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Responding as closely as possible to current healthcare needs and challenges calls for a constant readjustment of treatment and, consequently, of care models. Now recognized as a university discipline, nursing sciences (IS) are helping to establish nursing research as a key factor in the development and recognition of these professionals. This article explores the birth, evolution and current status of IS., (Copyright © 2024. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Radiotherapy for non-tumoral disorders has a long history. Lack of high-level evidence, therapeutic alternatives and fear of side effects (particularly radiation-induced cancer) reduced some indications to a trickle during the second half of the 20th century. Others were logically abandoned. There are two exceptions to this trend. On the one hand, some Central European countries (Germany in particular) still use radiotherapy regularly for diseases such as osteoarthritis, plantar fasciitis, chronic tendinopathies, Dupuytren's disease, etc. On the other hand, the development of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy has opened up new indications, whether cerebral (arteriovenous malformations, trigeminal neuralgia, obsessive-compulsive disorders) or cardiac (ventricular tachycardia). In this article, we present a non-exhaustive list of some indications (or rather possibilities) for radiotherapy in non-tumoral disorders in 2024.

Recent legislation in Texas effectively prohibits K-12 educators from addressing issues of racism and explicitly prevents teachers from discussing the place of racism in Chicanx relations across Texas history. University educators, and dual-credit instructors especially, must intercede if future generations of learners are going to encounter the true and complete history of border culture, colonialism, and the complex relationship that Chicanx people have with the Southern region of the United States. I argue that the use of digital archives and recovered history like the internet project Are We Good Neighbors? Mapping Discrimination Against Mexicans in 1940s Texas, which catalogs racial discrimination through individual testimony, the Library of Congress database of Mexican American documents, and Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement offer educators an opportunity to incorporate key research skills into the classroom while also establishing a linear context for liminality as a feature of identity formation in contemporary Chicanx literature. The combination of research and critical inquiry is vital to instructing students on the realities of Chicano relations and introducing them to the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, a key element of American history that is not only conspicuously absent from most K-12 curricula but also an inescapable influence on identity formation and contemporary discussions around Mexican American relations. The use of digital archives to recover and center Chicanx history is actionable on a small scale and serves as an important opportunity to resist anti-ethnic legislation in real time, a vital act of subversion that sidesteps prolonged challenges to censorship at the legislative level.

This research paper provides an exploration of the complex and reciprocal relation between identity, history, and destiny in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and Angela Carter's Wise Children. We regard these two works as exemplary in their use of magical realism, not merely as a stylistic device, but also as a powerful narrative tool that helps define the complexities of human existence. Through a comparative analysis, this paper examines how Rushdie and Carter blend the real with the fantastical to challenge conventional narratives, exploring the intricate nature of identity and the dynamic reciprocity between personal and collective histories. In Midnight's Children, Rushdie blends the life of his protagonist, Saleem Sinai, with the historical reality of postcolonial India, using magical realism to blur the boundaries between the personal and the national, the real and the imagined. The novel’s non-linear structure and fragmented narration reflect the tumultuous and often contradictory nature of postcolonial identity, illustrating how personal and national histories are intertwined and constantly evolving. The midnight's children, born at the exact moment of India’s independence, symbolize the nation’s future potential but also its inherent complexities, their supernatural abilities serving as metaphors for the highly diverse and complex nature of Indian identity. On the other hand, Angela Carter’s Wise Children explores identity using performance and theatricality, focusing on the lives of Dora and Nora Chance, the illegitimate daughters of a famous Shakespearean actor. Carter’s narrative style, characterized by its playfulness and subversive humor, uses magical realism to blur the lines between reality and performance, suggesting that identity is as much a construction and performance as any role played on stage. The Chance sisters’ improbable survival and their lives filled with theatrical performances and fantastical elements highlight the fluidity of identity and the artificiality of social constructs such as legitimacy and lineage. Children play an extremely important role in both novels, their symbolism lying at the core of both narratives. Opposing the reality of the adult world to the fantastic freedom of childhood, with its lack of imaginative boundaries, the novels question the nature of reality and our accepted worldview. This study draws on the primary literature, analyzing the two mentioned works, but also on a wide range of secondary literature, including postcolonial theory, feminist criticism, and narrative theory, to situate the analysis within broader cultural and literary contexts. Homi K. Bhabha's concept of hybridity is particularly relevant in understanding the fragmented identities in Midnight's Children, while Judith Butler's theory of performativity offers insights into the fluid identities portrayed in Wise Children. By examining the symbolic roles of children in both novels, the research highlights how Rushdie and Carter use magical realism to explore and critique the constructed nature of identity, history, and destiny. Ultimately, this study argues that magical realism in these novels is not simply a narrative style but a powerful tool for exploring the complexities of identity and history in postcolonial and feminist contexts. Midnight's Children and Wise Children both challenge the linear, teleological narratives of history and identity, offering instead a vision of reality that is many-sided, fluid, and constantly being rewritten. Through their use of magical realism, Rushdie and Carter create narratives that invite readers to question conventional understandings of the self, society, the present and the past, offering new possibilities for the ways in which we understand identity, history, and destiny.

This article aims to present some aspects regarding the critical reception of the novel Bietul Ioanide, whose subject is set in the post-war period. After circulating in typescript for a while, the publication of the novel (Editura de Stat pentru Literatură și Artă, 674 pages, 1953) sparked a wave of critical reactions among the adherents of socialist realism, followed by a veritable campaign of denigration. After the appearance of the second edition of the novel in 1965, a necessary revision of the reception of Bietul Ioanide took place, with various interpretative keys of a literary and ideological nature contributing decisively to illustrating the subtle game instituted by the novelist in a letter addressed in 1950 to Al. Piru, in which the writer asserts that in the mentioned novel, eros, not politics, is dominant. Bietul Ioanide is a problematising novel, in which G. Călinescu – starting from a historical event, namely the evolution of the Legionary Movement in Romania, in the years 1938-1941 – questions the credibility of official ideologies. Their representatives gain unlimited power by resorting to crimes and atrocities committed against humanity. At the same time, G. Călinescu abandons the prejudice regarding the intimate journal, considered by the writer to be an effeminate and egocentric creation.

This article focuses on the almost unknown novel Ben Ammar de Sevilla. Una tragedia en la España de los taifas, written by the famous medievalist Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz (d. 1984), who while paradoxically contributing greatly for the knowledge on the Muslim Iberia and its historiography, at the same time consolidated the 19th century discourses of the Reconquista and the «Hispanized» al-Andalus. The aim of this article is to study, on the one hand, how al-Andalus is depicted on Sánchez-Albornoz’s novel, and, on the other, to interpret why he wrote this book and how it blends with his general way of thinking the history of Spain and his own present. The paper argues that this novel must be read through Sánchez-Albornoz’s experience of civil war and exile, in which the problem of the unity of the Spanish people throughout its history becomes crucial in his historical thought. The Taifa period, in which the novel focuses, and the consequences of the fitna and disintegration of the Andalusi unity, are a mirror in which Sánchez-Albornoz reflects his own reality and his patriotic longings. Thus, the main characters of his novel, such as the exiled king of Seville al-Mu‘tamid, become (in)direct parallels of the author’s life. Ideas such as that of the homo hispanus, the concern for union and the avoidance of the fitna are fundamental for a global understanding of Sánchez-Albornoz’s historical proposal. These perspectives can explain the apparent contradictions in his approach on the history of al-Andalus, and can also explain how the Middle Ages consisted of a way to address his own present.

"Black Morocco", written by Professor Chouki El Hamel, sheds light on the history of slavery in North Africa. It describes the enslavement of blacks, their integration into the political system in the name of Islam, and the role of male and female slaves in Moroccan history, with an emphasis on the period of Ismail Mawlay (1672-1727). The book deals with the history of slavery and racism in Morocco, which is at the centre of the intra-African enslavement policy between the north and west of the African continent, through the relations of religion, tradition and politics. The book analyses the issue of slavery within the specific political and social structure of the continent.While "Black Morocco" reveals the reflections of a human tragedy that is thought to be a thing of the past in today's world, it also draws attention to the approach of religious scholars to slavery, race and gender issues from past to present.The book shows that the struggle for survival of peoples whose rights to life have been restricted and who have been uprooted from their social identities can be a way and a procedure to uncover the cultural codes in their memory in order to rebuild themselves.

Članak daje kritički osvrt na knjigu Dejana Đokića „A Concise History of Serbia“, objavljenoj u Velikoj Britaniji i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 2023. godine. Analizirajući Đokićevu knjigu, ovaj rad ukazuje na njene propuste, kako u metodološkom tako i u faktografskom smislu. Članak aktuelizuje pitanje na koji način savremeni Zapad sagledava istoriju Srbije.

Smallpox was an endemic, very contagious disease which caused a high mortality rate during the age of enlightenment. In order to counter act this epidemic, smallpox inoculation was developed. This technique consisted in the inoculation of infected pus taken from a sick person into a healthy one in order to prevent the risks of natural smallpox infection. It was in this context that a German doctor in charge of inoculation wrote to Kant twice in 1799, and again in 1800, to ask him if inoculation was morally permissible. Kant wrote a draft of an answer, but it was never completed or published during his lifetime. These drafts provide elements of an answer that he nevertheless refused to give explicitly in the Doctrine of Virtue (1797) where the question of the morality of inoculation remained unanswered., (© 2024 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

Infectious diseases played a key role in public health development during the 20th century and well-known western comics such as Asterix, The Adventures of Tintin and Lucky Luke are of major significance to the local collective imagination. The purpose of the present review is to establish how infectious diseases were addressed in Goscinny, Hergé and Morris's comics by systematically gathering all references to infectiology throughout the series. It emerged that many allusions to transmittable diseases could be found in The Adventures of Tintin whereas Asterix and Lucky Luke, whose historical frameworks differ from the ones of the authors, rarely mention any contagious diseases., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêt en relation avec cet article.

Hydroelectricity was born in the last decades of the nineteenth century, benefiting from the pre-existing achievements of hydraulic technologies, and taking advantage of new developments in electric generators. It has experienced a very rapid development under the pressure of growing industrial energy demand, and needs related to the development of cities. Some regions such as the Alps or the Great Lakes basin in North America have experienced rapid development since the last decade of the nineteenth century. For a long time, city–hydroelectric plant couples allowed the development of local electricity systems, until the development of interconnected networks made it possible to efficiently share the hydroelectric resource, and to guarantee its security of supply. Gradually, large rivers became the object of chain development of low-chute plants, while the middle course of these rivers were the site for large and very large dams. Many environmental, political and human problems must be taken into account in the analysis of the past and future development of hydroelectricity, which is the most abundant source of renewable electrical energy.

In their Commentary to Herodotus’ History, How and Wells (1912) comment that the ‘Story of Mycale given in H. evades detailed criticism by its slightness’ (Volume 2, 395). The other major source for information, Diodorus, also offers no more than cursory treatment of this military engagement (See Green, 2006). The superficial coverage in the ancient literature is then reflected in the evident lack of interest of modern studies in their brief assessments of the battle. Considering the very clear literary construction in Herodotus’ account (see Flower and Marincola, 2002) of what is universally regarded as a historical event, there has been too little consideration of the problems evident from a close inspection of the narrative. Moreover, since the works of Herodotus and Diodorus differ in the information they contain it is possible, as a result of a comparative reading of the texts, to advance new ideas about Mycale, the prelude to this event and of its aftermath.

The history of ketamine begins in 1962, when Calvin Stevens of the pharmaceutical laboratory Parke-Davis synthesizes it from phencyclidine, a molecule with psychodysleptic, hallucinogenic and dissociative properties. Following the first administration of ketamine to humans in 1964 in Jackson prison (Michigan, USA), its dissociative effects associated with short anaesthesia were reported, and a patent for its human use was filed in 1966. In the 1990s, the discovery of opioid-induced hyperalgesia sparked interest in ketamine as an analgesic. In recent years, the human use of ketamine, and in particular its esketamine enantiomer, has shifted towards the treatment of depression. The first cases of ketamine abuse were reported in 1992 in France, leading to special surveillance by the health authorities, and its inclusion in the list of narcotic drugs in 1997. Today, ketamine has become an attractive substance for recreational use, gradually emerging from alternative techno circles to spread to more commercial party scenes. These elements represent a public health concern, associated with the risk of developing new chemically synthesized analogues, the harmful effects of which are still little known., (Copyright © 2021 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Political fiction is a genre in which political ideas and events play a dominant role throughout the context, in the form of a literary treatment of the politics, economics, social issues and culture of a nation. Its objective is to reform wrong politics, and expose corrupt and misleading politicians. In most of his works, the political novelist addresses pressing issues such as racism, discrimination, human rights, terrorism, elections, strikes, demonstrations and unjustified wars. This article discusses 'Political Fiction' in brief as a literary genre, citing some of its definitions, historical background showing some of its main figures. It examines national symbols, fake slogans of liberty and free expression, and the alleged war on terrorism and the intervention in the affairs of other countries. Political fiction also examines political references, criticizing politics, racial discrimination, causes of terrorism, and the decline of the American Dream.يستعرض هذا المقال أحد أهم الألوان الأدبية المعاصرة وهو الأدب السياسي وتأثيره المباشر على حياة الناس وذلك من خلال تقديم نماذج أدبية تعكس الواقع والأحداث التاريخية والسياسية اليومية والتي يتم استعراضها بشكل روائي قصصي مثير وذلك للإستفادة منها في الحاضر وتفادى سلبياتها في المستقبل. ويهدف النقاد لهذا النوع الأدبي بغض النظر عن تسليط الضوء على الجوانب السياسية في كتابات الروائيين وإبراز الأساليب الأدبية التي استخدموها لنقل وجهات نظرهم المتعلقة بالأحداث السياسية التي كتبوا عنها إلى نشر الوعي السياسي لدى القارئ من خلال تلك الدراما القصصية المثيرة. وقد ركزت هذه المقالة على الأدب السياسي بشكل عام وأهم رواده، مع ذكر بعض تعريفاته ونشأته وتطوره.

The article explores legal medieval iconography in its inextricable connection with the religious ideas of the time and ecclesiastical settings reflected in the canon law, theology, and hagiography. The first steps in this direction were taken only in the beginning of the 21st century, even though the iconic turn in historical research has been discussed for decades. Nevertheless, recent publications on legal medieval iconography still come from the pen of art historians, philologists, or literary critics, but not legal historians. As a result, the analysis of the content of these images is often replaced by mere descriptions. The author offers quite a different approach. Instead of studying miniatures and marginalia only as illustrations to the text to which they are formally attached, she attempts to relate the content of these images with medieval religious ideas. Such a turn of study necessitates references to ecclesiastical texts, and in each individual case, as the author accentuates, it requires a distinctly specific source. Thus, the analysis of the miniature from the “Coutumes de Toulouse” (end of the 13th c.) requires the reference to the Decretum of Gratian and the Liber sextus of Boniface VIII, according to which the artist interpreted the degradation of clerics. The marginalia from the “Coutumes de Bordeaux” (1438), which illustrates the death sentence imposed on thieves, recalls the doctrine of atonement developed by Anselm of Canterbury. The image of the Virgin Mary in the scene of fox Renard’s hanging from the Smithfield decretals (second half of the 14th c.) refers to the ideas of the parasudic procedure liberatus a suspendio, repeatedly described in Marian hagiography. The treatise of French theologian Jean Gerson “Requête pour les condamnés à mort” (end of the 14th c.) should be considered as a starting point for changing the iconography of the death penalty in the next century. In general, as the author concludes, the comparison of medieval legal images with the works of canonists, theologians and hagiographic writings allows not only to understand the deeper meaning inherent in miniatures, but also to clarify the dating of manuscripts, the principles of the artists’ work and their relations with clients. Статья посвящена проблеме современного изучения правовой средневековой иконографии. Автор отмечает, что первые шаги в этом направлении были сделаны лишь с началом XXI века, несмотря на то, что об иконографическом повороте в исторических исследованиях говорится на протяжении многих десятилетий и упоминается он уже в трудах Якоба Буркхардта, Аби Варбурга и Эрвина Панофского. Тем не менее, публикации последних лет, в которых рассматриваются иллюстрации правового содержания из средневековых юридических и иных кодексов, до сих пор выходят из-под пера искусствоведов, филологов или литературоведов, но отнюдь не историков права. Как следствие, во многих случаях анализ содержания данных изображений подменяется их описательностью. Автор статьи предлагает свой подход к данному материалу и настаивает на необходимости отказа от его изучения лишь в качестве иллюстраций к тексту того или иного письменного источника, к которому он формально прилагается. Один из вариантов изучения средневековых миниатюр и маргиналий видится автору в попытке связать их содержание с современными им религиозными представлениями людей Средневековья, отражение которых находится в сводах канонического права, авторских трактатах, популярной житийной литературе. В статье последовательно рассматривается несколько миниатюр и маргиналий, взятых как из правовых кодексов, так и из хронистики. Их сопоставление с трудами канонистов (Грациана и Бонифация VIII), теологов (Ансельма Кентерберийского и Жана Жерсона), агиографических сочинений (прежде всего марианского цикла) позволяет не только установить более точное время появления некоторых из этих изображений, но и понять, как именно работали художники, чьи заказы они исполняли, какие именно религиозные идеи нашли отражение в их иллюстрациях.

Magnus Hirschfeld was a brilliant German doctor campaigning for the decriminalization and destigmatization of homosexuality. During the very liberal Weimar Republic (1918-1933) he published his avant-garde articles, he created his Institute of Sexual Sciences (Institut für Sexualwissenschaft), where the first published transgender surgery took place, performed on Dora Richter in 1931 (we will be interested in this first report of successful intervention) and multiplied the interventions to abolish paragraph 175, penalizing "sodomy". Ultimately the rise of Nazism forced him to flee his country and end his life in France. Hirschfeld's work remained unfinished. His political activism and his over-media coverage earned him numerous criticisms even within the gay and lesbian movement of the time. Who was this strange doctor (the Einstein of sex, as an American promoter presented him during his conferences in 1930) who combined the faults, for the time, of being at the same time Jewish, homosexual and leftist?, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

For 350 years, we have known that the human body hosts microbes, then called "animalcules". For over a century, following the demonstration of the role of some of these microbes in diseases, questions have arisen about the role of the largely predominant ones colonizing human skin and mucous surfaces, particularly the rich microbial ecosystem of the intestine, the gut microbiota. From the invention of germ-free life - axenism - which experimentally validated the human-microbe symbiosis, resulting from a long coevolution, to the development of anaerobic culture methods, then to the invention of molecular diagnosis, deep sequencing opening up metagenomic and omics approaches in general, a remarkable race has taken place between technological innovations and conceptual advances. This race, beyond the exhaustive description of the microbiota in its intra- and inter-human diversity, and the essential symbiotic functions of the microbiome, has paved the way for a new field of medicine: microbial medicine., (© 2024 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

This article delves into the previously underexplored conceptualizations of history articulated in the initiatory homilies of late fourth-century Greek catechists Cyril of Jerusalem and John Chrysostom. Grounded in their interpretation of the (Judeo-)Christian tradition, both authors conceive history as a divine narrative, constituting a coherent “history of salvation”. Metaphorically, their historical understanding can be illustrated as a spatial entity characterized through geometric imagery. A systematic analysis of their catecheses reveals that, fundamentally, both authors maintain a linear perspective on history, emphasizing divine beginning in creation and continuing through the present toward an eschatological consummation. Nonetheless, Cyril introduces more nuanced models, including cyclical depictions, notably a four-staged vision of paradise intertwined with a spiral-like conception of history. Owing seemingly to their primary objective of guiding audiences toward robust engagement with the Christian tradition and ecclesial participation, both authors refrain from addressing themes that might provoke unwarranted speculation. By presenting these insights, this article offers a novel contribution to the scholarship on late fourth-century theology of history, concurrently paving the way for historiographical exploration in modern scholarship of late antique Christian sources.

The article looks at the research methods that lie behind the film We No Longer Prefer Mountains (2022) by Palestinian artist Inas Halabi. The movie represents a counternarrative of the identity and political issues of the Druze community living in Israel, achieved from within through an immersive glimpse. The aim is to analyse the way the visual artist relies on specific methodologies (which are contextualized within the field of Palestinian studies) to build an alternative perspective on Druze history. On one side, the paper considers oral history as it is practiced in the film: a method to write history from below, to highlight the interconnections of individual and collective stories, and to exhibit forms of sumud (resistance) in everyday life. On the other, it focuses on fukeiron, a method of filming the landscape applied by Halabi to expose symbols of colonial control hidden in both natural and urban environments. Overall, the article thinks about the role that the artist can play and the way she can contribute to a militant and decolonial research from her particular position and application of specific methodologies.

This article aims to make a contribution to the problematic history of the transcendental philosophical tradition up to the present day. At the centre is the question of the continuity of transcendental philosophical research in the 20th century with regard to the situation before and after the Second World War. The decisive point of reference here is Neo-Kantianism. Canonical Neo-Kantianism research defines it on the basis of its core phase between 1895 and 1912, which it precedes with an emergence and ends with a dissolution. There is no consensus among researchers when it comes to determining and dating the emergence and end of Neo-Kantianism. However, the majority of researchers agree that the end of Neo-Kantianism was between 1918 and 1945, marking a break in this philosophical tradition. Nevertheless, there is also a research perspective that allows a post-history to follow the core phase of Neo-Kantianism. However, the term Neo-Neo-Kantianism proposed for this is rejected by the majority of research in Neo-Kantianism. Kurt Walter Zeidler and Andrej Noras have taken up research into the post-history of Neo-Kantianism in different ways. On the one hand, Zeidler makes “Post-Neo-Kantian systematics” the guiding principle of his analysis with a view to continuity within the Neo-Kantian school of realist criticism. Andrej Noras, on the other hand, interprets the ontological interpretation of Kant in the 1920s and its critique of epistemologically orientated classical Neo-Kantianism as Post-Neo-Kantianism, which he follows with Neo-Neo-Kantianism as a critique of the critique of Post-Neo-Kantianism. The two authors thus argue in favour of a continuity of the transcendental philosophical tradition in the 20th century, whereby they make the supposed end of neo-Kantianism the starting point of their investigations. In this article, the terms Neo-Kantianism, Neo-Neo-Kantianism and Post-Neo-Kantianism will be clarified and contextualised within Neo-Kantian research. On the basis of this presentation, a perspective for the transcendental philosophical systematics of the 21st century will then be developed, which productively appropriates the 20th century as its problem-historical foundation.

This article presents a spatially sensitive approach to the narratives of transformation processes, employing oral history to explore the connection between loss, emotions, and memory in the context of changing shipyard work in East Germany since 1989. The former place of work, the shipyard, serves as a central place where loss, emotions and memory condense. The method of oral history enables the subjective narration of past experiences and forms the basis for recording and analyzing narratives of experiences. Empirically, the article draws on oral history interviews with former shipyard workers to gain deeper insights into their memories, experiences and the emotional impact of the loss or impending loss of their jobs. This research contributes to understanding the social and emotional effects of transformation processes, emphasizing the importance of oral history in incorporating the subjective experiences of those affected in geographical research.

John Chrysostom’s (c. 347‑407) works are valuable for medical historians because they provide us with a first-hand insight into his health problems and the therapies he was treated with. John’s correspondence gives us a unique opportunity to assess the popularity of certain drugs and the availability of healthcare, enabling us to verify the extant medical data. In the present study we will discuss the information on Chrysostom’s illness including his mention of a medicament named polyarchion (πολυάρχιον) which had been sent to the archbishop by Carteria. On the basis of the recipes preserved in medical treatises by Galen as well as other medical data, we will introduce the main properties of the medicine and treatments in which it was administered. Having outlined the scope of its action, and having analysed the symptoms of Chrysostom’s condition described in his correspondence to Olympias, we will establish the nature of the ecclesiastic’s main ailments fully. Finally, we will also conclude on the drug’s availability in the Byzantine world and on the inclusion of drug formulas in early Byzantine medical works.

The French reception of Spinoza during the nineteenth and twentieth century shows that what we call the “reception” of a corpus must be understood in a quite different way than the word suggests. The receiver must be disposed to make use of the corpus, and this attitude is determined by the receiver’s position within the structure of the academic or intellectual field. Spinoza was received in France in the early nineteenth century because it played a strategical role in the debate about pantheism as an atheism. But the “Spinoza” that was inherited was a corpus of works, while a certain reading of it had been elaborated in another context for other goals, namely, that of German idealism. Reception is not merely passive: the receivers impose their own structure to what affects them. At first, “Spinoza” was a figure or a label that played a role in a battlefield. This is still true for what we may call (albeit not in an ontological sense) the “materialist” reception in the 1960s. Yet, it was not doomed to give a purely imaginative knowledge of “Spinoza”: a better knowledge of the corpus, international exchanges between scholars of all over the world, and history of reception itself, made a rational knowledge of Spinozism, and even a singular understanding of Spinoza, possible.

A most fascinating chapter of Armenian women’s history unfolded in France during and immediately after WWII. In 1942, led by the novelist and poet LAS (Louise Aslanian), Armenian women participants of the French Resistance founded the Fransahay Ganants Miutyun (“Union des femmes arméniennes”) in Paris. In the first two years of its existence the Union was an underground organization. While LAS was arrested a month before the liberation of Paris and died in the Ravensbrück Concentration Camp soon afterwards, her comrades decided to continue the fight though on a different platform. In November 1944 they came out of the underground and openly organized their first Central Committee. They began working on various “national” (azkayin) agendas such as the preservation of the Armenian language and culture, organization of summer camps for the children of the Armenian poor, financially assisting the families of the fallen resistance fighters, and commemorating the life of LAS, in particular by publishing her unpublished pieces. From early on the Union kept correspondence with Soviet Armenia but its ties became much firmer after Soviet Armenia’s repatriation (hayrenatartsutyun) calls in 1946. In March 1947 the Union began publishing a journal titled Hai Guine (“Armenian Woman”) which continued until 1949 and worked somewhat like a propaganda tool for what they usually called nerkaght (“in-migration”) or azkahavak (“in-gathering of the nation”). Yet dismissing this women’s journal as the mouthpiece of Stalin’s calls would not do justice to its feminist aim and content. This paper analyzes Hai Guine as a socialist feminist journal that was trans-historical and trans-national in its content and in terms of the background of its contributors.

Eric Axelson and the History of the Sixth SA Armoured Division in Italy, 1943-45

Egyptomania has influenced many domains of Western culture. Since most of the ancient Egyptian heritage falls within the architectural heritage, Egyptomania has inspired the global architectural expression. The research study the impact of Egyptomania on modern architectural history at the international and local levels. The research questions are: (a) What is the relationship between Egyptomania and the modern architectural history? (b) What is the philosophy of applying the Egyptian style? (c) What is the expressive treatment of the Egyptian revival? The research aims to monitor and document the Egyptian revival in modern architectural history. The time limitations for the research were set from the beginning of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century, which is the period of modern history. This period coinciding with the peak of Egyptomania in Western history. The research falls within the mixed research. The study depends on the quantitative survey method by studying all the remaining and documented cases that were affected by the Egyptian revival. the number of cases reached 51 international cases, and 9 local cases during the time limitations. The research follows the documentary method through the qualitative critical method to analyze the philosophy of architectural treatment and discuss the results. The important results were: (1) The philosophy of Egyptian revival in modern architectural was linked to symbolic and morphological purposes (2) The Egyptian revival depends on the revival style and the historical style with its two forms, complex and simple (3) The Egyptian revival was an attempt to rescue the Neo-classicism that was in the moribund phase.

Résumé Le dépistage est une pratique qui, en France, est souvent discutée ou évaluée par les acteurs du monde médical ; elle est abordée aussi par les chercheurs en sciences sociales, qui étudient les conditions de sa mise en œuvre, ses effets, ou encore ses dérives éventuelles. Dans une perspective sociohistorique, on se propose ici d’opérer un décentrement en s’interrogeant plutôt sur les transformations successives de cette pratique. Pour ce faire, on insistera sur le dépistage de la tuberculose, du cancer et du sida afin de faire apparaître les inflexions survenues depuis la fin du 19ème siècle et de souligner la radicale nouveauté de l’ « État dépisteur » contemporain. Abstract In France, screening is a practice often discussed and evaluated by the actors of the medical world; social scientist also address it, they study conditions for its implementation, its effects, or its possible deviations. From a social historical perspective, it is proposed here to operate a decentration by questioning rather the successive transformations of this practice. Tuberculosis, cancer and AIDS will be emphasized in order to reveal the inflexions that have occurred since the end of the 19th century and to underline the radical newness of the contemporary scouting state.

This article explores the impact of film festivals’ retrospective programming on the canons of global art cinema, wanting to contribute to a current trend in film scholarship exploring the relationship between film festivals and film histories. The argument proposed here is that, by recircling and mediating the latest film restorations and even taking ownership of specific restoration initiatives, film festivals have become key platforms for the rediscovery of so-called ‘film classics’, thus crucially contributing to shape the articulations and understanding of film histories. To this aim, the article gauges with the dynamics of cinematic rediscoveries through the theoretical prism of cultural memory studies, exploring how film festivals developed, between the early 1980s and the 1990s, a retrospective interest in the material body of the film historical past, and its preservation and restoration,acting as both arbiters and harbingers of what body of films become available once again and, eventually, studied by scholars, critics and students. By considering several institutional cases and the emergence of retrospective strands in some of the major A-list festivals, this article contends that these festivals have become essential ‘sites of passage’ to the contemporary ways of accessing and historicizing of the histories of global art cinema.

Philanthropic foundations played a crucial role in rationalizating and organizing American society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The promotion of science was applied to medical reform, leading to the advent of genuine medical research within the framework of brand-new university hospital faculties. With the two world wars, the state became heavily involved in the field of healthcare. After 1945, it became the main source of funding for biomedical research. Philanthropy did not disappear from the institutional landscape; it continued to work in tandem with public authorities. Its role in medical research is now minor in terms of funding volume, but a strategic one in the development of projects aimed at advancing basic science and knowledge of various diseases., (© 2024 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

The study presents the Russian historical-philosophical process in the context of the discovery of a new object, themes, personae, set of reactions and formation of a product for the intellectual community. The author's reliance on philosophical empirical material and appropriate hermeneutics in its processing allows the author to highlight those factors that influenced individual and collective reception. The author sees as a convenient case study the “discovery” by the Russian philosophical community of the early 20th century of both American philosophy in general and C.S. Peirce in particular. Since the beginning of the 19th century, Russian thinkers have turned their attention to American philosophy in all the diversity of its manifestations. Russian intellectuals paid special attention to American pragmatism and everything associated with it. In Russia, in addition to translations, numerous reviews of foreign publications on this topic are appearing. Of particular interest to us in the Russian “collective reflection” of American ideas is the system of preferences for ideas, texts, events, and names. The point is that what might have been a priority for a European thinker, for a Russian one turned out to be on the “periphery” of his consciousness, as well as vice versa. While James appeared among the priority figures for Russian thinkers, Peirce was in his “shadow”. Using rich empirical material, the author shows all the stages of Peirce’s image formation in the Russian intellectual community. The research shows that “image” of Peirce, which represents not so much the thinker himself, but characterizes the intellectual community that turned to him. The results of the study may be useful both for contemporary foreign and Russian interpreters of Peirce and for historians of philosophy who are rethinking the past and forming in the present new objects of reception and reflection.

Systematic surveys of marine birds from ships were first conducted by the Canadian Wildlife Service in Atlantic Canada in 1965, and then expanded to the Canadian Arctic in 1969 under PIROP (Programme intégré de recherches sur les oiseaux pélagiques). PIROP surveys ended in 1992, then resumed in 2006 under the Eastern Canada Seabirds at Sea program with an updated survey protocol. Surveys under both monitoring programs were conducted from a variety of ship types engaged in scientific, transport, and supply activities, totalling over 120 000 km within sub-Arctic and Arctic Canada waters and over a million marine birds observed, primarily northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), and dovekie (Alle alle). The data collected inform offshore ecological inquiries, environmental impact reviews, mortality estimates from accidental oil releases, and define areas in need of protection. Although surveys were designed to quantify seabird distribution within the waters of eastern Canada, the data also include sightings of non-avian taxa that are made publicly available. Long-term and large-scale monitoring programs will remain essential for assessing the status and health of Canada's marine birds, including surveys that take place at sea where these species spend most of their time.

The article compares the lives of the Evangelical Pentecostals in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia in the XX century. The study relied on archival sources, as well as foreign and domestic publications on history and religious studies. The analysis covered such aspects as genesis, developmental stages, religious policy, population, and the role of charismatic leaders, e.g., Ivan E. Voronaev, who initiated the migration from Ukraine to Western Siberia. All Pentecostal communities shared the same expansion strategy, i.e., proselytism: they gained new members by converting Evangelical Christians and Baptists. The followers of the Voronaev movement lived in Western Siberia and were reluctant to unite with the local Evangelical Christians and Baptists. They avoided official registrations and made no compromises with the authorities. The Pentecostals contradicted the official policy of Soviet states and the Polish People’s Republic. Pentecostal communities sought independence from the state, glossolalia, active missionary work, and other denomination canons.

French and Turkish societies have been in intense interaction in every field since the Ottoman Empire period. For this reason, it is important for the future of both countries that the republics of Turkey and France follow and interact with each other in the field of education as in every field. Because France has had important effects on the shaping of the Turkish education system. In this context, the developments in the field of education in France should be closely followed. In addition, the developments in France after the French Revolution of 1789 have influenced all societies on issues such as human rights and democracy and helped the concept of citizen to have its current meaning. For this reason, it is important to examine the current situation of disciplines such as Social Studies, which are directly related to human and social life, in France. However, when the relevant national literature was analyzed, it was found that there are very few studies on this subject. This situation was seen as an important gap in the national literature and it was thought that a study on the History-Geography course, which is taught in France as an equivalent of the Social Studies course, would make an important contribution to the literature. With this in mind, it was aimed to examine the History-Geography Course Curriculum being implemented in secondary schools in France. The research is a qualitative study and document analysis method was used. Descriptive analysis method was preferred in analyzing the data. As a result of the research, it was seen that the curriculum being taught in secondary schools in France consists of three parts as skills, content, learning and teaching process, the content is arranged in the form of themes and subjects, themes and subjects are arranged separately according to grade levels, and there are no target achievements in the curriculum. It has been concluded that the themes and topics related to history in the curriculum are mostly oriented towards France and European societies, considering the multicultural and cosmopolitan structure of France, the curriculum is not multicultural enough for the minority groups in France, and the geography topics are created with a more universal perspective for different regions of the world compared to history topics. In addition, it has been determined that there is no section on evaluation in the curriculum, but it is recommended to use process-oriented evaluations based on performance as well as exams in the learning-teaching process.

This article is situated within the context of exploring transnationality, circulation, and mobility as methodological devices/operational concepts in analyzing artistic artifacts, artists, and knowledge in motion. It delves into the interaction between art history and the global configuration of the contemporary age, reflecting on the application of methodological proposals from the global turn in the social sciences to the analysis of artistic mobility during the early modern period. Within this broader exploration, the article delves into the multifaceted nature of the genesis of reflections that have led to the emergence of global art history as a constellated phenomenon. It argues that the questioning of paradigms and the introduction of new terminology into the discipline cannot be solely attributed to art history itself. Instead, it emphasizes the need to examine the close association between this approach and broader movements of thought and historiography. At its core, the article highlights the crucial need for reevaluating language, lexicon, and research practices within historiographical movements. It advocates for the deconstruction of existing narratives and the creation of counter-narratives through a reconsideration of the terminology employed. This process fosters imaginative exploration bringing artistic analysis closer to current debates and ongoing reformulations of research practices.

This preface engages with the concept of echo as a creative way of generating ideas on how to assess issues in the reception history of a scripture text -- here, Galatians 6:17.

In the interview he gave to Marianne Doury and Théophile Robineau, Marc Angenot discusses the place of rhetoric in his work. Recalling that ancient rhetoric was essentially based on the judicial model, he emphasizes its interest, but also its limitations, in exploring the social discourse he seeks to account for. He takes up its global perspective, mobilizing ethos, pathos and logos, the combined consideration of which is necessary for an understanding of ideas and the way in which they are carried and discussed in society. But he insists on the necessity of taking account of the fact that social discourse is embedded in a more or less long-term history, which is a prerequisite for its intelligibility. Taking social discourse as the object of research also requires us to reconsider the notion of situation as traditionally understood in rhetoric, and to redefine the way we look at the question of persuasion.

History has remembered Joseph Banks as the explorer-botanist of the first voyage of James Cook. Yet, shortly after his return, he got elected president of the Royal Society and, for over 40 years, he then played in Great Britain an eminent role in reorganizing natural sciences and advocating an "economic botany". He actively intervened in acclimatization and varietal selection of plants and animals in Great Britain as in the future English colonies. Thus he built an intellectual environment which will promote the emergence of Charles Darwin's thoughts.

OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IN France : THE CURRENT SITUATION IN 2024. Occupational medicine has evolved since its creation in 1946. Occupational medicine services have become Occupational health services (OHS) and medical examination in nowadays only a part of their missions, which include helping the employers to perform risk assessment, patients to stay at work, and implementing health promotion in the workplaces in order to prevent disabilities. To fulfill those missions, OHS can rely on health specialists (occupational physicians and nurses) but also on a wide range of competencies, from toxicologists to ergonomists, and from psychologists to occupational hygiene specialists, all gathered in multidisciplinary teams, leaded by the occupational physician. Optimizing cooperation between general practitioners and occupational health physicians is still needed to improve the worker journey, to facilitate his ability to return to work and to ameliorate his long-term health follow-up according to his previous occupational exposures., Competing Interests: Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.

The film Midnight in Paris (2011), directed by Woody Allen, offers a singular opportunity for History teachers and researchers to reflect on their labor. There are many references, from the idea of a city as a “place of memories”, to some of the various conventions that often get confused in traditional representation of the past. The article analyzes the film under the tools of ‘Didactics of History’, adding to the debate about the diversity of forms to represent the past, but also, dilemmas and opportunities in doing so.

Based on archival sources, the article reconstructs an unknown episode in the history of the Defense Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers, which took place in 1936–1939. The question of the commission’s work completion had been raised starting in the summer of 1936. In May 1937, the act of transferring its documents was signed. The reasons for the closure were repressions, economic, redundancy of functions, and personnel problems. The consequence was a change in the position of the journal “Znamia,” which took over its duties. The range of tasks had to be expanded to justify the resumption of the activities. In the autumn of 1938, V.V. Vishnevsky and B.L. Gorbatov created a document that described a new direction of work: mobilization registration of writers and their military training depending on the group identified during the registration. The organizational meeting of the commission on the renewed composition occurred on January 25, 1939. Vishnevsky became its new head.

This article is dedicated to the remarkable figures in the education system of the Republic of Moldova, Cleopatra and Ludmila Vnorovschi, graduates of the Eparchial School for Girls. The author aims to present the significant contributions of the Vnorovschi sisters to Bessarabian education, highlighting their academic and literary activities. The article examines how these two remarkable personalities managed to adapt and thrive in a tumultuous political and social context, from the interwar period, through the Soviet regime, to the independence of the Republic of Moldova. It emphasizes the essential role of the Vnorovschi sisters in opening new educational institutions and training new teaching staff, as well as in promoting and maintaining Romanian language culture and education in Bessarabia. The article underscores that through their prolific and dedicated activity, Cleopatra and Ludmila Vnorovschi left a valuable legacy in the history of Bessarabian education, demonstrating exceptional courage and dedication to education and culture, despite the political and social challenges of their time.

Intermediality is one of the most intriguing and discussed concepts within the contemporary art world, with a rich history in aesthetics. As a modern and contemporary artistic practice has disrupted conventional boundaries and pushed the limits of perception, leading to the emergence of innovative art forms and genres and challenging our understanding of the meaning of art. Intermediality is closely intertwined with multisensoriality, enabling artists to explore the use of different media, such as sound, light, and movement, in their works, leading to a truly multimodal experience for viewers. It has the potential to transform the way we educate ourselves about various subjects, including art, in a more comprehensive and immersive manner by engaging all our senses. In this article, I aim to explore the idea of intermediality from two different angles, by analyzing and classifying certain modern and contemporary artworks into different intermediality categories, and by discussing how intermediality relates to education, particularly within the context of the Master of Art Education program at the University of Granada. The postgraduate students of this course are provided with a methodology that helps them develop innovative learning activities centered around the idea of intermediality.