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Ecological concerns and the impending depletion of fossil fuels are driving the development of new bio-based, green products. Natural fibers are used increasingly as a filler or reinforcement in commercial thermoplastics due to their low cost, high specific properties and renewable nature. Agricultural byproducts and wastes are excellent alternative materials to supplement or substitute wood material as a reinforcement in composites.This comparative study focuses on the effects of the substitution of wood fiber with agro-basedfiber (barley straw) on the mechanical and physical properties of natural fiber/polypropylene composites. The studied mechanical properties are flexural strength and modulus, Brinell hardness and Charpy impact strength. Water absorption and thickness swelling are studied as physical properties. Generally, the research resultsindicate that almost all the studied properties weakened significantlyas woodwas substituted with barley straw.Ofmechanical properties, the major decrease wasobserved in hardness.However, the use of barley straw slightlyimproved impact strength.The moisture-related properties, water absorption and thickness swelling,which have a great impact on the durability of a composite material, weakened significantly.