labri, Université Bordeaux, AEx AIDE, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS)
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Problem solving ,Learner modeling ,Cognition ,[SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,[SHS.EDU]Humanities and Social Sciences/Education ,Intrinsic motivation ,Ontologies ,Modélisation de l'apprenant ,Ontologie ,Résolution de problèmes ,Motivation intrinsèque ,[INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] - Abstract
Our aim is to help researchers in digital sciences (computer science and applied mathematics),cognitive neurosciences and educational sciences to join their forces to better understand, in a specific framework, how learners learn, in the case of a problem-solving task related to computational thinking learning.More precisely, we explore the research carried out on the intrinsic motivation of the learner, during a learning task, in order to understand to what extent it is involved in such process, mainly reporting the flowers research team work, summarized here, in an accessible way for colleagues from these different disciplines, including going to the technical details of modeling.This research raises an issue, requiring a more precise definition of the concepts essential to understanding the mechanisms involved in learning, especially because of their multidisciplinary, and often polysemous, use.The aim of a review of the literature is thus to explore the research carried out on the intrinsic motivation of the learner during learning in order to understand to what extent it is involved in it. This will help to improve the learner model and getting closer to understanding the mechanisms of human learning.Carried out as part of a research internship in bioinformatics, it is neither exhaustive nor generalist, but specific to the fields covered. However, it represents a unique production in terms of reviewing the French-speaking literature on these subjects.; On cherche ici à aider des chercheuses et chercheurs en sciences du numérique (informatique et mathématiques appliquées), desneurosciences cognitives et des sciences de l’éducation à s’allier pour tenter de mieux comprendre, dans un cadre précis, comment les personnes apprenantes apprennent, dans le cas d’une tâche de résolution de problème en lien avec l’apprentissage de la pensée informatique.Plus précisément, on explorer ici les recherches menées sur la motivation intrinsèque de l’apprenant au cours de l’apprentissage afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure elle y est impliquée, au sein de l'équipe flowers, que nous résumons ici de manière accessible pour les collègues des différentes disciplines, en allant jusqu'au détails techniques de la modélisation. Ces recherches ont soulevé une problématique nécessitant de définir plus précisément les concepts indispensables à la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans l’apprentissage, tout particulièrement du fait de leur usage pluridisciplinaire, et souvent polysémique.Une revue de la littérature a pour alors but d’explorer les recherches menées sur la motivation intrinsèque de l’apprenant au cours de l’apprentissage afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure elle y est impliquée. Cela permettra de contribuer à l’amélioration du modèle de l’apprenant et ainsi de s’approcher davantage de la compréhension des mécanismes de l’apprentissage humain.Réalisée dans le cadre d’un stage de recherche en bioinformatique, elle n'est ni exhaustive, ni généraliste, mais spécifique aux domaines traités. Elle représente cependant une production unique en matière de revue de la littérature francophone sur ces sujets.
- Published
- 2021
21. Apprentissage séquentiel de compétences via la motivation intrinsèque et l'apprentissage par renforcement
- Author
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Bonnavaud, Hedwin, Aubret, Arthur, Matignon, Laëtitia, Systèmes Cognitifs et Systèmes Multi-Agents (SyCoSMA), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), and Université Lyon 1
- Subjects
reinforcement learning ,catastrophique forgetting ,skills learning ,intrinsic motivation ,[INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] - Abstract
L'apprentissage de compétence permet à des agents d'apprendre des comportements distincts deux à deux pour chacune d'elles. Cela leur permet d'améliorer leur exploration, et de maximiser plus rapidement leurs récompenses. Cependant, cet apprentissage se fait de manière uniforme. Or, un agent n'a pas toujours accès aux données permettant un tel apprentissage, et cet apprentissage pose également un problème de complexité. Pour le corriger, nous avons développé une méthode permettant d'apprendre des compétences de manière séquentielle, via l'apprentissage par renforcement et les motivation intrinsèque. Au travers de simulations sur un environnement simple, nous avons pu montrer que les compétences apprises étaient plus distinguable que celles apprise de manière uniforme.
- Published
- 2021
22. Conception d'un Système Tutoriel Intelligent (STI) basé sur les progrès d'apprentissage : des étapes formelles aux étapes d'expérimentations chez les enfants
- Author
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Hélène Sauzéon, Benjamin Clément, Cécile Mazon, Didier Roy, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, Flowing Epigenetic Robots and Systems (Flowers), Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Unité d'Informatique et d'Ingénierie des Systèmes (U2IS), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marie Lefevre, Christine Michel, ATIEF, Lefevre, Marie, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)
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[INFO.EIAH] Computer Science [cs]/Technology for Human Learning ,Etudes terrains ,Intrinsic motivation ,Learning progress ,[INFO.EIAH]Computer Science [cs]/Technology for Human Learning ,ITS ,STI ,Field studies ,Progrès d'apprentissage ,Motivation intrinsèque - Abstract
Based on the Learning Progression (LP) model of Oudeyer and Gotlieb, 2016, an LP-based ITS approach was designed and implemented in a serious numeracy game (addition and subtraction of numbers in money exchange activities) called KidLearn. In this context, the ITS personalizes learning paths by optimizing LPs (multi-armed bandit-like algorithms), minimizing presuppositions about learners and knowledge domain. First, the adopted ITS approach is presented, followed by its validation through a large-scale study with 6-8 year old children. Then, the generalizability of this approach is illustrated through its transfer to a cognitively heterogeneous children (i.e., special education), and its transfer to another learning domain (i.e., health education)., S'appuyant sur le modèle des Progrès d'Apprentissage (PA, Oudeyer & Gotlieb, 2016), une approche STI basée sur les PA a été conçue et implémentée dans un jeu sérieux de numératie (addition et soustraction de nombres dans des activités d'échanges monétaires) appelé KidLearn. Dans ce contexte, le STI personnalise les parcours d'apprentissage en optimisant les PA (algorithmes de type bandit multi-bras), en minimisant les présupposés sur les apprenants et le domaine de connaissance. Dans un premier temps, l'approche STI adoptée est présentée, suivie de sa validation par une étude à grande échelle auprès d'enfants de 6 à 8 ans. Puis, la capacité de généralisation de cette approche est illustrée à travers son transfert à un public cognitivement hétérogène (i.e. éducation spécialisée), et son transfert à un autre domaine d'apprentissage (i.e., éducation thérapeutique).
- Published
- 2021
23. The crowding-out effect of the extrinsic motivation: An empirical study on the turnover intention of members of the youth social organization
- Author
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Zhang Yuting and Li Yong
- Subjects
intrinsic motivation ,extrinsic motivation ,organizational identification ,turnover intention ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The youth voluntary organization has been outstanding in the social governance. Therefore it’s an important issue how to ensure its role played sustainably in the long term. Particularly in reality, a few youth voluntary organizations sometimes become lax and act no function due to the turnover of its members. So it can tell that it’s given a very realistic meaning to discuss the factors influencing the turnover intention of the management of the organization. Based on the theory of organizational identification, the essay tries to find out the members’ intrinsic motivation to join the youth voluntary organization and its impact on turnover intention, and to verify the regulating mechanism of extrinsic motivation to the organizational identification and the mediating mechanism of organizational identification to the turnover intention. The result of the study into members of the Zhejiang youth voluntary organization shows that: (1) the intrinsic intention has the most significant influence on the turnover of the members of the youth voluntary organization; (2) the organizational identification plays a mediating role between intrinsic motivation and turnover intention; (3) the relationship between intrinsic motivation and organizational identification will be moderated by extrinsic motivation. The result of this study releases a revelatory meaning to raise the organizational identification of the members and restrain their turnover intention.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Justice organisationnelle, reconnaissance au travail et motivation intrinsèque : résultats d'une étude empirique.
- Author
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Fall, Amar
- Subjects
ORGANIZATIONAL justice ,EMPLOYEE motivation ,MANAGEMENT ethics ,PERSONNEL management ,INDUSTRIAL relations research ,INTRINSIC motivation ,ETHICS - Abstract
Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Induction d'émotions et comportements pro-environnementaux dans le cadre d'un jeu du dictateur.
- Author
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Ibanez, Lisette, Moureau, Nathalie, and Roussel, Sébastien
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. L'EFFET DE L'UTILISATION DE L'HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES DANS ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'OPTIQUE GEOMETRIQUE SUR LA MOTIVATION D'APPRENTISSAGE.
- Author
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BLIZAK-ENS, DJANETTE and CHAFIQI, FOUAD
- Subjects
GEOMETRICAL optics ,HISTORY of science ,ACADEMIC motivation ,COLLEGE students ,RESEARCH ,INTRINSIC motivation - Abstract
Copyright of Scientific Annals of the 'Alexandru Ioan Cuza' University of Iasi: Educational Sciences Series / Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii 'Alexandru Ioan Cuza' - Sect. Stiintele Educatiei is the property of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
27. Mesure des processus de changement vis-à-vis de la pratique d’une activité physique régulière (QPC) : adaptation et validation francophone du questionnaire Exercise processes of change
- Author
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Eeckhout, C., Francaux, M., and Philippot, P.
- Subjects
- *
QUESTIONNAIRES , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *INTRINSIC motivation , *CONFIRMATORY factor analysis , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *STATISTICAL correlation , *LATENT variables - Abstract
Summary: Objective: The purpose of the present study is to validate a French version of Exercise Processes of Change Questionnaire (PCQ) and to examine its psychometric properties and its relation with the other components of Transtheoritical Model (TTM). Methods: Two hundred ninety-three subjects (198 women), 16–65years old, answered the PCQ and other questionnaires concerning the other components of TTM and concerning exercise intrinsic motivation. Results: Firstly, a confirmatory factor analysis reports good indexes of fit for models distinguishing the 10 processes postulated by the MTT. A significant correlation between both second-order latent variables, distinguishing experiential and behavioural processes (r =0.879) suggests that the split of ten processes of change into two higher-order classes does not improve the model. Secondly, exercise processes of change were significantly associated with the other components of TTM and four dimensions of exercise intrinsic motivation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Santé perçue, anxiété et motivation sportive
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Maugendre, M. and Spitz, E.
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH behavior , *QUALITY of life , *ENDURANCE sports , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *INTRINSIC motivation , *PHYSICAL activity , *ATHLETES , *ANXIETY , *ACHIEVEMENT - Abstract
Abstract: Health is an essential element of quality of life. Indeed, we know that benefits of endurance sports are especially beneficial to cardio-vascular plan. Physical activities performed by children and adolescents are good for their health, both in terms of prevention of many diseases related to physical inactivity, but also in terms of physical skills and potential physical drive. Physical activity is an important factor in development of personality and development. Athletes have a better image of themselves and a better lifestyle than others. However, those who have an intense sport (at least eight hours per week), have conducted, could lead eventually to ill health. An important dimension of health among adolescents is anxiety. It is a motivation or behavioral characteristic in a wide range of situations (physically or psychologically), safe and to react by anxiety intensity disproportionate to the objective danger. The relationship between the emotional state of athletes and performance has long been an important topic of research in psychology. The research focused on the concept of anxiety as a factor explaining the lower performance of athletes. Therefore, many works have been carried out to assess the consequences of anxiety in competition by supporting the idea that anxiety is a strong predictor of future performance. The framework is the self-determination theory, the hierarchical model of self-determined motivation and the achievement goals theory. The motivation is devised in two types: intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM). IM implies engaging in an activity for the pleasure and satisfaction inherent in the activity. Vallerand et al. have suggested a tripartite taxonomy of IM: to know, to accomplish things and to experience stimulation. EM refers to a broad array of behaviours having in common the fact that activities are engaged in not for reason inherent in them but for instrumental reasons. The authors identified third types of EM varying in their degree of self-determination and can be ordered along self-determination continuum ranging from non self-determined to self-determined forms. There are external regulation, introjected regulation and identified regulation. A-motivation is at work when individuals display a relative absence of motivation. The model of achievement goals distinguishes two types of goals: approach and avoidance goals. Performance-approach goals refers to focus on attaining competence relative to others; mastery goals refers to focus on the development of competence and task mastery and performance-avoidance goals refers to focus on avoiding incompetence relative to others. Mastery and performance approach are approach goals, whereas performance-avoidance is an avoidance goal. Goals are viewed as important in the self-regulation process because they are posited to serve as channels for the general propensities evoked by approach and avoidance temperaments. We expect that each motivation or goal achievement in sport lead to different emotional patterns. Two hundred eighty-six youths aged 15 to 19 years responded to a questionnaire. They choose to practice collectives’ sports (48.8%) and individual sports (51.2%). These results show, in part, self-determined motivation (ME identified) predicted more adaptative behaviour. Thus, the performance-avoidance goal affects the health and anxious. Mastery goals are more protective to health. There is a link between the level of motivation and psychological well-being. The psychological consequences associated with the sport vary depending on the degree of motivation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Impact des déficits cognitifs dans les activités de la vie quotidienne des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie
- Author
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Levaux, M.-N. and Danion, J.-M.
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- *
PEOPLE with schizophrenia , *COGNITION disorders , *METACOGNITIVE therapy , *INTRINSIC motivation , *PATIENT-family relations , *SOCIAL perception - Abstract
Abstract: It is now well-recognized that cognitive dysfonctions contribute to a decisive way to the difficulties of the everyday, social and professional life of the people with schizophrenia. The cognitive variables would explain between 16 and 30% of the variance in the functional status when assessed one to three and a half years later. However, the specificity of the complex relationships between the cognitive domains and the functional variables still remains to be identified. To this end, it is necessary to carry out studies by respecting various principles: selecting not multi-determined cognitive tasks; investigating specific daily-life tasks (e.g. shopping, choosing a menu, preparing a meal), in particular by an observation in real situation in order to identify the problematic components; this has to be made by determining a priori hypotheses regarding the cognitive nature of the difficulties; taking into account the heterogeneity of the cognitive deficits and the functional difficulties of people with schizophrenia. It also remains to investigate the presence of mediator variables of the relationships, such as the potential of learning, the social cognition, the metacognitive processes and the intrinsic motivation. Besides, other personal or environmental factors can also play a role in the functional status, as for example, the negative symptoms, the awareness that has the person of his(her) state and its consequences, or the critical attitude of relatives towards the person with schizophrenia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Introduction: Are Cultural Economics Exceptional Ones?
- Author
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Greffe, Xavier
- Subjects
ECONOMICS & culture ,GLOBALIZATION ,INTRINSIC motivation ,CREATIVE ability ,NOVELTY (Perception) ,SUSTAINABLE development ,INTERNET ,ECONOMIC policy ,CULTURAL activities - Abstract
Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
31. Influence du type de motivation sur le traitement cognitif de l'utilité et de la désirabilité sociales.
- Author
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CASSIGNOL-BERTRAND, Florence, BROUILLET, Denis, and LOUCHE, Claude
- Abstract
Copyright of Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale is the property of Presses Universitaires de Liege and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
32. Approche normative de la motivation intrinsèque dans une situation intergroupe d'asymétrie de statut hiérarchique.
- Author
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Adam, Andréa and Louche, Claude
- Abstract
Copyright of Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale is the property of Presses Universitaires de Liege and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Norme de motivation intrinsèque et utilité sociale: recherches dans le champ organisationnel.
- Author
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Cassignol-Bertrand, F., Baldet, S., Louche, C., and Papet, J.
- Subjects
MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,SOCIAL norms ,SOCIAL control ,FIELD research - Abstract
Copyright of Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Représentations sociales des compétences et processus d'évaluation.
- Author
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François, P.-H. and Baudry, B.
- Subjects
MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,OCCUPATIONS ,PERFORMANCE ,INDUSTRIAL psychology - Abstract
Copyright of Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Achievement Motivation, Academic Destiny and Coping Strategies. Some implications of a comparative follow-up study
- Author
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Schiltz, L.
- Abstract
A comparative follow-up study has been undertaken with of a group of pupils belonging to the initial class of classical secondary school in Luxembourg. The aim of the study was to clarify the interactions between a large number of cognitive, emotional, volitional and motivational personality variables and the academic destiny. During this research project, the indicators of psychic health retained our special attention. After having stressed the historical origin and the theoretical background of some basic concepts related to the subject of the study, the author presents some results of the comparison between the superior quartile of successful pupils and the inferior quartile of pupils who have been confronted to failure since their first class in the secondary school. The conclusions of the study underline the importance of appropriate measures of prevention, which have to be offered to the demotivated pupils, in order to avoid long lasting psychopathological complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. La sensibilité aux contingences sensorimotrices chez le bébé et son rôle dans le développement du savoir-faire corporel: Approche croisée en robotique et psychologie du développement
- Author
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Jacquey, Lisa, Centre Neurosciences intégratives et Cognition (INCC - UMR 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire Éthologie Cognition Développement (LECD), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Université de Paris, J. Kevin O'Regan, Rana Esseily, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
- Subjects
Apprentissage sensorimoteur ,Intrinsic Motivation ,Developmental Robotics ,Robotique du développement ,[SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology ,Sensorimotor Learning ,[INFO.INFO-RB]Computer Science [cs]/Robotics [cs.RO] ,Body Know-How ,Early Development ,Développement précoce ,Savoir-faire corporel ,Motivation intrinsèque - Abstract
Considering the growing importance of artificial intelligence in our society, it seems more important than ever to improve our understanding of the concept of learning. In this context, this PhD thesis investigates how during the fifirst year of life, babies learn to use their body in a differentiated way in order to interact effectively with their physical and social environment. We refer to this capacity as "body know-how." The underlying assumption of our research is that progressive acquisition of body know-how during the fifirst months of life is driven by two learning mechanisms: the exploitation of sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies, and intrinsic motivation. In this thesis, we explore the first part of this premise, i.e. the role played by sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies in the acquisition of body know-how. We focus initially on a critical analysis of existing experimental data on the subject, both in developmental psychology and developmental robotics. In a second step, our work aims to improve our understanding of the acquisition of body know-how through experiments with babies during the first months of life.; Au regard de la place croissante occupée par l'intelligence artificielle dans nos sociétés, la nécessité d'affiner notre compréhension de la notion d'apprentissage semble plus importante que jamais. S'intégrant dans une telle optique, cette thèse de doctorat cherche à mettre en lumière les mécanismes d'apprentissage permettant au bébé d'acquérir au cours de la première année de vie une utilisation appropriée et différenciée de son corps lui permettant d'interagir de manière efficace avec son environnement physique et social, ce que nous désignons ici par le terme de "savoir-fairecorporel". Le postulat au cœur de ce travail de recherche est le suivant : l'acquisition progressive du savoir-faire corporel au cours de la vie fœtale et des premiers mois de vie post-partum est sous-tendue par deux mécanismes d'apprentissage, l'exploitation de la sensibilité aux contingencessensorimotrices et la motivation intrinsèque. Ce travail de thèse explore la première partie de ce postulat, c'est-à-dire le rôle jouée par la sensibilité aux contingences sensorimotrices dans le développement du savoir-faire corporel. Afin d'investiguer cette hypothèse, ce travail de thèsese concentre dans un premier temps sur l'analyse critique des données expérimentales déjà existantes sur le sujet, à la fois en psychologie du développement et en robotique développementale. Dans un second temps, cette recherche vise à approfondir notre compréhension de l'acquisition du savoir-faire corporel à travers l'expérimentation chez le bébé âgé de moins d'un an.
- Published
- 2019
37. Sensitivity to Sensorimotor Contingencies in Infants and its Role in the Development of Body Know-How: Interdisciplinary Approach in Robotics and Developmental Psychology
- Author
-
Jacquey, Lisa, Centre Neurosciences intégratives et Cognition (INCC - UMR 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire Éthologie Cognition Développement (LECD), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Université de Paris, J. Kevin O'Regan, and Rana Esseily
- Subjects
Apprentissage sensorimoteur ,Intrinsic Motivation ,Developmental Robotics ,Robotique du développement ,[SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology ,Sensorimotor Learning ,[INFO.INFO-RB]Computer Science [cs]/Robotics [cs.RO] ,Body Know-How ,Early Development ,Développement précoce ,Savoir-faire corporel ,Motivation intrinsèque - Abstract
Considering the growing importance of artificial intelligence in our society, it seems more important than ever to improve our understanding of the concept of learning. In this context, this PhD thesis investigates how during the fifirst year of life, babies learn to use their body in a differentiated way in order to interact effectively with their physical and social environment. We refer to this capacity as "body know-how." The underlying assumption of our research is that progressive acquisition of body know-how during the fifirst months of life is driven by two learning mechanisms: the exploitation of sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies, and intrinsic motivation. In this thesis, we explore the first part of this premise, i.e. the role played by sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies in the acquisition of body know-how. We focus initially on a critical analysis of existing experimental data on the subject, both in developmental psychology and developmental robotics. In a second step, our work aims to improve our understanding of the acquisition of body know-how through experiments with babies during the first months of life.; Au regard de la place croissante occupée par l'intelligence artificielle dans nos sociétés, la nécessité d'affiner notre compréhension de la notion d'apprentissage semble plus importante que jamais. S'intégrant dans une telle optique, cette thèse de doctorat cherche à mettre en lumière les mécanismes d'apprentissage permettant au bébé d'acquérir au cours de la première année de vie une utilisation appropriée et différenciée de son corps lui permettant d'interagir de manière efficace avec son environnement physique et social, ce que nous désignons ici par le terme de "savoir-fairecorporel". Le postulat au cœur de ce travail de recherche est le suivant : l'acquisition progressive du savoir-faire corporel au cours de la vie fœtale et des premiers mois de vie post-partum est sous-tendue par deux mécanismes d'apprentissage, l'exploitation de la sensibilité aux contingencessensorimotrices et la motivation intrinsèque. Ce travail de thèse explore la première partie de ce postulat, c'est-à-dire le rôle jouée par la sensibilité aux contingences sensorimotrices dans le développement du savoir-faire corporel. Afin d'investiguer cette hypothèse, ce travail de thèsese concentre dans un premier temps sur l'analyse critique des données expérimentales déjà existantes sur le sujet, à la fois en psychologie du développement et en robotique développementale. Dans un second temps, cette recherche vise à approfondir notre compréhension de l'acquisition du savoir-faire corporel à travers l'expérimentation chez le bébé âgé de moins d'un an.
- Published
- 2019
38. Serious game : motivation et apprentissage dans la formation continue en santé
- Author
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Amichaud, Aurélie, École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Centre Val de Loire (ESPE CVL), Université d'Orléans (UO), and Manuel Schneewele
- Subjects
Serious game ,Motivation ,Intérêt situationnel ,[SHS.EDU]Humanities and Social Sciences/Education ,Intrinsic motivation ,Situational interest ,Jeu sérieux ,Formation continue ,Continuing education ,Motivation intrinsèque ,Simulation - Abstract
Since 2013, the legislation concerning the continuous training of medical and paramedical personnel has evolved with Continuous Professional Development. Its purpose is to maintain the knowledge of health actors. In this context, the High Authority of Health invites institutions to develop innovative learning methods, such as simulation or the use of serious games. The choice of this study is a training action that allows the development of a culture of risk management and healthcare safety among healthcare personnel. These are standard precautions that deal with hospital hygiene. To conduct this study we used the serious game "i-control", created by the Centre for the Prevention of Care Associated Infections and the Centre's Hygienists Network. The questions posed by this research are: can the implementation of a serious game as part of continuing education create a motivating learning situation for the learner? And what impact would this serious game have on the learners' knowledge and skills after the fact? This study is based on a quantitative methodology using several questionnaires and an audit, and a qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews. The results of this study show us that serious game seems to act on the learner's intrinsic motivation and that it stimulates interest in this learning context. However, with regard to the acquisition of knowledge and know-how, the results are not conclusive.; Depuis 2013, la législation concernant la formation continue des personnels médicaux et paramédicaux a évolué avec le Développement Professionnel Continu. Son but est de maintenir les connaissances des acteurs de la santé. Dans ce cadre, la Haute Autorité de Santé invite les établissements a développer des méthodes d’apprentissage innovantes, comme la simulation ou l’utilisation de serious game. Le choix de cette étude se porte sur une action de formation qui permet de développer chez le personnel soignant une culture de la gestion des risques et de la sécurité des soins. Il s’agit des précautions standards qui traitent de l’hygiène hospitalière. Pour mener cette étude, nous nous sommes appuyés sur le serious game « i-control », créé par le Centre de prévention des infections associées aux soins et le Réseau des hygiénistes du centre. Les questions que pose cette recherche sont : est-ce que la mise en place d’un serious game dans le cadre de la formation continue peut créer une situation d’apprentissage motivante pour l’apprenant ? Et quel impact aurait ce serious game sur les savoirs et savoir-faire des apprenants a posteriori ? Cette étude s’appuie sur une méthodologie quantitative à l’aide de plusieurs questionnaires et d’un audit, et qualitative à l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats de cette étude nous montrent que le serious game semble agir sur la motivation intrinsèque de l’apprenant et qu’il stimule l’intérêt dans ce contexte d’apprentissage. Cependant, en ce qui concerne l’acquisition des savoirs et des savoir-faire, les résultats ne sont pas probants.
- Published
- 2019
39. Étude de la motivation intrinsèque en apprentissage par renforcement
- Author
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Aubret, Arthur, Matignon, Laëtitia, Hassas, Salima, Systèmes Cognitifs et Systèmes Multi-Agents (SyCoSMA), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), and Aubret, Arthur
- Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] ,curiosity ,meta-reward ,acquisition de connaissances ,options ,[INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] ,knowledge acquisition ,curiosité ,génération d'objectifs ,Apprentissage par renforcement ,empowerment ,Reinforcement learning ,motivation intrinsèque ,intrinsic motivation ,generation of objectives - Abstract
Despite many existing works in reinforcement learning (RL) and the recent successes obtained by combining it with deep learning, RL is facing many challenges. Some of them, like the ability to abstract the action or the difficulty to conceive a reward function without expert knowledge, can be addressed by the use of intrinsic motivation. In this article, we provide a survey on the role of intrinsic motivation in RL and its different usages by detailing interests and limits of existing approaches. Our analysis suggests that mutual information is central to most of the work using intrinsic motivation in RL. The combination of deep RL and intrinsic motivation enables to learn more complicated and more generalisable behaviours than what enables standard RL., Malgré les nombreux travaux existants en apprentissage par renforcement (AR) et les récents succès obtenus notamment en le combinant avec l'apprentissage profond, l'AR fait encore aujourd'hui face à de nombreux défis. Certains d'entre eux, comme la problématique de l'abstraction temporelle des actions ou la difficulté de concevoir une fonction de récompense sans connaissances ex-pertes, peuvent être adressées par l'utilisation de récompenses intrinsèques. Dans cet article, nous proposons une étude du rôle de la motivation intrinsèque en AR et de ses différents usages, en détaillant les intérêts et les limites des approches existantes. Notre analyse suggère que la notion d'information mutuelle est centrale à la plupart des travaux utilisant la motivation intrinsèque en AR. Celle-ci, combinée aux algorithmes d'AR profond, permet d'apprendre des comportements plus complexes et plus généralisables que ce que permet l'AR traditionnel.
- Published
- 2019
40. Conception et validation d’un jeu d’auto-apprentissage de connaissances sur l’asthme pour le jeune enfant : rôle de la motivation intrinsèque
- Author
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Delmas, Alexandra-Alice, Laboratoire Handicap Activité Cognition et Système Nerveux (HACS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Bordeaux, Hélène Sauzéon, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
[SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology ,Therapeutic Education ,Intrinsic Motivation ,Adherence ,Education thérapeutique ,Motivation Intrinsèque ,[SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology ,Asthme ,Intelligent Tutoring System ,Asthma ,Système Tutoriel Intelligent ,Adhésion - Abstract
In recent years, digital health is an expanding domain in both prevention, care as well as health education. Asthma is the first chronic disease in children and has severe medical outcomes (hospitalization, death). One of the key issues is the personalization of therapeutic education to improve disease self-management skills and as far outcome to improve the disease evolution. In this context, the general purpose of the thesis aimed to develop and to assess a serious game for health education of children with asthma in collaboration with the ItWell Company. To this end, experimental studies have been divided into three parts. - “Conception” part: in a first study (study 1), the user-centered methods of Participatory Design have been formalized to develop a design framework for therapeutic education-related serious games targeting children with chronic disease. From this, KidBreath has been designed to propose an edutainment therapeutic educational program for children suffering from asthma. The device has been successfully assessed amongst control children (without asthma) in terms of its pedagogical efficacy (asthma knowledge) and pedagogical efficiency (type of motivation elicited, user experience, and learning path in different contents). - “Validation” part: in a second study (study 2a), KidBreath has been used by children with asthma over a two-month period in a real-life setting. The main results supported pedagogical efficacy and efficiency of KidBreath for target audience at short-term (1 month) and their maintaining at middle-term (2 month). However, the increase of asthma knowledge after using KidBreath failed to modify children perceptions about disease self-management. - “Optimization” part: in a third study (study 2b), the implementation of a system that automates the personalization of learning path was assessed in similar condition than the previous one. The KidBreath pedagogical efficiency was also demonstrated without a significant increase of asthma knowledge. Despite this, the learning level achieved with the personalization algorithm was similar than that obtained without the algorithm. Moreover, the number of contents and the time spent in the personalized condition were diminished compared to the non-personalized condition. The whole of works allowed to extract a general framework of user-centered design for therapeutic serious games which details both instructional content and media formats, as well as judgment criteria for the assessment. Empirical studies (study 1 & 2) revealed the strength of relationships between pedagogical efficacy (disease knowledge) and pedagogical efficiency (intrinsic motivation elicited, user experience, child’s learning path) without short-term impact on the children illness perception. Overall results were discussed in light of different factors, which can bias the transfer from disease knowledge to meta-knowledge (intervention period, age of children, asthma severity etc.). Finally, research perspectives are proposed according to opportunities provided by the Intelligent Tutorial System (ITS) for personalization of learning paths. In particular, a new project named Kidlearn is presented. It is methodologically inspired from the KidBreath project and aimed the algorithm assessment for learning mathematics at primary school level., Depuis quelques années, le domaine de la santé numérique est en pleine expansion tant sur les volets de la prévention, des soins ou de l’éducation à la santé. L’asthme, première maladie chronique chez l’enfant, a des conséquences médicales graves (hospitalisations, décès). Actuellement, un des enjeux est de fournir de l’éducation thérapeutique personnalisée dans le but d’améliorer les compétences des enfants en terme d’autogestion de la maladie, et par effet rebond d’améliorer l’évolution de la maladie. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de la thèse était de développer et de valider un outil numérique d’éducation à la santé ciblant de jeunes enfants avec asthme chronique, et ce en collaboration étroite avec le pôle de recherche et développement de la société ItWell. De là, trois volets d’études expérimentales ont été menés. - Volet « Conception » : dans une première étude (étude 1), les méthodes centrées utilisateur de Conception Participative ont été formalisées pour l’élaboration de serious games ciblant l’éducation thérapeutique d’enfants atteints de maladies chroniques. De là, KidBreath a été conçu pour proposer un programme d’éducation thérapeutique ludique centré sur l’asthme avec pour public cible des jeunes enfants. Celui-ci a fait l’objet d’évaluations auprès d’une population « contrôle » étayant son efficacité pédagogique (connaissance sur l’asthme) et son efficience pédagogique (type de motivation suscitée, expérience utilisateur, parcours d’apprentissage dans les modules de KidBreath). - Volet « Validation » : dans une seconde étude (étude 2a), KidBreath a été déployé pendant deux mois auprès d’enfants asthmatiques en condition réelle d’usage et dans un environnement non contrôlé, et ce avec des évaluations à court (1 mois) et à moyen (2 mois) termes. Les principaux résultats ont confirmé l’efficacité et l’efficience pédagogique auprès du public cible, avec un maintien à 2 mois. Néanmoins, l’amélioration des connaissances liées à l’asthme par KidBreath n’a pas permis de modifier les perceptions des enfants sur l’autogestion de la maladie. - Volet « Optimisation » : dans une troisième étude (étude 2b), l’automatisation d’un parcours d’apprentissage personnalisé a été implémentée et évaluée dans les mêmes conditions que l’étude précédente. L’efficience pédagogique de KidBreath a été à nouveau confirmée mais l’amélioration des connaissances liées à l’asthme par KidBreath n’a pas atteint la significativité. De manière intéressante, le niveau atteint de connaissance avec ou sans l’algorithme de personnalisation était similaire alors que le nombre de contenu et le temps consacré dans la condition « avec algorithme de personnalisation » étaient bien inférieurs à ceux observés dans la condition « sans algorithme ». La méthodologie de l’impact des algorithmes a également été utilisée pour les mathématiques (projet Kidlearn), où les résultats ont montré son efficacité pour personnaliser et adapter les contenus pédagogiques selon la progression de l’élève. Ces travaux ont permis d’extraire un modèle général de conception centrée utilisateur dédié aux serious games à visée thérapeutique détaillant la conception des contenus et formats pédagogiques, et les critères de jugement pour l’évaluation. Les études empiriques (études 1, 2) révèlent l’importance des relations entre efficacité pédagogique (connaissance de la maladie) et efficience pédagogique (motivation intrinsèque générée, expérience utilisateur, respect des parcours individualisés d’apprentissage) sans pour autant impacter à court terme les perceptions de la maladie chez l'enfant. L’ensemble des résultats est discuté à la lumière des différents facteurs (durée d’intervention, âge des participants, sévérité de l’asthme, etc) pouvant influencer la transformation connaissance-métaconnaissance. A cela, des perspectives de recherche sont proposées en regard des opportunités offertes par les Systèmes Tutoriels Intelligents (STI) pour la personnalisation des apprentissages.
- Published
- 2018
41. Wage employment in the sector of services to individuals : three microeconometric applications
- Author
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Ould Younes, Salah, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, François Gardes, Marc-Arthur Diaye, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Switching models ,Evaluation de politique publique ,Working conditions ,Stabilité de l'emploi ,Steady employment ,Modèles de switching ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,Labour market ,Intrinsic motivation ,Motivation intrisèque ,[ SHS.ECO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economies and finances ,Conditions de travail ,Différentiels de salaires ,[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,Services to individuals ,Services à la personne ,Wage differentials ,Public policy evaluation ,Marché du travail - Abstract
This dissertation aims to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of wage employment in the sector of services to individuals by using individual data. The introduction and the first chapter describe the sector of services to individual and the economic and social issues. In the three subsequent chapters it presents three microeconometric trials.In chapter two, we present intrinsic motivation of employees in authorised organizations for services to individua (OASP), depending on whether the organization is for-profit or non-profit. This motivation is mainly focused among workers erning a gross salary above 1.6 times the minimum wage. ln chapter 3, the study of the factors that determine the transitions of employees to steady employment highlights that these factors affect those employees differently according to the characteristics of their work, especially the multi-active and mono-active feature. Finally, chapter 4 consists of evaluating the reduction policy of 15 points in employers' social security contributions favoring individual employers who report the actual wages. This public policy positively affects domestic employment. In terms of methodology, this dissertation implements three different econometric models: a switching model regression (chapter 2), a competing risks model (chapter 3), and, finally, the classical method of differences-in-differences (chapter 4)., L'objet de cette thèse est l'analyse quantitative et qualitative des emplois salariés du secteur des services à la personne que nous menons sur données individuelles. Après une introduction et un premier chapitre décrivant le secteur de services à la personne et ses enjeux économiques et sociaux, nous présentons, dans les trois chapitres suivants, trois essais microéconométriques. Nous testons au chapitre 2 la motivation intrinsèque des salariés des organismes agréés de services à la personne, selon que l'OASP est à but lucratif ou pas. Nous montrons que cette motivation est concentrée principalement chez les salariés percevant un salaire brut supérieur à 1,6 Smic. Ensuite, l'étude proposée au chapitre 3 sur les déterminants des transitions des salariés des services à la personne vers l'emploi stable met en lumière que les mêmes facteurs n'impactent pas de la même manière ces salariés selon les caractéristiques de leur activité, notamment le caractère multi-actif et mono-actif. Enfin, le chapitre 4 consiste en une évaluation de la politique d'allègement de 15 points des cotisations sociale employeur en faveur des particuliers employeurs déclarant leurs salariés «au réel». Cette politique publique affecte positivement l'activité salariée de l'emploi à domicile. Au plan méthodologique, cette thèse met en œuvre 3 modélisations économétriques différentes : un modèle à régime (chapitre 2), un modèle à risques concurrents (chapitre 3), et enfin la méthode classique des doubles différences (chapitre 4).
- Published
- 2016
42. Intelligence artificielle: l'apport des paradigmes incarnés
- Author
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Pierre De Loor, Mehdi Khamassi, Alain Mille, Lab-STICC_ENIB_CID_IHSEV, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Traces, Web, Education, Adaptation, Knowledge (TWEAK), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMAC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)
- Subjects
renforcement ,simulation ,Constructivisme ,énaction ,intelligence artificielle ,intelligence computationnelle ,robotique développementale ,neuro-robotique ,interactionnisme ,motivation intrinsèque ,interaction homme-machine ,[SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science ,[SCCO]Cognitive science ,constructivism ,computational intelligence ,Intrinsic motivation ,[INFO.INFO-RB]Computer Science [cs]/Robotics [cs.RO] ,intrinsic motivation ,reinforcement ,man-machine interaction ,Constructivism ,developmental robotics ,neuro-robotics ,interactionism ,artificial intelligence ,enaction ,Philosophy ,General Medicine ,Man machine interaction ,Humanities - Abstract
Artificial Intelligence : the Contribution of Embodied Paradigms. This article has a double objective. The first is to present various proposals concerning an embodied approach to cognition make by the community of computer scientists and robotics. The second aim is to introduce a debate on their contributions and their limits, concerning the highly delicate questions of the construction of meaning, phenomenal consciousness or yet again the relations between mind, matter and organization. The first part of the article draws up a historical reminder of the initial aims of Artificial Intelligence, as well as the various orientations that have subsequently been adopted by this community. The next part positions the debate concerning the fundamental questions that Artificial Intelligence can, or cannot, study in order to reply to the hard questions in cognitive science, and in particular the interest or the limitations related to the use of an embodied approach in order to reply. The third part consists of detailing the embodied approach according to a structure in terms of families, defined by the domains or the various focal points of the neurosciences, psychology or biology. We provide a description of the principles on which each of them rests, and we identify the limits and the possibilities relative to the debate in question. The whole is synthesized by a conclusion which puts the presented research in perspective., Cet article a un double objectif : Le premier est de présenter les différentes propositions relatives à l''approche incarnée de la cognition faites par la communauté informatique et robotique. Le deuxième est de mener un débat sur leurs apports et leurs limites, relativement aux questions les plus délicates des sciences cognitives que sont la construction du sens, la conscience phénoménale ou encore les liens entre esprit, matière et organisation. La première partie de l''article dresse un rappel historique des objectifs initiaux de l''intelligence artificielle ainsi que les différentes orientations qui sont désormais prises par cette communauté. La partie suivante positionne le débat à la fois sur les questions fondamentales que peut étudier ou pas l''intelligence artificielle pour répondre aux questions difficiles des sciences de la cognition et en particulier les intérêts ou limites liés à l''utilisation d''une approche incarnée pour y répondre. La troisième partie consiste à détailler l''approche incarnée selon une structuration en familles, définies par des domaines ou des focalisations différentes en neurosciences, psychologie ou biologie. Nous faisons une description des principes sur lesquelles chacune d''elles repose et nous en identifions les limites et les possibilités relativement au débat posé. Le tout est synthétisé par une conclusion mettant en perspectives les recherches présentées., Loor Pierre de, Mille Alain, Réguigne-Khamassi Mehdi. Intelligence artificielle : l’apport des paradigmes incarné. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°64, 2015/2. Sciences de la cognition : réflexions prospectives. pp. 27-52.
- Published
- 2015
43. Mécanismes d’apprentissage développemental et intrinsèquement motivés en intelligence artificielle : étude des mécanismes d'intégration de l'espace environnemental
- Author
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Gay , Simon, Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), Traces, Web, Education, Adaptation, Knowledge (TWEAK), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, Alain Mille, Olivier Georgeon, Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information ( LIRIS ), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 ( UL2 ) -École Centrale de Lyon ( ECL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Artificial intelligence ,Developmental learning ,[INFO.INFO-OH]Computer Science [cs]/Other [cs.OH] ,Interactionism ,Intelligence artificielle ,[INFO.INFO-OH] Computer Science [cs]/Other [cs.OH] ,Affordance ,Interactionnisme ,Intrinsic motivation ,Autonomous robotics ,Robotique autonome ,Apprentissage développemental ,[ INFO.INFO-AI ] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] ,Motivation intrinsèque - Abstract
This thesis is a part of the IDEAL project (Implementing DEvelopmentAl Learning) funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The ability of perceiving, memorizing and interpreting the surrounding environment is a vital ability found in numerous living beings. This ability allows them to generate context adapted behaviors, or escaping from a predator that escape from their sensory system. The objective of this thesis consists in implementing such a capacity in artificial agents. We propose a theoretical model that allows artificial agent to generate a usable knowledge of elements that compose its environment and a structure able to characterize the structure of surrounding space. This model is based on the sensorimotor contingency theory, and implements a form of intrinsic motivation. Indeed, this model begin with a set of indivisible structures, called interactions, that characterize the interaction possibilities between the agent and its environment. The learning is developmental and emerges from the interaction that occurs between the agent and the environment, without the need of any external intervention (like reward). Our model propose a set of mechanisms that allow to organize and exploit emerging knowledge in order to generate behaviors. We propose implementations of our model to demonstrate the emerging knowledge based on agent-environment interaction, and behaviors that can emerge from this knowledge, Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet IDEAL (Implementing DevelopmentAl Learning) financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). La capacité à percevoir, mémoriser et interpréter l'environnement qui nous entoure est une capacité vitale que l'on retrouve chez de nombreux êtres vivants. Cette capacité leur permet de générer des comportements adaptés à leur contexte, ou d'échapper à un prédateur sorti de leur champ de vision. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à doter un agent artificiel de cette capacité. Nous proposons un modèle théorique permettant à un agent artificiel de générer des connaissances exploitables des éléments constituant son environnement et une structure reflétant l'espace. Ce modèle est basé sur la théorie de la contingence sensorimotrice, et implémente une forme de motivation intrinsèque. En effet, ce modèle débute avec un ensemble de structure indivisibles, appelées interactions, caractérisant les échanges entre l'agent et son environnement. L'apprentissage des connaissances est développemental et émerge de l'interaction entre l'agent et son environnement, sans qu'aucune intervention extérieure (récompense), ne soit nécessaire. Notre modèle propose des mécanismes permettant d'organiser et d'exploiter ces connaissances émergentes dans le but de générer des comportements. Nous proposons des implémentations de ce modèle pour démontrer l'émergence d'une connaissance à partir de l'interaction entre l'agent et son environnement, et les comportements qui émergent de cette connaissance
- Published
- 2014
44. Exploration du phénomène de la stagnation des performances chez le nageur de haut niveau
- Author
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Langlois-Pelletier, Nicia and Halliwell, Wayne R.
- Subjects
Motivation ,Optimism ,Stagnation ,Slump ,Optimisme ,Intrinsic motivation ,Natation de compétition ,Competitive swimming ,Auto-determination ,Psychologie sportive ,Auto-détermination ,Sport psychology - Abstract
La stagnation est un phénomène fréquent dans le domaine de la natation, bien qu’inexpliqué et incompris, pour lequel peu de solutions sont proposées. Malgré quelques recherches sur ce phénomène, notamment au baseball, la littérature sur le sujet demeure incomplète et ne permet pas de bien cerner le problème de la stagnation. Ainsi, cette étude a pour but premier d’identifier et de comprendre les causes possibles de la stagnation, les changements émotionnels, physiques et sociaux engendrés par un tel phénomène et les stratégies utilisées par les athlètes pour gérer la stagnation. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est de jeter un regard sur l’impact de l’optimisme sur la résolution de la stagnation. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de onze nageurs ayant compétitionné au niveau national canadien. Les nageurs étaient divisés en trois groupes: les nageurs ayant résolu leur stagnation et qui continuent de nager, les nageurs ayant cessé la compétition de natation suite à une stagnation non résolue et ceux qui nagent encore malgré une stagnation non résolue. Les candidats sélectionnés ont complété deux questionnaires sur l’optimisme, le LOT-R et l’ASQ. L’analyse des résultats, réalisée grâce à la théorisation ancrée, a permis de déterminer un ensemble d’émotions vécues par les athlètes et d’identifier des stratégies afin de résoudre la stagnation. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent qu’une balance entre l’optimisme et le pessimisme, une motivation intrinsèque ainsi qu’une auto-détermination chez l'athlète sont des éléments importants afin de surmonter une stagnation., Even if unexplained and misunderstood, a slump is a frequent phenomenon among high level swimmers for which few solutions are proposed. Despite some previous research especially in the sport of baseball, the literature on this topic is fairly incomplete and does not provide a complete understanding of the problem. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the possible causes of a slump and the emotional, mental, physical and social changes generated by this phenomenon and the strategies used by swimmers in order to break through their slumps. The second goal of this study is to examine the impact of optimism on the resolution of a slump. To reach these goals, semi-structured interviews were held with eleven swimmers who competed at the national level in Canada. Swimmers were divided into three groups: swimmers who resolved their slumps and are still swimming, swimmers who stopped competitive swimming because of an unresolved slump and swimmers who are still swimming even though they are still enduring a slump. Subjects selected were also asked to complete two optimism questionnaires (LOT-R and ASQ). Data analysis, using the grounded theory, identified an emotional patterns experienced by swimmers and certain strategies used by swimmers to resolve their slump. Finally, the results of this study suggest that a balance between optimism and pessimism, an intrinsic motivation and a perception of auto-determination are important elements when trying to overcome a slump.
- Published
- 2014
45. Exploration et structuration intrinsèquement motivées d’espaces d’apprentissage sensorimoteur : contributions théoriques, plateforme et expérimentations
- Author
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Hervouet, Fabien and Hervouet, Fabien
- Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI] ,intelligence artificielle ,robotique développementale ,developmental robotics ,sensorimotor learning ,motivation intrinsèque ,artificial intelligence ,FIMO ,intrinsic motivation ,apprentissage sensorimoteur - Abstract
In this thesis, we study a motivational model for artificial systems, which aims at exploring and structuring sensorimotor learning spaces. Our approach relies on some essential notions, including the body, the development, and the motivation. This particular kind of artificial curiosity is based on the competence or learning progress, and thus depends on the physical natural constraints originating from the agent's embodiment. We follow the Goal-Babbling Exploration approach which consists in determining a set of techniques allowing an agent to self-generate goals, i.e. sensory configurations, and try to reach them using motor actions. Our contributions improve the SAGG-RIAC motivational model, by proposing alternative ways of structuring the exploration of the goal space. Some of our contributions have been experimentally validated within the \fimo framework we developed to this purpose and which is available online., Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude d'un modèle dédié à l'exploration et à la structuration d'espaces d'apprentissage sensorimoteur pour des systèmes artificiels. Nous appuyons notre démarche sur les notions de corps et de développement propre, auxquelles se greffe un troisième processus dit motivationnel. Cette forme de curiosité artificielle se base sur le progrès en compétence et repose ainsi sur les contraintes physiques naturelles directement issues de l'encorporation de l'agent. L'objectif de la motivation est de réguler un développement à long terme, dédié à l'apprentissage de nouvelles compétences non prévues par le concepteur. Nous inscrivons nos travaux dans la continuité de l'approche du babillage sensorimoteur dans l'espace des buts, qui consiste à déterminer un ensemble de techniques permettant à un agent de générer, selon une métrique d'intérêt, une configuration sensorielle qu'il va essayer d'atteindre par des actions motrices. Nos contributions viennent améliorer et complexifier le modèle motivationnel SAGG-RIAC, en proposant des alternatives au processus de structuration de l'espace d'exploration. Certaines de ces propositions théoriques ont été validées expérimentalement grâce à la plateforme FIMO, que nous avons développée dans cette optique, et qui est disponible en ligne.
- Published
- 2014
46. Quelle éthique médicale ? Une relecture à partir de l’hypothèse de «crowding out effect»
- Author
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Da Silva, Nicolas and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. Centre de recherche en éthique
- Subjects
Ethics ,Philosophy ,Economics ,Extrinsic motivation ,Intrinsic motivation ,Motivation extrinsèque ,Philosophie ,Motivation intrinsèque ,Économie ,Éthique - Abstract
L’avènement, en microéconomie de la santé, de la théorie de l’agence et de son corollaire en terme de régulation qu’est l’incitation, ont exclu la question du statut théorique de l’éthique médicale en la rendant dénuée d’intérêt pratique. En effet, que l’éthique soit utilitaire, (conditionnelle à la maximisation d’utilité), ou anti utilitaire (norme inconditionnelle), l’incitation est la seule politique publique pertinente. Cependant, selon nous, l’émergence d’une importante littérature en économie sur le « crowding out effect » vient redonner une place capitale au statut de l’éthique. Si les motivations sont substituables alors, l’incitation peut être contreproductive. La faible compatibilité entre théorie des motivations et théorie de l’agence renforce alors la pertinence de l’hypothèse d’éthique antiutilitaire.
- Published
- 2012
47. Adaptation et validation en langue française d'une échelle de bien-être spirituel
- Author
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Velasco, L., Rioux, Liliane, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale (LAPPS), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), and Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)
- Subjects
Psychological needs ,Intrinsic motivation ,[SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology ,Self-determination ,Psychosocial development - Abstract
International audience; This study was an investigation of the relationship between psychological need fulfillment, psychosocial development, and academic motivation in university students. Two models were tested. The 1st model, derived from developmental theories, proposed that basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness would predict identity and intimacy achievement, which would, in turn, predict academic intrinsic motivation. A 2nd model, based on self-determination theory, proposed that identity and intimacy would predict academic motivation and that this relationship would be mediated by basic psychological needs. Results from path analyses supported the model derived from self-determination theory over the model derived from developmental theories. Competence and identity were found to be the 2 constructs most strongly associated with academic motivation. These findings support the view that identity formation plays a critical role in facilitating academic motivation in university.
- Published
- 2009
48. Les salariés du secteur associatif sont-ils davantage intrinsèquement motivés que ceux du secteur privé ?
- Author
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Mathieu Narcy
- Subjects
Business and International Management ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Différentiels de salaire ,Motivation intrinsèque ,Secteur associatif ,Classification JEL L31 - D64 - J31 ,wage differentials ,JEL classification L31 - D64 - J31 ,nonprofit sector ,intrinsic motivation - Abstract
The nonprofit sector differs from the for-profit sector both in its more socially-oriented goals and in its different entrepreneurship methods. It may therefore appeal to workers whose job choices are guided by non-monetary considerations. Nonprofit organizations may thus attract more intrinsically motivated workers than for-profit firms. Our empirical analysis uses the French Labor-Force Survey. The results show that nonprofit workers – unlike for-profit workers – deliberately agree to work for lower wages than they could have obtained in the for-profit sector. These results therefore suggest that nonprofit workers report higher levels of intrinsic motivation than their for-profit counterparts., Le secteur associatif, qui se distingue du secteur privé par ses objectifs plus sociaux et par une manière d’entreprendre différente, est susceptible de séduire des travailleurs guidés par des motivations non pécuniaires dans le choix de leur activité professionnelle. Les associations seraient donc susceptibles d’attirer des salariés davantage intrinsèquement motivés que ne le font les entreprises privées. L’analyse empirique menée dans cet article utilise des données issues de plusieurs enquêtes Emploi. Elle montre que les salariés du secteur associatif, à la différence de leurs homologues du secteur privé, ont volontairement accepté des salaires en moyenne plus faibles que ceux qu’ils auraient pu percevoir au sein des entreprises privées. Elle semble donc confirmer une motivation intrinsèque plus forte chez les salariés des associations., Narcy Mathieu. Les salariés du secteur associatif sont-ils davantage intrinsèquement motivés que ceux du secteur privé ? . In: Économie & prévision, n°188, 2009-2. pp. 81-99.
- Published
- 2009
49. Expériences de laboratoire en économie et incitations monétaires
- Author
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Nathalie Etchart-Vincent, Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement (CIRED), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)
- Subjects
incitations monétaires ,05 social sciences ,contextes de pertes ,050109 social psychology ,économie expérimentale ,experimental economics,monetary incentives,intrinsic motivation,loss domain,économie expérimentale,incitations monétaires,motivation intrinsèque,contextes de pertes ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,losses ,loss domain ,JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C90 - General ,experimental economics,monetary incentives,intrinsic motivation,losses,économie expérimentale,incitations monétaires,motivation intrinsèque,contextes de pertes ,JEL: B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches/B.B4 - Economic Methodology/B.B4.B41 - Economic Methodology ,0502 economics and business ,Political Science and International Relations ,motivation intrinsèque ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,experimental economics, monetary incentives, intrinsic motivation, loss domain ,050207 economics ,experimental economics ,intrinsic motivation ,monetary incentives - Abstract
A strong positive relation is generally assumed between monetary incentives and effort on the one hand, and between effort and performance on the other hand, which legitimates the introduction of monetary incentives in economic laboratory experiments. Still, the empirical impact of incentives on effort and/or performance appears to be rather mixed or even negative. We examine the ins and outs of the debate since they all are, in a more or less radical manner, an invitation to a more pragmatic attitude towards incentives. We first show that embarrassing empirical results cannot be ascribed to an alleged inappropriateness of the incentive procedure (as regards the level of incentives or the procedure itself). We then examine the robustness of the relation between incentives, effort, and performance and elaborate upon the reasons why incentives sometimes do not enhance (or even damage) effort and/or why effort sometimes does not induce better performance (whether it be ineffective or harmful upon it). Next, we discuss the peculiar case of experimentation in the loss domain, which raises the more fundamental question of whether monetary incentives can be introduced. We finally conclude on the need of a pragmatic use of monetary incentives, depending on the very features of the experimental design (including subjects' cognitive and psycho-logical characteristics)., La mise en place d'une procédure monétaire incitative dans le cadre d'une expérience de laboratoire en économie suppose l'existence d'une relation positive étroite entre incitation et effort d'une part et entre effort et performance d'autre part. Pourtant, sur le plan empirique, l'impact des incitations monétaires sur l'effort et/ou la performance apparaît plus mitigé, voire négatif. Nous revenons ici sur un certain nombre d'arguments théoriques et empiriques avancés dans la littérature pour expliquer cet écart. Sont ainsi mis en cause le montant insuffisant des incitations, l'inadéquation des procédures incitatives utilisées, la fragilité du lien entre incitation et effort et/ou entre effort et performance, le rôle ambigu de la motivation intrinsèque. Nous nous intéressons ensuite au cas particulier de l'expérimentation dans des contextes de pertes, qui pose de manière plus fondamentale la question de l'opportunité des incitations monétaires. Nous concluons sur la nécessité d'une utilisation pragmatique de ces dernières selon la nature de l'étude envisagée.
- Published
- 2005
50. Buts d'accomplissement, stratégies d'étude, et motivation intrinsèque : présentation d'un domaine de recherche et validation française de l'échelle d'Elliot et McGregor (2001)
- Author
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Fabrizio Butera and Céline Darnon
- Subjects
External validity ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Cronbach's alpha ,English version ,Intrinsic motivation ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
Summary : Achievement goals, study strategies, and intrinsic motivation : presentation of a research field and validation of the French version of Elliot and McGregor's (2001) scale Research on achievement goals has highlighted four goals orienting students' activities in academic tasks : performance-approach (proving one's own abilities), performance-avoidance (avoiding showing incompetence), mastery-approach (trying to understand and master the task), and mastery-avoidance (avoiding misunderstanding and not mastering the task). These four goals have different effects, especially on studys strategies, and on intrinsic motivation. The first part of the article presents the research field of achievement goals. The second part presents a study validating in French Elliot and McGregor's (2001) achievement goal questionnaire comprising the above four dimensions. The translated scale was completed by 164 second-year psychology students. Factor analyses revealed a four-dimensional structure. Moreover, Cronbach's alphas showed that all sub-scales have good reliability. Finally, regression analyses provided evidence of the good external validity of the scale. Indeed, as expected, the performance-approach goal tended to predict positively surface studying. The performance-avoidance goal predicted negatively deep studying and positively surface studying and disorganization. The mastery-approach goal was a good predictor of deep studying and intrinsic motivation. Finally, the mastery-avoidance goal predicted positively disorganization and negatively intrinsic motivation. In sum, all the results obtained with the English version of the scale are reproduced here with its French version. Key words : scale, achievement goals, study strategies, intrinsic motivation., Résumé Les recherches sur les buts d'accomplissement soulignent l'existence de quatre buts qui peuvent orienter l'attention des étudiants lorsqu'ils réalisent une tâche : le but de performance-approche (démontrer ses compétences), performance-évitement (éviter de montrer ses incompétences), maîtrise-approche (comprendre et maîtriser la tâche) et maîtrise-évitement (éviter la non-maîtrise de la tâche). Ces quatre buts diffèrent quant à leurs effets sur les stratégies d'études et la motivation intrinsèque. La première partie de cet article présente le champ de recherche. La seconde présente une étude qui valide en français l'échelle d'Elliot et McGregor (2001), comprenant ces quatre buts. L'échelle traduite a été soumise à 164 étudiants de deuxième année de psychologie. Les analyses factorielles confirment une structure en quatre dimensions, et les alphas de Cronbach montrent la fiabilité des sous-échelles. Enfin, les analyses de régression démontrent la validité externe de l'échelle. En effet, les deux buts de performance (approche et évitement) prédisent l'étude de surface. Le but de performance-évitement prédit également la désorganisation, et négativement l'étude profonde. Le but de maîtrise-approche prédit l'étude profonde ainsi que la motivation intrinsèque ; le but de maîtrise-évitement la désorganisation et la motivation intrinsèque (négativement). Ces résultats reproduisent donc dans leur intégralité les résultats obtenus avec la version anglaise de l'échelle. Mots clés : échelle, buts d'accomplissement, stratégie d'étude, motivation intrinsèque., Darnon B., Butera F. Buts d'accomplissement, stratégies d'étude, et motivation intrinsèque : présentation d'un domaine de recherche et validation française de l'échelle d'Elliot et McGregor (2001). In: L'année psychologique. 2005 vol. 105, n°1. pp. 105-131.
- Published
- 2005
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