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Spinoza’s epistemology aims at the development of “adequate” and the removal of “confused” ideas. Spinoza’s theory of confusion raises many questions, however. It has often been thought that the confusion of an idea is mind-relative, such that an idea might be confused in my mind but adequate in God’s. In this paper I argue that confusion cannot be mind-relative, because an idea’s confusion is determined by what it represents and for Spinoza, ideas are individuated by their representational content. Instead, I propose that although it is possible to consider one and the same idea both adequately and confusedly, what such considerings pick up on are mind-independent features of ideas.

The article explores legal medieval iconography in its inextricable connection with the religious ideas of the time and ecclesiastical settings reflected in the canon law, theology, and hagiography. The first steps in this direction were taken only in the beginning of the 21st century, even though the iconic turn in historical research has been discussed for decades. Nevertheless, recent publications on legal medieval iconography still come from the pen of art historians, philologists, or literary critics, but not legal historians. As a result, the analysis of the content of these images is often replaced by mere descriptions. The author offers quite a different approach. Instead of studying miniatures and marginalia only as illustrations to the text to which they are formally attached, she attempts to relate the content of these images with medieval religious ideas. Such a turn of study necessitates references to ecclesiastical texts, and in each individual case, as the author accentuates, it requires a distinctly specific source. Thus, the analysis of the miniature from the “Coutumes de Toulouse” (end of the 13th c.) requires the reference to the Decretum of Gratian and the Liber sextus of Boniface VIII, according to which the artist interpreted the degradation of clerics. The marginalia from the “Coutumes de Bordeaux” (1438), which illustrates the death sentence imposed on thieves, recalls the doctrine of atonement developed by Anselm of Canterbury. The image of the Virgin Mary in the scene of fox Renard’s hanging from the Smithfield decretals (second half of the 14th c.) refers to the ideas of the parasudic procedure liberatus a suspendio, repeatedly described in Marian hagiography. The treatise of French theologian Jean Gerson “Requête pour les condamnés à mort” (end of the 14th c.) should be considered as a starting point for changing the iconography of the death penalty in the next century. In general, as the author concludes, the comparison of medieval legal images with the works of canonists, theologians and hagiographic writings allows not only to understand the deeper meaning inherent in miniatures, but also to clarify the dating of manuscripts, the principles of the artists’ work and their relations with clients. Статья посвящена проблеме современного изучения правовой средневековой иконографии. Автор отмечает, что первые шаги в этом направлении были сделаны лишь с началом XXI века, несмотря на то, что об иконографическом повороте в исторических исследованиях говорится на протяжении многих десятилетий и упоминается он уже в трудах Якоба Буркхардта, Аби Варбурга и Эрвина Панофского. Тем не менее, публикации последних лет, в которых рассматриваются иллюстрации правового содержания из средневековых юридических и иных кодексов, до сих пор выходят из-под пера искусствоведов, филологов или литературоведов, но отнюдь не историков права. Как следствие, во многих случаях анализ содержания данных изображений подменяется их описательностью. Автор статьи предлагает свой подход к данному материалу и настаивает на необходимости отказа от его изучения лишь в качестве иллюстраций к тексту того или иного письменного источника, к которому он формально прилагается. Один из вариантов изучения средневековых миниатюр и маргиналий видится автору в попытке связать их содержание с современными им религиозными представлениями людей Средневековья, отражение которых находится в сводах канонического права, авторских трактатах, популярной житийной литературе. В статье последовательно рассматривается несколько миниатюр и маргиналий, взятых как из правовых кодексов, так и из хронистики. Их сопоставление с трудами канонистов (Грациана и Бонифация VIII), теологов (Ансельма Кентерберийского и Жана Жерсона), агиографических сочинений (прежде всего марианского цикла) позволяет не только установить более точное время появления некоторых из этих изображений, но и понять, как именно работали художники, чьи заказы они исполняли, какие именно религиозные идеи нашли отражение в их иллюстрациях.

The research is based on a little-known essay by Evgeny Alexandrovich Bobrov (1867-1933), a philosopher and a remarkable representative of the Russian university professorship of the late XIX - first quarter of the XX centuries. The essay is based on a public report that Bobrov delivered at the celebrations at the Warsaw Imperial University dedicated to the centenary of Kant's death. In 1904, solemn meetings with speeches and philosophical discussions were held at Russian universities around this memorial date. The usual practice of that time was then to publish the texts of speeches in scientific journals and individual books, which provided access to the text to the general public. Thanks to this tradition, historians of philosophy have the opportunity to penetrate into the philosophical moods and thematic palette of that time around the name of Kant and his ideas. Our choice fell on the speech of E. A. Bobrov, because in his speech he shows for his listeners/readers a retrospective of the adaptation of Kant’s philosophy in the Russian universities community. Symbolically, the century after Kant’s death can rather be considered as the birth of Kantian in the Russian school of philosophy. The central part of our research is devoted to this retrospective, as it was analyzed by Russian philosophers in 1904. Who philosophers were considered supporters of Kant’s philosophy, and who stood in opposition. In the final part, we considered it appropriate to draw attention to the fact that Kantianism was actively developing in the next decade of 1904-1914. But the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 influenced the tone of philosophical discussions around Kant’s ideas. The topic of “overcoming Kantianism” becomes one of the directions in the criticism of Kant.

Desde diferentes perspectivas y poniendo bajo examen distintos objetos de estudio, los textos reunidos en este dossier se interrogan por los vínculos entre la política y las ideas en la Argentina entre 1880 y 1943. Para examinar la problemática, los artículos adoptan cuatro vías de análisis diferentes: los discursos intelectuales, el parlamento nacional, la prensa periódica y los conflictos laborales. Esta diversidad de estrategias, que conlleva el abordaje de problemas poco o nada atendidos por la historiografía, pero también la revisión crítica de interpretaciones canónicas, permite iluminar aspectos significativos de la dinámica política e institucional y sus vínculos con el debate de ideas y las transformaciones sociales de la Argentina liberal.

Students of architectural engineering, continually, deal with complicated, undefined design problems. All the time, such students keep looking for systematic organized curricula that may help them to explore and generate new ideas which could help them to tackle the challenges, and in particular the challenges and problems of internal architectural design. Relying on traditional teaching techniques hinders creativity and deprives students from exploring new ideas and trying different avenues for solving design problems. For such reasons there is a great demand for courses of internal architectural designs that can provide students with tools to develop their creative and thinking abilities. Exploring students' imagination is considered to be a very effective and valuable tool which enhances their techniques to generate new ideas and to develop creative thinking skills and strengthen the flexibility of design thinking. The aim of this study is to combine thinkertoys with design thinking in the course of forming and design basics. They are both practical and applicable techniques as effective tools for generating ideas that are usually called for to creatively solve problems pertaining to internal architectural design. The study is based on qualitative explanatory approach which combines the methods of collecting and analyzing different data. 60 students participated in the workshop. Analyzed data confirmed the positive effect of proposed techniques on the students' thinking skills and their ability to solve complicate design problems.Subjective analysis proved the presence of five important comprehensive subjects: doubtful nature, preparedness for initiatives, flexible stand, generating behavior and self criticism as auxiliary factors that may help the student to solve design problems and generate ideas.

The research is devoted to the study of the ethical origins and foundations of patriotism in the letters of the first Russian tsar John the Terrible to Prince Andrei Kurbsky. The epistolary legacy of the Russian sovereign, directed primarily to domestic and foreign policy opponents, reveals a synthesis of ethical and ideological-political overtones. John's argumentation system is based on the focus of consideration of the problem of evil and responsibility for it and is based on the Eastern Christian tradition, according to which the concepts of evil and sin are identical, and the most terrible sin is betrayal of God. It is shown that in addition to Byzantine sources, the paradigm of the ethical and political constructions of John the Terrible also includes Russian ones (“Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh, “Enlightener” and the Epistles of Joseph Volotsky, “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”), which allows us to conclude that the concept of evil of the Russian Tsar acquires a patriotic sound due to inclusion of new components in the Byzantine scheme of ideas about true evil. According to John the Terrible, the most terrible sin is treason to God, the Motherland and the tsar. The study analyzes John the Terrible's philosophical understanding of the concepts of Homeland and sovereign, acting as microcosmic and macrocosmic models, often identified with each other. The concept of the Motherland in John IV's worldview is a combination of such images as the macrocosm (a living organism), the state (empire), the Orthodox island (“third Rome” and “Holy Russia”). The sovereign of all Russia, according to the medieval thinker, combines the signs of a human and a superpersonal (the vicar of God, responsible for all his people). The mission of the Russian tsar as one of the main forms of service and protection of the Motherland is seen by John in the fight against true evil.

In the interview he gave to Marianne Doury and Théophile Robineau, Marc Angenot discusses the place of rhetoric in his work. Recalling that ancient rhetoric was essentially based on the judicial model, he emphasizes its interest, but also its limitations, in exploring the social discourse he seeks to account for. He takes up its global perspective, mobilizing ethos, pathos and logos, the combined consideration of which is necessary for an understanding of ideas and the way in which they are carried and discussed in society. But he insists on the necessity of taking account of the fact that social discourse is embedded in a more or less long-term history, which is a prerequisite for its intelligibility. Taking social discourse as the object of research also requires us to reconsider the notion of situation as traditionally understood in rhetoric, and to redefine the way we look at the question of persuasion.

La revolución científica de los siglos XVI y XVII supuso una ruptura respecto a la ciencia aristotélica y a la magia renacentista que requirió de múltiples transformaciones tanto a nivel material como filosófico. De entre ellas cabe destacar los cambios sustanciales que fueron necesarios respecto al lenguaje técnico que debía explicar los fenómenos naturales. Ciertamente, la ciencia moderna tuvo que liberarse de los conceptos heredados de las tradiciones escolástica y hermética en tanto que estos eran incapaces de cuantificar de modo útil los fenómenos, por lo que no representaban sino un lastre para la revolución científica en ciernes. En consecuencia, el nacimiento de la nueva ciencia requirió de un nuevo lenguaje de tipo matemático en el que los conceptos debían ser definidos de forma precisa y refirieran realidades perfectamente cognoscibles y explicables sin necesidad de apelar a dimensiones ocultas. El presente artículo analiza la crítica cartesiana al lenguaje escolástico y al lenguaje hermético así como los elementos fundamentales que, de acuerdo a la consideración cartesiana, debían caracterizar a un auténtico lenguaje científico para que fuera posible construir una nueva ciencia.

Openness to new ideas and practices could be characterized as a primary condition that leads teachers to innovation and it is also a key component of schools that foster teachers’ and students’ learning. However, there are not many studies that examine teachers’ openness and factors related to it, while the relationship between self-efficacy and innovation has been identified. The study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and openness to new ideas and practices. Using a quantitative approach 182 primary school teachers completed a self-reported questionnaire consisted of a self-efficacy scale and one subscale that refers to openness. The statistical analysis of the primary data showed that teachers express themselves clearly positively both in terms of their self-efficacy and their openness to new ideas, while a weak correlation was found between the two variables. The results partially confirm the findings of similar studies and demonstrate the necessity of further investigation of this specific topic and the search for organizational factors that may influence these variables.

The concepts of ideology and narrative have become popular in efforts to understand the role of ideas in radicalization to terrorism. This review finds that definitions of these concepts in terrorism research are inconsistent and seldom linked with measurement, and that references to these concepts can often be interpreted as one or more of the three dimensions of a collective action frame. These three dimensions--diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing--are relatively easy to define and measure; poll items tapping the three dimensions can track progress in the war of ideas against terrorism. Munson’s (2008) study of the anti-abortion movement in the U.S. identified four prognostic frames (politics, education, services, direct action) competing within the same anti-abortion diagnostic frame. The same four prognostic frames can be found competing within Islamist and Extreme Right movements. The distinction between diagnostic and prognostic frames leads to the suggestion that P/CVE programs should contest violent prognostic frames rather than contesting the diagnostic frames that support both violent and nonviolent prognostic frames. The review concludes with a residual puzzle: why have ideology and narrative been popular concepts in terrorism research despite their empirical weaknesses, while diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational action frames have been relatively neglected despite their empirical promise?

Scientific interest in various aspects of the family has a long history, with specialists across many academic disciplines undertaking and continuing to pursue research in this area. The recognition of scientific achievements in family pedagogy is evident in the establishment of family sciences as a distinct discipline within the framework of the Council for Scientific Excellence, now in its second term of operation (2024–2027). Notably, the Council’s Resolution of February 13, 2023, which addressed changes in the classification of disciplines and fields as specified in the regulations pursuant to Article 5 (3) of the Law on Higher Education and Science of July 20, 2018, listed pedagogy as one of the disciplines from which family sciences was separated.

¿Hay Ideas sociales en sentido marxista? La pregunta que introduce Deleuze implica pensar lo económico desde una lógica estructural animada por una epistemología de los problemas. En este artículo nos proponemos analizar el pasaje sobre las Ideas sociales en el cuarto capítulo de Diferencia y repetición. Veremos de qué manera se cumplen en la perspectiva marxista de lo social las condiciones de una estructura: la presencia de elementos indeterminados, la determinación a partir de sus relaciones recíprocas y la actualización en términos y relaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas. Para realizar la exégesis de estos conceptos nos servimos especialmente de las referencias directas e indirectas a Pour Marx y Lire Le Capital, obras clásicas del althusserianismo.

This paper analyses the complex relationship between ideas of corporatism, the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling (National Unity, NS), fascist Italy, and fascist internationalism in the 1930s. It demonstrates how the NS fused the foreign corporative model provided by fascist Italy with nativist traditions and used corporatism to its ends as a signifier for a national and international ‘new order’ on the rise, based on ideas of solidarity. The NS party manifesto from 1934 envisioned corporatism as a promising alternative to capitalist liberalism and as a solution to the parliamentary crisis. The corporatist NS program also facilitated connections between the Norwegian party and Italian Fascism, culminating in the idea of corporatism as a uniting principle of fascist internationalism in the mid-1930s. Finally, the paper discusses briefly the legacy of the corporatist NS program and its fragmentary implementation in the 1940s during the German occupation of Norway (1940-1945).

The corporatist ideas associated with the dictatorship regime of António de Oliveira Salazar (1932-1968) were prominently expressed through a set of institutions created by the State to promote social order and to govern the economy. This institutional bureaucracy was particularly dense and resilient, as it withstood various social and economic changes, including external shocks. Based on previous historiographical contributions, namely from the history of economic thought, this article explores the interaction established in the Portuguese case between the transnational dissemination of corporatist ideas and the political construction of institutions governing the economy and interests. A critical analysis of the doctrinal rhetoric of Portuguese corporatists, who always exalted the ‘national and specific’ character of Salazar’s corporatism, will help to identify forms of transnational circulation of corporatist economic ideas. More than a political economy of Portuguese corporatism, there was an emulation of foreign authors, especially Italian, and an instrumental adaptation of ideas and institutions.

La filosofía de Kant del período crítico es deudora de la metafísica que se encuentra en sus primeras obras, y en particular en aquellas de comienzos del período precrítico. Esto es así en cuanto sus primeras obras, no sólo anticipan, sino también habilitan muchos elementos que más tarde aparecerán en su filosofía madura. Sostenemos que entender el contenido de los primeros trabajos de Kant es necesario para comprender adecuadamente su filosofía natural del período crítico. En este artículo revisaremos la recepción que ha tenido el primer libro de Kant, Ideas sobre la verdadera estimación de las fuerzas vivas en la literatura clásica sobre la obra de Kant, y contribuiremos a su adeudada revalorización.

There is no doubt that Llama Muhammad Iqbal Lahori is one of the greatest bilingual poets in the Indian and Pakistani subcontinents, and Persian poetry and literature had a great influence on the development of his personality and creativity. As a result of his education in Persian poetry and literature, and his upbringing in the school of great poets such as Al-Firdosi, Wasnai, Wahafiz, and Malay, etc., Iqbal Man was able to compose beautiful songs in the form of masnavis, ghazals, and quatrains, which reflect the poet's thoughts and intellectual perceptions. Of course, Rumi had a great contribution and direct influence on Iqbal, but in this article, the focus is more on Maulvi. Therefore, the research in the poems of Iqbal shows that there are many similarities between the poems of Iqbal and Rumi, which make these two poets closer to each other. Because Iqbal was influenced by Rumi in the structure and content of the poem, and he took many of my thoughts, and the power of nature and the capacity of scholars, and expressed them in an innovative way suitable for the present era. Kan al-Mathnavi al-Rouhi by Moulana and Diwan Shams al-Ghazliat are the main references for Iqbal in reaching al-Rumi's thoughts. In this article, the theme of analyzing and evaluating the influence of Iqbal Lahori on the works and thoughts of the great poets of Iran using the method of Al-Analyz al-Maqaran. And the results obtained show that Iqbal was influenced by the great works and thoughts of Iranian poets and mystics, especially Maulana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi.

This paper discusses the concept of information formulated by Michael (Michał) Heller. Heller—a philosopher, theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and theologian—provided a complex image of information and its role in nature, which is rarely found in studies of information. Heller posited that the laws of nature may be interpreted as information, or as providing information, presenting this as a complementary view to scientific structuralism (not discussed in this paper). According to Heller, the informational content of a structure in nature is inversely proportional to that structure’s degree of freedom. The more constrained or complex a structure is, and the less likely it is to exist, the more information it contains. In Heller’s view, the concept of information in Shannon’s Theory of Communication (ToC) is inadequate for expressing the notion of information beyond a numerical measure of a signal structure. Information in Heller’s research closely aligns with the concepts of Jacquette’s and Perzanowski’s combinatorial ontology (concepts not discussed in this paper) and the general theory of information (GTI) of Mark Burgin, although Heller did not explicitly make these connections.

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This paper presents the sociological research carried out among Polish and Ukrainian students concerning the importance of family within their life. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the differences and similarities in the perception of this fundamental group unit of society. The research was conducted at a unique time, as it was during the ongoing period where Ukraine has been a country at war, in addition to the epidemic outbreak of COVID-19. It was assumed that these special circumstances as well as the cultural differences would influence the perception of marriage and family. In a threatening situation, a person can change their former value system, priorities, and the most important life goals. In addition, the observed social and cultural changes that are taking place in both countries - albeit not at the same time and to the same extent - affect the way young people see their vision of the world, and in particular in what family model they would like to spend their future, and also whether they think about starting a family at all.

En esta nota crítica se analiza el libro de José Luis Villacañas Ortega y Gasset. Una experiencia filosófica española desde la perspectiva de los aportes y rendimientos teóricos que podría contener el pensamiento de Ortega y Gasset para nuestra filosofía contemporánea. En este contexto, se identifican dos tareas filosóficas fundamentales. En primer lugar, el desarrollo de un pensamiento que esté en condiciones de superar a Husserl y Heidegger. En segundo término, la necesidad de desplegar una teoría de la vida a la altura de la complejidad de nuestra contemporaneidad.

This article is situated within the context of exploring transnationality, circulation, and mobility as methodological devices/operational concepts in analyzing artistic artifacts, artists, and knowledge in motion. It delves into the interaction between art history and the global configuration of the contemporary age, reflecting on the application of methodological proposals from the global turn in the social sciences to the analysis of artistic mobility during the early modern period. Within this broader exploration, the article delves into the multifaceted nature of the genesis of reflections that have led to the emergence of global art history as a constellated phenomenon. It argues that the questioning of paradigms and the introduction of new terminology into the discipline cannot be solely attributed to art history itself. Instead, it emphasizes the need to examine the close association between this approach and broader movements of thought and historiography. At its core, the article highlights the crucial need for reevaluating language, lexicon, and research practices within historiographical movements. It advocates for the deconstruction of existing narratives and the creation of counter-narratives through a reconsideration of the terminology employed. This process fosters imaginative exploration bringing artistic analysis closer to current debates and ongoing reformulations of research practices.

Este artigo investiga a filosofia abrangente de libertação humana de Ho Chi Minh, uma filosofia que evoluiu a partir de uma profunda compreensão e desenvolvimento dos pensamentos nacionais, orientais e ocidentais, especialmente influenciados pelos ideais marxistas-leninistas. A filosofia de Ho Chi Minh, enriquecida pelas suas actividades revolucionárias dinâmicas, é adaptada ao contexto único do Vietname e às tendências globais emergentes após a Revolução Russa de Outubro. Os autores expõem aspectos-chave da filosofia de Ho Chi Minh, explorando temas de libertação a nível nacional, de classe e humano, e abordando a libertação da opressão, exploração e escravização com o objectivo de promover o desenvolvimento humano. Além disso, o documento destaca a importância, o valor e a aplicação prática da filosofia de Ho Chi Minh pelo Partido Comunista do Vietname nos esforços de reforma em curso do país.

Do minds and ideas connect, interact, or even depend on each other, and if so, how exactly do they connect and interact? How to conceive of the mode and process of minds and ideas being in a network and connected in some way, that is, being intersubjective or social? Martin Lenz’s study Socializing Minds (2022) convincingly shows that, contrary to widespread opinion in philosophy of mind, at least some early modern philosophers, here Spinoza, Locke, and Hume, actually give a positive answer to the first question and present models that respond to the second question, thus, addressing what Lenz proposes to call ‘the contact problem’ and repudiating the idea that mentalism is necessarily bound to individualism. In this comment, I focus on a detail in Lenz’s reconstruction of Spinoza’s ‘metaphysical model’ of intersubjectivity of minds, namely the Aristotelian physical dynamism that would underlie Spinoza’s idea of the interaction of minds. While I agree that Spinoza’s model of the interaction of minds refers to the Aristotelian conception of motion, I argue that the guiding principle in natural motion is best understood not only in terms of contrariety but also in terms of complementarity. A closer reading of Aristotle’s theory of motion (kinēsis, metabolē) identifies two approaches to natural motion, one based on contrary principles, the other on complementary principles or powers (dynameis; potentiae). I suggest conceiving them as two sources for modelling natural motion and thus as two resources for a kinetic modelling of intersubjectivity and sociality. Admittedly, my proposal goes beyond Spinoza’s model of ideas in contact, and probably beyond Lenz's interpretation of that model, but it might enrich the imagination of the socialising of minds and ideas from a kinetic point of view, which, at least as I understand it, is precisely what Spinoza and Lenz thrive on.

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the independent state legislature theory, which has been the subject of interest of an ever-growing group of American constitutionalists in recent years. This theory deals primarily with state legislatures’ power – derived directly from the US Constitution – to regulate federal elections. According to its underlying premises, this fact results in the absence of any tools to control the law enacted in this area as to its compliance with a given state’s constitution. Neither the electoral administration nor the state courts can interfere with these laws. They would therefore be subject to federal courts’ review only. However, the Supreme Court, in applying the political questions doctrine, has excluded many election law matters – other than those concerning funding – from its jurisdiction. As a result, such an important part of state law – one concerning fundamental political rights – would remain without any supervision inherent in modern democracies

The History of Political Ideas by the German-American philosopher Eric Voegelin (1901-1985) is a monumental work of around 2,600 pages. It remained unpublished during his lifetime, and it came to light through the American edition (1997-1999) and the now completed Portuguese edition (2012-2018). Being the author of the first world edition of an abridged version of the History of Political Ideas ; the translator of the first three volumes of the 2012-2018 Portuguese edition; and the author of The civil philosophy of Eric Voegelin (my 1990 Ph. D diss.) I consider that the History of Political Ideas challenges the present climate of opinion: it subverts the dominant corrosive forces of moral relativism, intolerant neo-positivism, end-of-history obsessions, postmodernist deconstructions, agnosticism, nihilism, new age religions, and the all-pervasive ideology of money. Eric Voegelin achieves all this leading his readers from Antiquity to Modern Age. His monumental work begins with the “spiritual disintegration” of the Greek world, after the peak of Plato and Aristotle, a disintegration that ushered a long process of transition in the self-understanding of man in the Mediterranean world. The series goes through Middle Ages , R enaissance and Reformation as Voegelin analyzes the collapse of imperial Christianity, which led to the rise of autonomous reason and sectarian revolts that reached full development in later centuries. A new form of modern human consciousness replaced the Christian understanding of a divinely created closed cosmos. The collection ends - in a suspensive way - with “The Crisis and the Apocalypse of Man” focused on thinkers such as Comte, Bakunine and Marx; although they experienced true epiphanies, they become self-obsessed to the detriment of the world to which they refer. Such “Apocalypse of Man” must now be challenged, albeit with methodologies and hermeneutic principles other than those that Voegelin himself abandoned some decades ago.

Human is in constant change generation after generation, and the mind-conscious innovator sees new, innovative beauty through the interaction of the subconscious and involuntarily influencing the recipient using modern thinking to achieve that action. However, the strategy of unreasonable creative thinking requires searching the subconscious mind of the recipient and translating the visual experiences and relying on the impact of the visual shock, thus calling for a different visual perception that addresses the subconscious and the anti-visual familiarity when constructing the idea of advertising and reaching it into a kind of dazzling and thrilling. These have become the magic keys to postmodernism. The ads based on the unexpected irrational thought of the viewer in the vision of the advertisement, and up to some sensory tricks in the process of visual perception, have become the hallmarks of postmodernism. Hence the problem of research, which can be summarized in an attempt to answer the following question: How can you invest the unreasonable elements in the design of the ad and reach an effective response by the recipient when presenting the idea (unreasonable) so that it has visual calculations that open up new horizons in modern advertising thought?The aim of the research is to exploit the elements of imagination and imagination in the creation of design ideas based on dazzling and surprising and to reach an interactive response affecting the recipient, which has a profound impact on the overall change in the content of design thought.The research follows the inductive method of collecting information and data for the development of advertising ideas dominated by the irrational. Then the research follows the analytical descriptive method of models of various means of advertising which rely on the irrationality in the uniqueness to present the idea in a different mental way through the irrational and then follow the applied approach to designs that are not visually familiar.The study showed the effect of irrationality in modern advertising thinking on the interaction and imagination of the recipients of the advertising in an unusual manner. This vision was explored in the implementation of visual designs to employ fictional creative capabilities in the field of advertising and create a new case aimed at reaching a different visual language .

This article identifies and analyses the distinctive character of British fascist racial ideas during the interwar period. While they formulated their racial ideas upon different premises there were consistent themes that were moulded to the British context. Movements had variable levels of radicalism, different interpretations of race in the fabric of British life, and contrasting perceptions of how racial issues should be presented and exploited. These divergent discourses manifested in ideological divides within broadly accepted British nationalist themes, rather than wholly separate doctrines. Interwar British fascist racial ideas therefore not only reveal the distinctive Britishness of such concepts, but also the idiosyncratic approaches of different movements.

Resumen El artículo explora el pensamiento médico en torno al impacto de la pandemia de influenza de 1918 en México. Se analizan las ideas científicas sobre la etiología de la gripe, las cuales se reflejaron en el tipo de remedios y recetas médicas que se publicaron en la prensa y en boletines de salud. Para adentrarse en este tema profundizamos en el contexto histórico internacional dominado por la guerra. En México, años de conflictos armados a consecuencia de la Revolución agravaron las condiciones de vida de la población: hambre, tifo, viruela y otros padecimientos infecciosos se presentaron antes y durante el brote de la pandemia. El trabajo se apoya en documentación de archivo, boletines de salud, prensa de la época y bibliografía actualizada.

The process of graphoscopic identification, although seemingly simple at the first glance, usually in particular situation encountered in practice is clearly one of the most difficult in the field of forensic sciences, primarily due to the paramount importance of the dynamics reflected by the graphical paths in analysis and interpretation of the complexity of traces („of a very certain specific” L. Ionescu) represented by handwriting. The paper systematizes and analyzes ideas, but also particular issues that focus on the scientific foundations of identifying the person by handwriting analysis (including the signatures as a variety of handwriting), given a number of specific essentials that are often not understood or which are superficially understood by people who are interested in the conclusions of a graphoscopic expertise.

Dionisio de Halicarnaso, dando continuidad a unas ideas definidas ya en época de la Atenas clásica, buscó trasladar el concepto griego de autoctonía (vincular el origen de un pueblo a su tierra) al ámbito itálico a través del origen griego que reconoció al pueblo romano. Durante el período bizantino, la idea de identidad cambió y evolucionó a una identidad de tipo político o cultural. En época de la caída de Constantinopla, algunos autores intentaron conciliar esta nueva identidad con las ideas antiguas, de forma que el resultado permitiera reivindicar los orígenes griegos de la ciudad de Bizancio y de su imperio.

This research sheds light on the concepts of readymade art in contemporary sculpture, and the different methods of utilizing ready objects through selected case studies of the works of contemporary sculptors, and to show through their works how they deploy readymade or found objects in their creations. Readymade objects played a key role in changing the philosophy of contemporary sculpture and what became known as three dimensional modelling. The research deals specifically with the problem of the concept of readymade sculpture as art and that it is not limited to found objects or the deletion or addition to include assembly and modifications to create novel three dimensional artwork. In general, some artists resorted to express their ideas with ready-made media without resorting to compilation or to any modification through sculptural interventions. Others, selected objects of a certain form in a special way in order to re-employ them and modify them in new sculptural forms. Accordingly, this research aims to explore the variety of approaches involved in the utilization of ready-made and found objects in contemporary art, and to reveal to what extent did the use of readymade objects provide the artist with the means by which he or she can his or her own ideas in a novel way. The uses of readymade art were also insperabe from its role as conceptual art and in connecting art to human affairs and world culture since WWI.ProblematicThe concept of sculpture has changed over time leading to a confusion of concepts and terms. Here lies the problematic of this research which attempts to re-examine what has been traditionally referred to as “sculpture” in light on new experimentation of artistic creations under the label of “sculpture”

En este arículo se reconstruye la función cognitiva (simbólica) de las ideas estéticas en la Crítica del juicio de I. Kant. En particular, indago dos cuestiones: i) la diferencia entre ideas estéticas vinculadas con la belleza artística y las ideas estéticas asociadas a la belleza natural; ii) la indagación en torno a la riqueza contenida en belleza artística para el desarrollo del conocimiento simbólico. Se sostiene que el arte humano cumple un rol crucial en el conocimiento simbólico.

The article introduces a hitherto unaccounted source of Yesenin’s ideas about art — the work of N.V. Pokrovsky “Church archeology in connection with the history of Christian art” (Petrograd, 1916), which was in the poet’s personal library, in academic circulation. The essay examines the biographical circumstances that explain how Yesenin learned about this research and how he obtain it. The author of the article proves that traces of Yesenin’s acquaintance with Pokrovsky’s work are found in his treatise on art — “Keys of Mariya” (1918). She concludes that the poet’s ideas about the culture of Byzantium and the “baptized East” were formed, among other things, due to Pokrovsky’s research. The author proves that Yesenin’s image of a peasant hut as a symbolic temple goes back to Pokrovsky’s idea of a Russian traditional dwelling as the national architectural source of a tent temple. Pokrovsky’s description of the ornament of the Dmitrov Cathedral in Vladimir is considered as a direct source of the metaphorical comparison “ornament is music”, which opens the “Keys of Mariya.” It turns out that the important Yesenin’s idea to synthesize opposite types of art — visual and expressive — goes back, among other things, to the work of Pokrovsky.

RESUMEN El artículo propone una interpretación de la permanencia de la tesis de las ideas trasplantadas en América Latina. Para hacerlo, descentrándose de cuestiones hermenéuticas, el artículo se centra en el perfil de sus tres principales defensores – opositores, liberales e intelectuales – y en sus diferentes estrategias con respecto al liberalismo y a la modernidad. Para los primeros, las ideas liberales serían extrañas a América Latina y su intento de aplicación despertaría naturalmente resistencias. Para los segundos, las ideas liberales – que habrían sido orgánicas en Europa y en consonancia con las necesidades de la expansión del capitalismo – se habrían revelado impotentes ante la realidad de los pueblos de la región. Para los terceros, el desfase entre las ideas y la realidad sería permanente a causa de distintos procesos de encubrimiento histórico del verdadero ser de estos pueblos. Es esta heterogénea conjunción de usos muy diferentes que da cuenta de la durable seducción de la fórmula.