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Nach aktueller Rechtsprechung ist die Begutachtung der Schuldfähigkeit und Massnahmenindikation Personen mit Facharzttitel für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie vorbehalten. Der damit verbundene Ausschluss von Psycholog:innen ist angesichts der Entwicklungen in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht gerechtfertigt. Die Autor:innen zeigen auf, unter welchen Weiterbildungsbedingungen Psycholog:innen als Sachverständige geeignet sind. -- Selon la jurisprudence actuelle, seuls des personnes détenant un titre de médecin spécialiste en psychiatrie et psychothérapie sont autorisés à réaliser les expertises en matière de responsabilité et d'indication de mesures. L'exclusion des psychologues, qui en découle, ne se justifie pas au vu des évolutions de ces dix dernières années. Les auteur·e·s démontrent les formations continues nécessaires pour que des psychologues soient apte à effectuer de telles expertises.

For any ring we propose the construction of a cover which increases the finitistic dimension on one side and decreases the finitistic dimension to zero on the opposite side. This complements recent work of Cummings.

Nel presente saggio analizzo le dinamiche di collaborazione e di co-creazione tra Edoardo Sanguineti e Luciano Berio. Esamino come da una precedente collaborazione ritenuta da Berio esteticamente fallita, il balletto-performance Esposizione, nasca, in una configurazione collaborativa cambiata, Laborintus II. Sostengo l’ipotesi che uno dei presupposti che ha favorito la riuscita estetica di Laborintus II, rifocalizzando le menti creative su aspetti assenti in Esposizione, sia stato il ruolo dei committenti dell’opera alla ORTF, che in occasione del settimo centenario della nascita di Dante hanno richiesto a Berio e Sanguineti un’opera-omaggio del poeta della Commedia. Riutilizzando i materiali di Esposizione, ma attivando un dialogo con Dante, Berio e Sanguineti riuscirono a convertire il fallimento in successo. Parole chiave: co-creazione, intermedialità, intertestualità, Dante, Ann Halprin.

Automatic inspection of castings with X-rays (radiographic and computed tomography) is widespread for parts that are relevant for safety or have high quality requirements. Examples in the automotive sector are aluminum wheels, chassis parts and new parts within the electric power train. Those parts are automatically inspected, which means that both the image acquisition and the evaluation of the images is done fully automatically. Today, in most industrial implementations, the generated data with a size up to several gigabytes per part is summarized to a simple good or bad decision, according to specification. All other data is dismissed, although this information can be valuable to optimize production processes and thus minimize rejects. This contribution gives an overview about the results of the project Cast Control, which is a collaboration of Fraunhofer Development Center for X-ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Center for Applied Research on Supply Chain Services SCS and industry partner RONAL GROUP. RONAL GROUP is a major aluminum wheel manufacturer, mainly for the OEM market. Within the project we combined serial production data from the low pressure die casting process from a foundry of the RONAL GROUP with the data generated in the automatic X-ray inspection. After collecting a large base of sample data, we were able train a neural network for the prediction of error metrics obtained by X-ray inspection. We apply a combination of layer-wise relevance propagation and dimensionality reduction to find correlations between data of the casting machines (process and sensor) and the characteristics of anomalies detected during X-ray inspection. With this information, it is possible to adjust the casting process in an early stage – even before rejects are produced. This enables the foundry to reduce their rejects rate, which saves costs and energy and results in a better competitivenessin a better competitiveness.

Marianne Thamm’s memoir Hitler, Verwoerd, Mandela and Me provides an interesting take on adoption: the adoption of an immigrant by a destination country and vice versa. This paper investigates Thamm’s navigation of the geographic, social, and linguistic spaces as an immigrant in Apartheid-era South Africa, and how it aids in creating her cognitive-affective map. To do so, the cognitive-affective map of adopting a new country, as well as of being adopted by a country, is applied twofold. Thamm meaningfully engages in two narrative strands (Singley, 2011) often found in adoption memoirs. These strands focus on the adoptee as being unadoptable, and as being part of a new beginnings narrative. Regarding the first strand, Thamm reflects on immigrants' 'unadoptability' in their new country, exposing normative prejudices, injustices, and ideologies in the process. Further, she uses her agency as a journalist in an effort to expose how this 'unadoptability' extends to the Black population in Apartheid South Africa. As for the second strand, her representation of herself, as the country's adoptee, enables her to take part in a new beginnings narrative, and to show how she takes agency and admits culpability in the need for this narrative to be created. In other words, Thamm admits that her passive resistance to the apartheid regime does not make her innocent to the injustices committed against the oppressed; as a white person, albeit a marginalized immigrant, she enjoys the privilege that accompanies her race during the regime. Finally, Thamm undertakes what can be classified as an adoption reunion journey to Europe, which further shapes her cognitive-affective maps and navigation of South African spaces as an immigrant. She reflects on how, after Apartheid, South Africa adopted back those it rejected under the regime.

Recent studies focused on the shear behaviour of clay-structure interfaces have shown the importance of the shearing rate on the strength of these interfaces. In normally-consolidated clays, increasing the shearing rate results in a decrease in the interface strength, while the trend is opposite in heavily overconsolidated clays. While analytical and empirical interpretation methods indicate that the generation of shear-induced excess pore pressures are responsible for theaforementioned trends, experiments with pore water pressure measurements at the clay-structure interface are rare. In this paper, we first describe a modified interface shear box testing setup that is equipped with a pore water pressure sensor. For this equipment, the fully rough structural surface was manufactured with a port at the centre of the clay-surface interface to measure the pore water pressure. We present the results of undrained clay-structure interface tests on normally consolidated (NC) and overconsolidated (OC) specimens of kaolin clay. The results agree with the expectations, where the NC specimens generate excess pore pressures with greater magnitudes and heavily OC specimens generate negative excess pore pressures. Measurements of the pore water pressures allow calculating vertical effective stresses, which can be used to investigate the effective stress paths followed by the clay-structure interface during the tests. This paper also provides a comparison of the measured values of beta and adhesion factors with previously published results and relationships used for the design of deep foundations.

Resumo O artigo tem como proposta uma discussão sobre relações raciais no campo da segurança pública, tendo como fio condutor uma pesquisa de campo realizada no estado da Paraíba, no decorrer dos anos de 2019 e 2020. Aqui problematizamos um dos eixos analíticos construídos ao longo do estudo, denominado políticas de inimizade. Nele, além de fazermos uma discussão sobre branquitude e necropolítica, apontamos para a necessidade de pensarmos sobre a existência de um fazer morrer, quando os marcadores raça e juventudes se interseccionam no campo da segurança pública. Apoiadas em estudiosos e estudiosas como Achille Mbembe, Michel Foucault, Maria Aparecida Silva Bento, Michel Misse, entre outros, é que buscamos problematizar os múltiplos afluentes que seguem construindo estratégias de morte e de vida de forma desigual no cenário brasileiro.

Resumo Este artigo trata centralmente da questão do direito à educação, tendo como autor principal Anísio Teixeira, que tomou para si o problema das desigualdades definidoras dos papéis sociais atribuídos historicamente aos brasileiros, resultando em privilégios. Nesse ordenamento fenomênico, a educação se encontra comprometida com o espelhamento desse estado de injustiça, fato que poderia ser desconstruído pelo fortalecimento da escola pública e de qualidade, promovida por uma pedagogia renovadora. A partir de John Dewey, Teixeira viu-se inspirado pelas ideias do progressivismo, animando-se para promover as transformações necessárias para a passagem de uma sociedade arcaica para outra modernizadora. Paulo Freire ocupou-se de problemas semelhantes, mas sugeriu uma pedagogia que pudesse libertar os indivíduos das condições opressivas, cujo mecanismo escolar da educação bancária contribuía para a realização da dominação. Vendo conexões entre esses autores, que pretenderam impulsionar o desenvolvimento por ações pedagógicas inovadoras, fundamentamo-nos nas obras desses intelectuais que permitiram a discussão, o aprofundamento e as conexões entre o direito à educação e a democracia.

The article investigates the motifs of hunting and wilderness in the Norwegian novelist Trygve Gulbranssens Bjørndal Trilogy – Og bakom synger skogene (1933), published in English as Beyond Sing the Woods; Det blåser fra Dauingfjell (1934) and Ingen vei går utenom (1935), collectively translated under the English title The Wind from the Mountains. The books have been translated into over 30 languages and sold more than 12 million copies. There are however hardly any literary studies of the novels. The article argues that the critique of modernity in the Bjørndal Trilogy might not only be seen as regressive nationalism, but as dealing with human interactions with nature in a way that has ecocritical potentials.

Given a tilting object of the derived category of an abelian category of finite global dimension, we give (under suitable finiteness conditions) a bound for the global dimension of its endomorphism ring.

Osmia (Melanosmia) uncinata Gerstäcker is a Palaearctic megachilid bee distributed from temperate and northern Europe eastwards to the Russian Far East. The discovery of over 80 nests in Switzerland, southern Germany and Scotland enabled for the first time a closer investigation of its nesting biology and prompted the assessment of the species’ phenology, distribution and habitat. O. uncinata nested in self-excavated burrows inside the bark of both living trunks and dead stumps of Pinus sylvestris. The nests were excavated at a height of 10–220 cm above ground either on the underside of prominences of longitudinal bark ribs or inside beetle borings and extended more or less vertically upwards. They consisted of a single straight to slightly curved burrow with rarely one to three side burrows, had a total length of 1.2–12.0 cm and contained 1–6 brood cells. The brood cells, which faced downwards with the larval provisions being located in the upper cell half, were separated from each other by one-layered walls of chewed leaves (“leaf pulp”). The nests were sealed with a plug of 2–4 closely adjacent walls of leaf pulp. DNA metabarcoding of cell and plug walls revealed that Potentilla and Fragaria (Rosaceae) served as leaf pulp sources. Pre-imaginal mortality amounted to 77%, partly caused by brood parasites such as Sapyga similis (Sapygidae) and Cacoxenus indagator (Drosophilidae) or predators such as snakeflies (Raphidioptera). At low elevations, O. uncinata needs one year for its development and overwinters as imago inside the nest, whereas in the subalpine zone of the Alps it has a two-year cycle passing the first winter as prepupa and the second winter as imago. O. uncinata starts to emerge between the end of March at low elevations and the end of May at higher elevations qualifying as an early flying bee like the other European O. (Melanosmia) species. The distribution of O. uncinata in Central Europe and Scotland largely coincides with the occurrence of P. sylvestris. As in the pine, it extends over a wide altitudinal range from below 100 m up to 1900 m a.s.l. and encompasses dry and wet as well as warm and cold habitats including open pine forests, inner and outer forest edges dominated by pine and isolated pine groups. At a few locations in the subalpine zone of the Alps, O. uncinata occurs in the absence of P. sylvestris; here, the thick bark of Larix decidua serves as a substitute nesting substrate.

In his novels, from his debut in 1917 and unto his last novel in 1973, the Norwegian author Mikkjel Fønhus writes about what is in the periphery of our attention: the wilderness and the wild animals. Technology has done that a direct contact with nature is no longer necessary for us: what we relate to is more and more social and cultural practices. Fønhus investigates non-human perception and shows us how we share, or should share, the landscape with non-domestic animals.

Die Vernetzung von Computern bewirkt die Entstehung eines Netzes aus Texten und, als Folge davon, sozialen Netzen von Nutzern dieser Texte als Schreibern und Lesern. Netzwerke sprachlicher Objekte gab und gibt es zwar auch ohne Digitalisierung und Vernetzung, jedoch weniger umfangreich und wesentlich schwerer, möglicherweise gar nicht in großer Menge analysierbar. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit den verschiedenen Typen sprachlicher Netzwerke: Textgeweben, Interaktionsnetzwerken und sozialen Netzwerken. Es werden zentrale Begrifflichkeiten der Netzwerkanalyse erläutert und anhand von Beispielen gezeigt, wie sprachliche Kommunikation auf der Grundlage der Methoden der Netzwerkanalyse aus einer anderen, neuen Perspektive betrachtet werden kann.

O propósito deste artigo é mostrar como se deu a passagem das intenções iniciais à criação literária digital e-Imigraçõesapresentando-a como um work in progresse não como ela pode ser lida já pronta (em https://www.editorainverso.com.br/livro-digital[1]). De certo modo, isso pode ser entendido como a tradução dinâmica de um esquema inicial abstrato em uma criação que aos poucos vai-se tornando concreta.. Quando de sua construção, a primeira dificuldade com que deparamos foi o fato de ela pôr em diálogo três diferentes linguagens (a das histórias-em-quadrinhos, a da poesia verbal e a da programação computacional). Isso representou a ameaça constante de criarmos não uma, mas três obras distintas que não dialogariam minimamente entre si. Em termos de método de criação, esse é o primeiro obstáculo a ser enfrentado, é a primeira ação a ser encetada em qualquer criação literária digital. Para discutir essas questões que surgiram ao longo da criação de e-Imigrações, neste artigo exploramos a documentação técnica e criativa por trás da obra. Com isso, tornamos públicas as fontes primárias, por assim dizer, que estão na gênese de nossa criação. [1]É fundamental que se navegue pela obra, antes de ler este artigo.

Il saggio legge il romanzo di Sanguineti Il Giuoco dell’Oca attraverso un nuovo focus: la medialità. Vi si dimostra come, anche senza includere alcuna immagine materiale, esso funzioni come fototesto, anzi costituisca un fototesto di livello potenziato: articolandosi in una serie ecfrastica, mettendo in scena tensioni riflessive tra lingua e immagine, simulando persino il modo di percezione dell’obiettivo fotografico. Attraverso le immagini, Sanguineti contesta non solo i modi narrativi convenzionali, ma spinge la sua sperimentazione anche oltre le avanguardie francesi con le quali dialoga, da Breton ai contemporanei Robbe-Grillet e Sollers. Keywords: narratività, intermedialità, fotografia, Nouveau roman, Tel Quel.

Osmia (Melanosmia) nigriventris (Zetterstedt) is a predominantly boreoalpine megachilid bee species, whose biology is poorly known due to its pronounced rarity all over Central Europe. The discovery of 19 nests in the Grisons and Valais (Switzerland) allowed for the investigation of its nesting biology and prompted the assessment of the species’ host-plant spectrum, phenology and distribution. All nests were in thick bark pieces of Larix decidua, which lay in grassy vegetation on sun-exposed ground of open subalpine forests dominated by larch. The nests contained 1–26 brood cells constructed within one to several burrows tunneled out by the female bees with their specialized mandibles, which are distinctly stronger than those of related O. (Melanosmia) species known to nest in preexisting cavities or loose soil. The linearly arranged brood cells were separated from each other by three-layered partitions consisting of an interlayer of densely packed small bark particles sandwiched between two thin layers of chewed green leaves (“leaf pulp”). DNA metabarcoding of several nest plugs revealed that Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Helianthemum (Cistaceae) served as source of the leaf pulp. Anthrax anthrax (Bombyliidae) and Sapyga similis (Sapygidae) parasitized the brood cells of O. nigriventris as shown by DNA barcoding of prepupae overwintering in the host’s nests. O. nigriventris is mesolectic and harvests pollen almost exclusively on Fabaceae (e.g. Lotus, Hippocrepis), Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Vaccinium) and Cistaceae (Helianthemum). Depending on the altitude, O. nigriventris emerges from the beginning of May to the first decade of June and thus qualifies as an early flying bee active in spring and early summer similar to the other European O. (Melanosmia) species. It likely needs two years for its development in the subalpine zone of the Alps and overwinters as prepupa in the first and probably as imago in the second winter. O. nigriventris has a Holarctic distribution, its disjunct Palaearctic range encompasses the boreal zone from Scandinavia eastwards to the Russian Far East, the Caucausus, the Alps as well as scattered locations at lower altitudes throughout Central Europe, where it is regarded as a glacial relict and has probably suffered strong declines during the last decades.

Zusammenfassung Die Erforschung und Beschreibung mikroskopischer Organismen durch Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg ist durch seine publizierten Texte und Kupfertafeln in den „Infusionsthierchen“, der „Mikrogeologie“ sowie aus Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften überliefert. Zentrale Bedeutung haben seine Zeichenblätter, anfangs alleinige Dokumentation, später komplementiert durch tausende mikroskopischer Dauerpräparate rezenter und fossiler Kieselschalen sowie getrockneter Einzeller. Alle Originalmaterialien Ehrenbergs stehen für die aktuelle Forschung in der Ehrenbergsammlung zur Verfügung. Seine detailgenauen Zeichnungen dienten der Erstbeschreibung einer Vielzahl neuer Arten aus allen Weltteilen. Biogeografische und ökologische Fragestellungen, Beschreibungen von Lebenszyklen sowie außerordentliche Phänomene wie die Färbung von Gewässern und Erden wurden mithilfe zeichnerischer Analysen bearbeitet. Abstract Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg researched and described microscopic organisms and passed this knowledge on through his published texts and copper engravings in his two books “Infusionsthierchen” and “Mikrogeologie”, in addition to his many papers in the “Abhandlungen” of the “Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin”. Of central importance are his drawing sheets which were his sole documentation in the beginning. Later they were complemented by thousands of dried permanent microscopical preparations of recent and fossil diatom valves and other dried unicelled organisms. All his original materials are available in the Ehrenberg Collection for study. His detailed drawings served as the first description of a multitude of new species from around the world. Biogeographical and ecological questions, description of life cycles as well as extraordinary phenomena such as the coloring of waters and soils were treated by him through his drawings. Resumen Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg investigó y describió miles de microorganismos y transmitió este conocimiento a través de sus textos publicados y placas de cobre en sus dos libros “Infusionsthierchen” y “Mikrogeologie”, además de sus numerosos artículos en los “Abhandlungen” de la “Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlín”. Sus dibujos son de importancia central y que fueron inicialmente su única documentación. Posteriormente se complementan con miles de preparaciones microscópicas permanentes entre otas, de frústulas de diatomeas fósiles y recientes. Su material original está disponible para la investigación en la Colección de Ehrenberg. Sus dibujos detallados sirvieron como la primera descripción de una multitud de nuevas especies de todo el mundo. Temas biogeográficos y ecológicos, la descripción de los ciclos de vida, así como fenómenos extraordinarios como la coloración de aguas y suelos, fueron tratados por él a través de sus dibujos.

Background: Globally there is a move to adopt competency-based medical education (CBME) at all levels of the medical training system. Implementation of a complex intervention such as CBME represents a marked paradigm shift involving multiple stakeholders. Methods: This article aims to share tips, based on review of the available literature and the authors’ experiences, that may help educators implementing CBME to more easily navigate this major undertaking and avoid “black ice” pitfalls that educators may encounter. Results: Careful planning prior to, during and post implementation will help programs transition successfully to CBME. Involvement of key stakeholders, such as trainees, teaching faculty, residency training committee members, and the program administrator, prior to and throughout implementation of CBME is critical. Careful and selective choice of key design elements including Entrustable Professional Activities, assessments and appropriate use of direct observation will enhance successful uptake of CBME. Pilot testing may help engage faculty and learners and identify logistical issues that may hinder implementation. Academic advisors, use of curriculum maps, and identifying and leveraging local resources may help facilitate implementation. Planned evaluation of CBME is important to ensure choices made during the design and implementation of CBME result in the desired outcomes. Conclusion: Although the transition to CBME is challenging, successful implementation can be facilitated by careful design and strategic planning.

School fires are causes of concern in many countries. Although most of these fires are minor in terms of heat release rate, the amount of smoke produced can be substantial and cause significant damage beyond the room of origin. Currently, Norwegian schools have a wide spread of different ventilation strategies and systems, and building owners struggle with how to test, maintain and keep them fire safe. A systematic survey of fire incidences and ventilation strategies in schools for three municipalities in Norway was done to gain better insights into fire safety in schools. The results indicated that the place of origin is often in locker rooms/toilets, kitchen, or outdoors, and the fires were usually deliberately set. For non-arson fires, electrical failure was the most common cause. The majority of the fire incidences were small but would often result in smoke damage and spread of soot in the building, leading to high restoration costs for the local municipality. A lack of documentation of the fire safety and the function of the ventilation system was also identified, indicating a need for improved routines and systems for registering fire incidences and documentation of the technical systems.

A novel range hood (NRH) consisting of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter circulation component and exhaust component was designed to improve indoor air quality. The HEPA filter circulation component with an airflow rate of 72 l/s was used to remove the particulate matter generated by cooking activities and return filtered clean air to the room. The exhaust component was used to reject both particulate matter and other indoor air pollutants to the outdoors. Field measurements were carried out in an open kitchen of a two-floor residential house. The total occupied zone was about 160 m³ with a living area of 64 m2 (including an open kitchen) and a height of 2.5 m. Frying bacon that can generate a large number of particles of different sizes was used to simulate the daily cooking activities. Four operating conditions of the NRH were studied, i.e. 38 l/s exhaust airflow rate with the HEPA circulation on and off, and 78 l/s exhaust airflow rate with the HEPA circulation on and off. The concentration of PM0.1 count, PM2.5 mass, and PM10 mass were measured during measurements. The HEPA filter circulation part of the NRH can dramatically reduce the concentration of all sizes of particles generated by cooking activities. By combining the HEPA filter circulation component, the NRH can separately reduce the concentration of PM0.1, PM2.5, PM10 by up to 91.9%, 95.7%, 94.6% compared to that when only running the exhaust part.

Hoplitis robusta (Nylander) is a rare and poorly known osmiine bee species occurring in the subalpine zone of the Alps. The discovery of two nests of H. robusta in a thin branch of a dead fallen spruce on a sunny clearing of a subalpine spruce forest allowed the investigation of the nest architecture, the analysis of the larval diet and the assessment of the nest building material. X-raying, computed tomography and subsequent dissection of the nest branch revealed that the nests were built in L-shaped pupation tunnels of cerambycid beetles, which were probably cleaned from wood debris by the female bees with the aid of their large and powerful mandibles after nest site selection. The two nests contained five and six linearly arranged brood cells separated from each other by thin partitions built from masticated green leaves (“leaf pulp”). They were sealed at their opening by a thick plug consisting of several successive layers of leaf pulp constructed immediately behind each other. Microscopical analysis of the larval provisions of eight brood cells and of 41 pollen loads of females from museum and private collections showed that H. robusta exhibits a strong preference for the pollen of Potentilla (Rosaceae). Based on field observations, DNA metabarcoding of one nest plug and stereomicroscopic analysis of the leaf pulp matrix, Potentilla was also identified as an important source for the leaf pulp needed for nest construction, rendering H. robusta one of the few bee species known to collect floral resources and nest building material from the very same plant.

O gás de folhelho, popularmente conhecido como gás de “xisto”, obtido por meio de fraturamento hidráulico, teve seu aproveitamento previsto na 12ª Rodada de Licitações da Agência Nacional do Petróleo – ANP (28/09/2013), que mencionou a possibilidade da exploração dos combustíveis não convencionais. Porém, essa inclusão na oferta dos blocos, sem qualquer discussão prévia de regulamentação específica quanto aos seus conhecidos riscos e impactos ambientais, deflagrou o ingresso de ações judiciais que suspenderam os efeitos do processo de licitação. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a judicialização do conflito decorrente da inclusão da exploração do gás de folhelho nos blocos oferecidos na região da Bacia Geológica do Paraná, situados nos estados do Paraná e São Paulo. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa fundamentada na análise documental da literatura especializada e da jurisprudência dos Tribunais Regionais Federais (TRF) da quarta e terceira região. A judicialização desse conflito ocorreu por falhas no processo de governança ambiental do poder público. Criou-se um cenário favorável para essa judicialização devido ao atropelo de etapas legais. Ao se impor à sociedade, de forma unilateral, uma exploração controvertida sem um quadro regulatório ou embasamentos técnicos robustos, o judiciário surgiu como alternativa viável na busca de sua segurança ambiental.

Cet article discute comment on peut enseigner la grammaire française aux apprenants non francophones. Il part d’une conviction fondamentale exprimée dans le slogan : mieux on comprend, mieux on apprend. L’essentiel est de transmettre aux étudiants l’amour de la grammaire, car on apprend (et comprend) difficilement sans motivation. Dans la première partie, l’auteur présente brièvement ses visions et ses choix méthodologiques. Dans la deuxième, il illustre la méthode par la présentation de quatre exemples : l’analyse syntaxique, les déterminants, la position de l’adjectif épithète, les connecteurs. Enfin, il en tire quelques conclusions.

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Based on an omnibus likelihood ratio test statistic for the equality of several variance-covariance matrices following the complex Wishart distribution and a factorization of this test statistic with associated p-values, change analysis in a time series of multilook polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data in the covariance matrix representation is carried out. The omnibus test statistic and its factorization detect if and when change occurs. Using airborne EMISAR and spaceborne RADARSAT-2 data, this article focuses on change detection based on the p-values, on visualization of change at pixel as well as segment level, and on computer software.

In linguistics, more specifically in the field of lexical semantics, a lot of attention has been given to polysemy and homonymy. The identification of and distinction between polysemy and homonymy should not be regarded as unproblematic. The lexicographic practice has traditional ways of presenting and treating polysemy and homonymy. This paper focuses on approaches in both linguistics and lexicography to polysemy and homonymy. Examples from the lexicographic practice are given. It is then shown that that the traditional lexicographic presentation and treatment of homonymy and polysemy in dictionaries with a text reception function, does not really assist the users adequately in their search to find the appropriate meaning of an unfamiliar linguistic expression. It is shown that different dictionaries often have the same lemma selection but not the same selection of polysemes. It is important that a dictionary should correctly coordinate a meaning and a specific linguistic expression. Consequently, a new approach is suggested for the presentation and treatment of homonymy and polysemy. Negotiating criticism expressed in both linguistics and lexicography, it is proposed that the lexicographic practice, in the case of dictionaries for text reception, should abolish the traditional distinction between homonyms as well as the presentation of the different senses of a polysemous word in a single article. Each meaning, whether the only meaning of a lexical item or one of any number of different senses, should be the only item giving the meaning in an article.

Resumo Este artigo inscreve-se na possibilidade de pensar e provocar alguns ditos recorrentes em pesquisas científicas voltadas à educação ambiental. Para isso, analisamos 121 produções científicas que se voltam para os fundamentos epistemológicos, filosóficos, políticos e educacionais do seu campo de saber, a partir da perspectiva crítica. Como aporte teórico-metodológico, utilizamos três ferramentas presentes em diferentes obras de Michel Foucault. São elas: (i) suposição de que os universais não existem, (ii) problematização, e (iii) documentos vistos como monumentos. Com a realização deste estudo foi possível problematizar a potência que a interdisciplinaridade, a emancipação social e a transformação social possuem na formação do campo da educação ambiental.

Wiegand (1984) introduced dictionary criticism as a formal component of a general theory of lexicography. Since then many scholars have focused on various aspects of dictionary criticism. In this article a distinction is made between two major types of dictionary criticism, i.e. the review of metalexicographical literature and the review of dictionaries. In the review of dictionaries different types can be identified, i.e. a short discussion without a critical evaluation, a more comprehensive review, a review article, reaction to a review or a review article, a peer review and the evaluation of a dictionary as a part of a bigger metalexicographical contribution. This article gives a brief discussion of the scope of dictionary criticism and looks at some criteria for dictionary reviews before focusing on aspects of dictionary reviews in the Scandinavian journal of lexicography LexicoNordica and the South African lexicography journal Lexikos. A comparison is made between the reviews in these two journals, identifying striking similarities and differences. It is also shown that the reviews in Lexikos frequently refer to topics that are not as relevant to LexicoNordica. This is due to the fact that dictionaries reflect something of the linguistic and cultural environment where they are published. Proposals are made to enhance the quality of reviews in Lexikos and to help ensure a stronger theoretical approach to reviews as a genre that elevates the metalexicographic discourse and improves the dictionary culture of a given community.

A generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles by of aqueous solutions of electrolytes was carried out. Two electrolysis modifications was study: electrolysis without a membrane to production of oxygen and hydrogen and membrane electrolysis with separation of catholyte and anolyte. The influence of the model conditions of the experiment such as electrolyte pH, concentration, and current density and the distribution of bubble sizes and gas holdup in the column are discussed. An inverse dependence of the hydrogen bubbles diameter in the catholyte medium on the current density and a direct dependence on the concentration of electrolytes are experimentally investigated. The oxygen bubbles tend to become larger with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration in anolyte medium. In electrolysis without a membrane, bubbles become smaller with increasing current density and decreasing the electrolyte concentration.

The paper shows the results of studies on the identification of noble-metal mineralization in various components of ash and slag formations: underburning, aluminosilicate microspheres, initial ash (fed to the magnetic separation of the technological section of Primorsk SDPP), magnetic and non-magnetic fractions – using analytical and mineralogical methods, electronic microscopy. An integrated approach made it possible to reliably establish significant concentrations of gold, to identify the factors of technological persistence of anthropogenic materials. All products contain free gold grains ranging in size from 50 to 230 micrometers and microscopic inclusions of 0.5-20 microns. The content of free grains of gold is from 0.4 to 1.37 mg / kg. The gold is pure or with an admixture of silver (up to 17% of the mass). Depending on the research materials, gold contains variable inclusions of magnetite, ilmenite, quartz, glass, amphiboles, pyroxenes, clay minerals, and carbonaceous formations. Gold grains have complex structure and morphology. Micronized inclusions, usually rounded, also contain an admixture of silver.

The increasing need for energy storage technology has led to a massive interest in novel energy storage methods. The energy geomembrane system is such a novel energy storage method. The concept of the system is briefly introduced, and a holistic numerical model of the system is presented. The model uses advanced finite-element techniques to model the energy storage system using fluid cavity elements. The developed geomembrane energy system is modelled with different constitutive models to represent the soil behaviour: a linear elastic model, a nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb model, and a hypoplastic constitutive model. The consequences of these different models on the results are studied. Hereby, the focus is the first inflation and deflation cycle of the system.

Property damage and vandalism through illegal graffiti can be found worldwide. As graffiti increased, so did the interest in proper removal and the possibilities of a high-quality protection system. Anti- graffiti systems (AGS) can be used to protect objects and buildings from damage caused by graffiti. At present, AGS is still recommended for use in unspecified areas for plastics, metal, wood, brick, concrete and natural stone. In practice, it has turned out that no AGS is suitable for all surfaces. A specific reference to surface quality and properties is missing. For graffiti protection, however, the surface properties are of particular importance. They influence the liability of the AGS on the one hand and the removability of the graffiti on the other. This study is intended to demonstrate the extent to which concrete types and surfaces influence the functionality and durability of permanent AGS. This paper presents first results of practical tests on 180 concrete test specimens after currently one year of outdoor weathering. The results from three years of weathering are to be used to conclude the study for the development of an evaluation concept. Matching surfaces and AGS, with focus on the surface properties should be defined.

The aim of this study was to characterize serotypes, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns, and plasmid profiles of 55 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates in different matrices from 77 pork outlets in Kampala, Uganda. Seven different serovars were identified, namely Enteritidis (60%), Offa (10.9%), Gallinarum (7.3%), Arechavaleta (monophasic) (7.3%), Zanzibar (7.3%), Kampala (5.4%), and Saintpaul (1.8%). Most isolates were obtained from raw pork (40.0%), followed by flies (27.3%), raw vegetables (18.2%), water (12.7%), and roasted pork (1.8%). All but one of the isolates (98%) showed resistance to at least one of the 22 antimicrobials tested, with highest levels of resistance expressed to cefazolin (95%), and cefotaxime (93%). Intermediate resistance was found to ciprofloxacin (58%), chloramphenicol (58%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (56%). Most isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin (75%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80%), and ofloxacin (96%). Characterization of strains by PCR based replicon typing detected the presence of FIA, FIB, FIC, HI1, HI2, I1-1y, L/M, N, P, W, T, A/C, K, B/O, X, Y, F and FIIA replicons. Six replicon groups (FIA, W, FIC, FIB, P, and Y) were identified in 53 of the 55 (96.4%) isolates with more than one group existing among 42 different isolates. Although the average number of replicon groups per strain was low (2.6), phenotypical resistance rates remained high implying that some strains seemed to encode resistance on the chromosome or undetected plasmids, respectively. Potential drivers in livestock production and human medicine, and sources of antimicrobial resistance need to be identified to protect public health in Uganda.

El artículo se sitúa en el marco teórico de la Teoría Funcional de la Lexicografía al defender que un diccionario, por ejemplo el diccionario español de definiciones que presentamos, es una herramienta de información diseñada para ayudar a un usuario tipo, por ejemplo un ser humano o un programa informático, a solucionar un problema de comprensión en una situación de recepción, es decir, cuando está leyendo o escuchando un mensaje. Este diccionario tiene alrededor de 80.000 entradas y es un integrante de un portal lexicográfico con objetivos comerciales, Diccionarios Valladolid-UVa, financiado y diseñado por el esfuerzo conjunto de varios investigadores de las universidades de Valladolid y Aarhus y de la empresa danesa Odbogen A/S. El diccionario soluciona una de las lagunas observadas en la lexicografía española en donde no hay diccionarios de definiciones sino diccionarios generales definitorios, y para ello defiende ideas novedosas como son las siguientes: (a) la discusión sobre la naturaleza del significado está fuera del ámbito de la lexicografía; (b) los datos lexicográficos deben ser correctos, pero “correcto” no es lo mismo que “verdadero” en lexicografía; (c) la selección de los datos lexicográficos a incluir en el diccionario debe estar basada en las necesidades del usuario evitando en todo momento la sobre carga informativa; (d) un diccionario de internet como el diccionario español de definiciones es un diccionario dinámico con artículos dinámicos necesarios para favorecer el proceso de individualización que se configura como “el Santo Grial” de la lexicografía de internet; (e) para poder hacer este tipo de diccionarios hay que diseñar ex profeso los tres componentes básicos de un diccionario de internet, a saber, la base de datos lexicográfica o editor, el motor de búsqueda y la interfaz del diccionario. Los paquetes informático comerciales existentes en la actualidad no permiten la flexibilidad necesaria para el desarrollo de diccionarios dinámicos.

Einleitung der Herausgeber zum Beiheft

In the information society, it is much easier for someone to find relevant data if s/he has an information need because of the availability of databases and electronic information tools. In information science this topic is usually treated under the topic information behaviour. In lexicography the term access process is used (Bergenholtz and Gouws 2010). It can be shown that this process beginning with the "origin of the problem" leading to an "information source usage situation" contains different parts, and that each part contains different phases, with the pre-consultation phase and the intra-consultant phase containing different steps. The most important concepts here are the access route and the access time. In this paper some experiments in two case studies are described to show how different access processes in different user situations take place.

Maurice Barrès is a geographical thinker: His texts are built around places and spaces, and they are structured by movements in space and by the changing of places. The names of cities, rivers and regions carry a semantic weight and are bestowed with an evocative power equalled only by certain toponyms in Proust. This geographical thinking is a constant in Barrès’s work, and it takes on many functions. In the present article, I examine the role of the East within his system of thought. The semantics and the valuations of this cardinal direction are fluctuating in Barrès’s texts: Barrès’s East often wears a menacing Pickelhaube or an alluring veil, defines and divides Europe, is, at the same time, a promise of joy and a menace of horror. First, I define Barrès’s particular concept of geography, blending locational and mental properties. I then analyse various manifestations of the East in his works: how the formative voyage is generally a voyage to the East; how the East can paradoxically be found in the West; how, because of its ‘Easternness’, Germany is excluded from Europe. In a last section, I examine Barrès’s last major work, Un Jardin sur l’Oronte (1922), set in the Middle East at he time of the crusades, and show how the view from the East seems to be subverting Barrès’s – and not only his – categories.

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