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Abstract The article explores the (de)mobilization of the “trafficking victim” identity among Brazilian sex workers and the benefits that the counter-trafficking apparatus offers to Brazilian migrant women exploited in the sex market. In doing so, it considers their experience as much in their country of origin, Brazil, as in Portugal. Drawing on findings from ethnographic research, the article highlights the occasional and unstable mobilization of the “victim” label as a form of defense against the counter-trafficking apparatus, rather than as an instrument of recognition of rights that can substantially benefit Brazilian migrant women in the sex market.

Fuhuş, insan onuru ve eşitliğini ihlal eden, kişinin bedenini ticaret malı haline getirerek ona fiziki ve ruhi açıdan zarar veren, nesilleri kalıtsal ve ölümcül bazı hastalıklara maruz bırakabilen, aile birliği ve toplumsal düzeni olumsuz etkileyen büyük bir sorundur. Neden ve sonuçlarıyla, hukukun yanında pek çok bilim dalının inceleme konusunu oluşturan fuhuş olgusu; tarih boyunca farklı zaman ve coğrafyalarda farklı değerlendirmelere konu olmuş bir eylemdir. Günümüzde de devletlerin fuhşa dair düzenlemeleri farklılıklar içermektedir. Öncelikle İsveç’te akabinde pek çok ülkede kabul edilmiş, İskandinav veya İsveç modeli olarak anılan yaklaşım, fuhuş ve fuhuş amaçlı insan ticaretiyle mücadele kapsamında diğer ülke düzenlemelerinden ayrışan bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Modelin çıkış noktası, fuhşa aracılığın yanında, fuhuşta müşteri olmanın da suç olarak benimsenmesidir. Modeli benimseyen bazı ülkelerde fuhuş yapan kimseler de belirli koşullarla cezalandırılmaktadır. İskandinav modelinin ve uygulandığı farklı ülkelerdeki düzenlemelerin incelendiği bu çalışmada, konuya dair ülkemiz mevzuatı, öğreti görüşleri ve yargı kararlarına da yer verilmiştir. Ülkemizde fuhşa aracılığın ve fuhşun reklamının suç olarak düzenlendiği, ancak fuhuş yapanlar veya müşterilerinin cezalandırılması yönünde tercihte bulunulmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.

The present paper aims to explore the topic of the vocation of a courtesan in the 19th-century France, by analyzing memoirs of tree demi-mondaines of the time: Céleste Mogador, Cora Pearl and Rigolboche. Does such a vocation exist? If yes, how can we define this notion? The first part tries to show that prostitution isn't chosen by women because of the their inclination to debauchery, but is the result of the failed education and parental abandonment. The second part focuses on the importance of independence in the courtesan's life, as a part of their vocation, and the manner to gain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight against human trafficking is one of the key pillars of the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (ETF) decided following the 2015 Valletta Summit. Tunisia and Ivory Coast have been two recipient states of multiple funds from the ETF. While these two countries have different migration profiles, they are both considered "problematic" from a migration perspective. In addition to the high proportion of Ivorian and Tunisian nationals in the so-called irregular arrivals on European coasts, there has been a continuous increase in the number of Ivorian nationals arriving in Tunisia since 2011. Based on a 16-month ethnographic survey conducted between Tunisia and Ivory Coast, this article aims to analyse the modalities of implementation of the fight against human trafficking in the associative and humanitarian spaces of the two countries by questioning more particularly the forms of mediation and appropriation of these programmes at the local scale. After having restituted the institutional productions of the two countries in the area of human trafficking, it is shown how these programs have been produced and mediated in the two different national contexts. In Tunisia, the fight against trafficking has been translated around the narrative of the democratic transition, while in Ivory Coast, it has been built around child labour. Secondly, we examine the ways in which these programmes are implemented at the local scale, both at the scale of non-governmental organisations and at the scale of community associations. Between diversions for protection purposes and reuses in the fight against immigration, we will examine the diversity of uses of these programmes by associative and humanitarian actors. More generally, this article, while demonstrating the way in which the fight against trafficking has become a new tool of migration control, also contributes to the more general debates surrounding the logics of externalisation and internalisation of the international migration government in Africa.

This article aims to reflect on the effects of forced mobility linked to the trafficking of Nigerian women and on the responses given to them by current European policies. I refer specifically to the European system of international protection and asylum and to the role of national anti-trafficking projects, which configure trajectories which, as in the case studied, reproduce experiences of limitation over time, since they are added to the indebtedness of women themselves with the networks of trafficking. The dimension of time becomes crucial to grasp not only the control mechanisms of migrant subjectivities but above all to reveal how the people themselves react, in terms of possibilities and agency, starting from the social and cultural horizon of reference. In the contexts of European borders, such as that of the Brenner - between Italy and Austria - the expression of security and containment policies produces the phenomenon of secondary movements that place migrants in front of new complications to access the social space and recognition. For the woman protagonist of this ethnography, these obstacles are intertwined with the pressures of the trafficking networks, with the result of a multiplication of the negative effects on her life, which I intend to analyze specifically in this work.

Social media is a powerful platform for disseminating information about human trafficking regardless of regional boundaries. So it is necessary to see the role of social media in increasing public knowledge through education provided by social media platforms, one of which is how social media OURrescue to eradicate acts of human trafficking. This research will aim to see how Twitter social media in Operation Underground Railroads (Ours) increases public knowledge about the issue of human trafficking by concentrating on three main issues: Social media content, OURrescue social media account activity, and The influence of narratives in providing education related to human trafficking to the public through social media. The qualitative method is the method taken in this study which uses a data analysis approach, namely Qualitative Data Analysis Software (Q-DAS), explicitly using the Nvivo 12Plus application through qualitative descriptive. The results of this study have three main points: First, in the content dichotomy, the @OURrescue account has participated in combating human trafficking. Second, the @OURrescue account in disseminating information and education to the public still needs to be more consistent than in 2016, which was very active in social media. Third, the @OURrescue account shows the dissemination of narratives related to the fight against human trafficking and plays a role in establishing relationships with actors who often raise issues of human trafficking. Focusing on research on human rights which is analysed through Twitter social media, shows a novelty from this research.

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The mass media is a powerful and important instrument in the process of combating such a serious problem of the 21st century, as human trafficking. Covering this topic demands from representatives of journalism profession on having special experience and approaches, because it is connected with the process of difficult conversation with victims and accomplices of trafficking. It is on the one hand, but on the other hand – it is relative with intercourse with the representatives of law enforcement and power structures. Additionally, there is a row of characteristics and specifies of work with the sources of information, about which every journalist must be aware who is specializing on this topic, that was considered here. The article demonstrates the content analysis of these factors at the example of the materials of such newspapers and magazines of Russia as “Ogonyok” (“Light”), “Argumenti i fakti” (“Arguments and facts”), “Mir novostey” (“World of news”), “Migraciya XXI vek” (“Migration XXI century”) for 2009-2017 which were selected by the author.

That the crime of human trafficking constitutes the maximum violation of human dignity and represents the qualitative leap in the field of nonhuman exploitation of the individual. Therefore, efforts have been made to eliminate and limit this phenomenon by all means, including legal ones. To criminalize and punish them, and followed for that criminal policy commensurate with the degree of seriousness of the crime and its negative impact on society, and this is taken by Iraqi criminal legislation as it dealt with its provisions within the special law to combat the crime of trafficking in human beings, and this is evidenced by his followers Sia Of special and distinct in terms of criminalization and criminal punishment.

Traffickers are dynamic, fluid operators; reacting well to consumer demand, under-regulated economic sectors, and easily adapting to exploit weaknesses in prevailing laws. Corporate globalization of storefronts and extensive manufacturing supply chains have contributed to human trafficking becoming the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world. California’s legislative and social experiments are often models other governments look to for guidance. California is the first government to require businesses to disclose their anti-trafficking supply chain policies to their consumers. Under the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act of 2010 (CATSCA), large retailer sellers must conspicuously disclose on their web site their policies, if any, to detect and fight slave labor within their supply chain. This article explores the requirements of the CATSCA and will examine the legal effectiveness of the California transparency framework. Los traficantes son agentes dinámicos, de gran fluidez: reaccionan bien a la demanda de los consumidores y a los sectores económicos sin regular, y se adaptan fácilmente para explotar las debilidades de las leyes vigentes. La globalización corporativa de los comercios y de las grandes cadenas de suministro ha contribuido a que el tráfico de personas se haya convertido en el negocio criminal de crecimiento más rápido en el mundo. El gobierno de California ha sido el primero en exigir que los negocios revelen a sus clientes su política anti-tráfico. El llamado California Transparency in Supply Chains Act (CATSCA), de 2010, obliga a los mayoristas a publicar en sus sitios web, de forma preeminente, las políticas que siguen - caso de que las tengan - para detectar y combatir el trabajo en esclavitud dentro de su cadena de suministro. Este artículo explora los requisitos del CATSCA y examina la efectividad legal de las normas sobre transparencia de California. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3082186

This contribution to the special issue is a contextual interview providing an insight into the work of a senior support worker of victims of trafficking in Wales; victims who often apply for asylum at the same time as trying to recover from extreme exploitation and vulnerabilities. Some of the relevant legal provisions in England and Wales will be outlined, particularly in relation to the Modern Slavery Act 2015, to provide the reader with some key constraints both the victim and worker must adhere to stay within the law. The contextual interview also provides a picture of Albanian and Nigerian victims of trafficking and their treatment in the UK as well as a case study presented to politicians, representing a victim’s life before arriving in the UK, demonstrating her extreme vulnerabilities in her home country of Nigeria. Finally, some common threads and conclusions will be drawn out. Este artículo del número especial es una entrevista contextual que proporciona conocimiento sobre el trabajo de una asesora de víctimas de trata en Gales; víctimas que suelen solicitar asilo a la vez que intentan recuperarse de una explotación y de una vulnerabilidad extremas. Se dibujarán algunas de las provisiones jurídicas más relevantes de Inglaterra y Gales, sobre todo en lo tocante al Modern Slavery Act (2015), para que el lector conozca algunos de los imperativos legales que deben observar tanto víctimas como asesores, para permanecer dentro de la legalidad. La entrevista también retrata la situación de víctimas albanesas y nigerianas de tráfico de personas y el tratamiento que reciben en el Reino Unido, así como un estudio de caso presentado a los políticos, el cual representa la vida de una víctima antes de su llegada al Reino Unido y que demuestra las vulnerabilidades extremas que sufría en su país natal, Nigeria. Por último, se extraerán algunas conclusiones. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3096045

The presentation/paper focuses on the challenges and necessity of building capacity at local, national, and international levels with a focus of how to more effectively combat trafficking in human beings (THB). Insight from several of initiatives are shared with the aim of illustrating how to capitalize on the vast number of opportunities that already exist at these levels and how they might be coordinated to enable collaborative work in an informed and dynamic manner to combat human trafficking. Information from several recent research projects that focus on some of these same issues is also incorporated into this paper. El artículo se centra en los desafíos de la lucha contra el tráfico de personas y en la necesidad de aumentar la capacidad para ser más eficaces en ese sentido, local, nacional e internacionalmente. Nos hacemos eco de la visión de varias iniciativas, con el fin de ilustrar cómo capitalizar el gran número de oportunidades que ya existen en los ámbitos citados, y la forma en que se podrían coordinar para posibilitar la colaboración de una manera informada y dinámica para combatir la trata de personas. También se incluye en el artículo información emanada de diversos proyectos recientes de investigación sobre el tema que nos ocupa. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3086067

This contribution represents a synopsis of the discussions held over two days in plenary and groups at the Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law. The first group’s discussions centred on detailed recommendations for updating the EU Anti-Trafficking Directive with justifications from the expert groups as to the reasons for the changes, including a case study. The second group’s discussions focussed on a victim-centred approach to tackling human trafficking, outlining some of the key challenges and opportunities that could inform any changes to a new Anti-Trafficking Directive. Esta contribución representa una sinopsis de los debates que tuvieron lugar durante dos días en la reunión plenaria y en los grupos de trabajo del taller Human Trafficking: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century, en Oñati. Los debates del primer grupo giraron en torno a recomendaciones en detalle para actualizar la Directiva Europea contra la Trata de Personas, con justificaciones de los grupos de expertos sobre las razones para las modificaciones, incluyendo un estudio de caso. Los debates del segundo grupo se centraron en un enfoque cercano a las víctimas para abordar la trata de personas, destacando algunos de los desafíos y las oportunidades principales que podrán informar las modificaciones de cara a una nueva Directiva. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3098105

The Introduction begins with an outline of what human trafficking entails and the international and regional legal regime as it currently stands. It contends that human trafficking occurs across the globe, requiring international, regional and local responses that incorporate different actors, both state and non-state. The ten contributions in the special issue deal with some of the most common forms of human trafficking, including forced labour, sexual exploitation and child trafficking. The Introduction also outlines that there are many forms of human trafficking that are not as well-known but that, nevertheless, also require legal and policy responses. Some country good practice examples are provided. The Introduction also includes legal and policy proposals as agreed upon at both workshops. Esta Introducción comienza con un bosquejo de lo que implica la trata de personas, y el régimen jurídico internacional y regional de estos momentos. Argumenta que el tráfico de personas ocurre en todo el mundo, requiere una respuesta internacional, regional y local que implique a diferentes agentes, tanto estatales como externos al estado. Las diez contribuciones que forman este número monográfico tratan sobre algunas de las formas más comunes de tráfico de personas, incluyendo trabajos forzados, explotación sexual y tráfico de niños. Además, la Introducción sugiere que hay muchas formas de tráfico de personas que no son tan conocidas pero que, sin embargo, también exigen respuestas legales y políticas. Se ofrecen ejemplos de buenas prácticas por parte de algunos países. Por último, la Introducción incluye también propuestas legales y políticas que han recibido conformidad en los dos talleres que han originado este monográfico. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3081022

This study will explore the role of female authors in contemporary Scottish crime fiction. Over the past thirty years, women writers have overhauled the traditionally male dominated genre of crime fiction by writing about strong female characters who drive the plot and solve the crimes. Authors including Val McDermid, Denise Mina and Lin Anderson are just a few of the women who have challenged the expectation of gender and genre. By setting their novels in contemporary society they reflect a range of social and political issues through the lens of a female protagonist. By closely examining the female characters, both journalists, in Val McDermid’s Lindsay Gordon series and Denise Mina’s Paddy Meehan series, I wish to explore the issue of gender through these writers’ perspectives.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(1), 185-191 | European Forum Insight of 16 April 2016 | (Table of Contents) I. The context. Special attention to Operation Sophia's founding instrument: Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/778. - II. Political and Security Committee Decision (CFSP) 2016/118: what's new after Security Council resolution No 2240 (2015)? - III. Sophia and the EU in the world: international politics behind the Operation. - IV. The place of individuals in the legal framework of Operation Sophia. - V. The choice of the legal basis and some normative considerations regarding Sophia. | (Abstract) The Insight focuses on the Political and Security Committee Decision (CFSP) 2016/118 of 20 January 2016 concerning the implementation by EUNAVFOR MED operation SOPHIA of United Nations Security Council resolution 2240 (2015). It first provides the general context starting from Operation Sophia's founding instrument, Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/778 of 18 May 2015 on a European Union military operation in the Southern Central Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED). It then analyses the impact, on the Operation, of Security Council resolution No 2240 (2015), and the consequent Political and Security Committee Decision (CFSP) 2016/118 implementing the former. From a broader perspective, the insight briefly comments on the international politics behind the Operation and the role of the Union in this context. It also reflects on crucial legal issues raised by Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/778 like the place of persons captured and/or rescued on board ships participating in the Operation, the Council's choice of the legal basis and the normative dimension of the Decision.

The problem of human trafficking presents great interest not only at European level, in extra – communitary contexts, but also at international level. Through the Commission, the European Union is actively involved in all kinds of actions organized by the UNO, OSCE, the Pact for Stability in South - Eastern Europe or by the European Council. In this respect, the proposals of the Commission for the Council and the adoption by the latter of two decisions regarding the Convention of the European Council in the fight against human trafficking, become very relevant. In June 2004, the Council adopted the Decision which authorizes the Commission to negotiate, on behalf of the European Union, the convention project, for those issues which, according to the Community law, are included in the first pylon. All these matters indicate the fact that, at the European Union level, human trafficking is a highly important issue, not only in the relations between the member states, but also in relation to the terts, all due to its global nature.

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The human migrations become nowadays more complex, feminized, qualified, internationalized and individualized. The human migration process has been reaching all continents, countries, genders, social classes and generations. They are rooted in the origin of the identity, family, social, industrial, cultural and political changes, involving various fields of public and private spheres. It is possible to witness in recent decades, not only to the growth and diversification of international migration, mostly female, but also, the generalization and globalization of migrant female labor, many women migrants finding work in domestic service. The human migrations, especially the female migration, human trafficking, as well as, the social, labor and gender inequalities are the object of research and concern of the states, national and international organizations and public policies in different sectors. In this context, it is important to develop an integrated and multi/interdisciplinary approach for migration, based mainly, on human rights and appropriate public policies, recognizing migration, especially, the women migration, not only as an essential factor of development, but also, a factor of the vulnerability, discrimination and associated exploration.

The official statistics of the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine has recorded that in 2017 the number of cases of human trafficking from Ukraine increased threefold (342 cases versus 115 in 2016). Such a sharp growth of the aforementioned crime was last observed in 2005 to 2006. Today, there are no administrative and territorial districts in Ukraine from which future victims of human traffickers would not be recruited. According to criminal proceedings, about 70% of human trafficking victims are residents of large Ukrainian cities. The aim of this research is to investigate current trends of human trafficking phenomenon from Ukrainian cities and villages and to present the ways how the victims fall into slavery. The revealed trends of the human trafficking from Ukraine allow us to affirm that whereas similarity of social and demographic, moral and physiological characteristics of urban and rural residents, the second ones have a higher level of risk to become a victim of human trafficking. The results obtained allow us to develop evidence-based recommendations for the human trafficking from Ukraine decreasing as from the hole country, as rural locals, in particular. The new feature in human trafficking is a negative trend that Ukraine is changing from the country in which human trafficking victims originate into the destination country for human trafficking.

Human trafficking (especially women and young girls, though men count equally among the victims) are recently developed worldwide. The situation in certain regions of Central and Eastern Europe (with the opening of borders, increasing unemployment and poverty, dislocations and reducing state control structures) tend to favour the development of all forms of trafficking, especially of human trafficking forsexual exploitation. To adopt appropriate measures to prevent and combat we have to know first the causes and conditions that generate human beings trafficking. Analysis of case studies and police statistics allowed the structuring of categories of causes and conditions that generate and sustain the phenomenon of traffickingin order to practice prostitution.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of proactive learning in the Bulgaro-Belgian human trafficking business between 2002 and 2007 through three profiles, starting each time with a case study. The profiles and cases are the result of an in-depth study of 16 Belgian court files. The study reveals three profiles: post-violent entrepreneurship in prostitution (2002–2005), international and inter-ethnic entrepreneurship in prostitution (2004), and labour exploitation (2004–2005). Each time one can identify learning processes in the minds of the entrepreneurs when comparing their activities with those of their predecessors, as described in previous articles by the same researchers. The image that comes to the fore from our analysis is one of organisations that are successful in all sorts of ways at covering themselves against police and judicial investigations, and that at the same time in many places and many ways – both in the regions of origin and in the country in which the activities take place – manage to infiltrate the economy.

Human trafficking has become a major issue in the context of the new migration dynamics between Eastern and Western Europe. Information campaigns have been launched in several Eastern European states to inform people about the dangers connected to trafficking and to prevent it. This article analyses the nature of these campaigns and shows that they are also used to fight irregular migration, thus becoming a tool in migration control policies. It proposes a critical interpretation of the justifications for these campaigns, which stem from the ambiguities surrounding human trafficking.

Slave trade and slavery can be looked at as the first instance of the organization on a global scale of a mobile, racialized and gendered workforce that disrupted social and cultural categories of “free” and “unfree” labor, gender, sexuality and race. Looking at the long history of the entanglement between free and bonded labour renews our understanding of why trafficking human bodies and enslavement coexist alongside the post-Fordist organization of international divisions of labor.

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The European Union (EU) is an early signatory of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. During the past decade, the EU has been undertaking various measures to conform to the “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons”. The mitigating strategy has been largely based on the enforcement of existing and new laws, inside as well as outside of the EU. To date, the results have been largely ineffective. Addressing the societal and economic elements of home and host countries could be a more enduring means to alleviate the problem of trafficking in human beings.

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New forms of human trafficking are: I. Trafficking and exploitation of slaves. Trafficking human beings is one method of obtaining slaves. Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery (such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer), sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. II. Traffic flows of workers in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union, Turkey. In the case of trafficking of workers there is the sexual harassment, lack of employment contract, lack of freedom of association and the very low wages. III. Traffic by gifted people IV. Trafficking of children, eggs, embryos, adoptions, surrogate mothers, children. Child trafficking involves children around the world, both industrialized and developing countries. Children victims of trafficking are forced into prostitution are forced to marry or are illegally adopted. What is deeply troubling, in our era is the use of human bodies, biological substances, the need created by biomedical techniques, including techniques and procreative. The body is the subject of a genuine desire, first of all by those who are the beneficiaries of the market (intermediate agencies, institutes, clinics, unscrupulous doctors) and those whose applications are exacerbated by technology offerings. V. Women in sex exploitation, construction, heavy work, as children put to work or to beg. Trafficking of women and children is a reality that is both omnipresent and invisible. This invisibility has two origins, deeply rooted: the traditional view of gender inequality makes women's bodies use an object to sexual and reproductive, and the more liberal view that redefines some forms of sexual exploitation, such as prostitution as an occupation, the legitimate sale of "services" sex as a business and rebuilt the body of the woman as a consumer product. VI. The exploitation of the disabled VII. Organ trafficking, trafficking of human beings for transplants, organ transplant. The issue of organ trafficking most often refers to voluntary efforts of poor people who want the economic benefit of this medical procedure. VIII. Corneas and other organs trafficking. There is very little evidence of organ trafficking. Only journalistic sources disclose information on the subject, most often supported by the grassroots organizations. However, organs trafficking have been discovered in some European countries. IX. Internet Traffic, sex, pedo / porno graph. Organized crime has taken over the criminal market of trafficking in human beings. And most victims of human trafficking in Europe are women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation. X. Traffic through companies advertising work abroad, dating, dance bands, ballet. The exploitation of women's bodies for reproductive functions or pleasure is a recurring motif of enslavement. XI. The exploitation on the Cote d'Azur, in the biggest casinos, luxury hotels but also the seat towns in miserable places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French and Spanish language abstracts of the journal articles are offered on subjects such as organic farming, United Nations (UN) intervention and human trafficking, and language and conflict.

The article presents various abstracts related to published texts within the issue. Topics related to powers, rights and citizenship, gay parenting, and sexual trafficking of women are discussed.

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Copyright of Recherches Sociologiques et Anthropologiques is the property of Centre Recherches Sociologique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Sociologiques et Anthropologiques is the property of Centre Recherches Sociologique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)