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This paper focuses on the early sixteenth-century epistemic logic developed by John Mair’s circle and discusses iterated epistemic modalities, epistemic closure and Bradwardinian semantics related to the logic of epistemic statements. These topics are addressed as part of setting up and solving epistemic sophisms based on traditional scenarios which can be traced back to fourteenth-century British epistemic logic. While the ultimate source for the debate appears to be the second chapter of William Heytesbury’s Regule solvendi sophismata, the immediate source is the Italian editorial, commentarial and philosophical tradition, notably Paul of Venice and Cajetan of Thiene.

Effective wildlife management requires accurate and timely information on conservation status and trends, and knowledge of the factors driving population change. Reliable monitoring of wildlife population health, including disease, body condition, and population trends and demographics, is central to achieving this, but conventional scientific monitoring alone is often not sufficient. Combining different approaches and knowledge types can provide a more holistic understanding than conventional science alone and can bridge gaps in scientific monitoring in remote and sparsely populated areas. Inclusion of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is core to the wildlife co-management mandate of the Canadian territories and is usually included through consultation and engagement processes. We propose a status assessment framework that provides a systematic and transparent approach to including TEK, as well as local ecological knowledge (LEK), in the design, implementation, and interpretation of wildlife conservation status assessments. Drawing on a community-based monitoring program for muskoxen and caribou in northern Canada, we describe how scientific knowledge and TEK/LEK, documented through conventional monitoring, hunter-based sampling, or qualitative methods, can be brought together to inform indicators of wildlife health within our proposed assessment framework. Atuttiaqtut angutikhat aulatauni piyalgit nalaumayumik piyarakittumiklu tuhagakhat nunguttailininut qanuritni pitquhitlu, ilihimanilu pityutit pipkaqni amigaitnit alanguqni. Naahuriyaulat munarini angutikhat amigaitni aaniaqtailini, ilautitlugit aaniarutit, timai qanuritnit, amigaitnitlu pitquhit hiamaumanilu, atugauniqhauyut pitaqninut una, kihimik atuqtauvaktut naunaiyaiyit munariyauni kihimik amihuni naamangitmata. Ilaliutyaqni allatqit pityuhit ilihimanitlu qanuritni piqarutaulat tamatkiumaniqhanik kangiqhimani atuqtauvaktuniunganit naunaiyaiyit munarinit ahiniittut akuttuyunik amigaitni inait. Ilaliutyaqni pitquhit uumatyutit ilihimani (TEK) qitqanittut angutikhat aulaqataunit havariyaqaqtai tapkuat Kanatamiuni nunatagauyut ilaliutivakniqhatlu atuqhugit uqaqatigikni piqataunilu pityuhiit. Uuktutigiyavut qanuritnia naunaiyaqni havagut piqaqtitiyuq havagutikhainik hatqiumanilu pityuhit ilautitlugit Pitquhit Uumatyutit Ilihimanit (TEK), tapkualuttauq nunalikni uumatyutit ilihimanit (LEK), hanatyuhikhaini, atuqpaliani, tukiliuqnilu angutikhat nunguttailini qanuritnit naunaiyaqni. Pivigiplugit nunaliuyuningaqtut munaqhityutit havagutit umingmaknut tuktutlu ukiuqtaqtuani Kanata, unnirtuqtavut qanuq naunaiyaiyit ilihimani tapkuatlu TEK/LEK, titiqhimani atuqhugit atuqtauvaktut munaqhityutaunit, angunahuaqtumingaqtut naunaiyagat, uvaluniit nakuuninut pityuhit, atauttimuktaulat tuhaqhitninut naunaipkutat angutikhat tahamani uuktutauyuq naunaiyaqni havagutai.

Este artigo apresenta o conceito de mundo da vida e a sua contribuição-chave para uma teoria da cultura e da comunicação. Inicialmente desenvolvido pelo filósofo Edmund Husserl, o conceito foi aprimorado pelo filósofo e sociólogo austro-americano Alfred Schutz e adotado mais tarde por teorias consagradas, como as de Peter Berger e Thomas Luckmann no projeto de um construtivismo social, assim como por Jürgen Habermas no agir comunicativo como fundamento da razão, o que destaca a importância de tal empreendimento. O texto conceitua o mundo da vida como interface entre a teoria da comunicação e da cultura.

Post-history and postmodernity. Two key philosophical concepts of critical culture and of contemporary analysis of media and of technical images by Vilém Flusser - Vilém Flusser ́s well-known concept of pós-história (post-history), used for the first time in 1967 and benaming a book from 1982, is not identical with postmodernity, the concept developed by Jean-François Lyotard in 1979, that became quite popular in the early eighties. Nevertheless, after visiting the inaugural exposition of the Centre Pompidou in Paris in 1985 on new technologies, organized by Lyotard, Flusser integrated the concept of postmodernity into his theory. The three published articles on the topic did not receive propper attention. The relevance for communication theory is also provided by the fact that Lyotard ́s exhibition, as an underlying structure, made use of Lasswell ́s famous formula (Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?). This enriches Flusser ́s reflections on new technologies by an additional aspect.

Ein Recht ist ein Gut. Und als solches hat es einen Wert bzw. einen Preis. Selbiges, so die zentrale Annahme des vorliegenden Buches, gilt auch für das Recht, über Migration zu entscheiden. Wer jedoch soll dieses Recht bekommen? Die Zielstaaten, die Herkunftsstaaten oder die Migrierenden? Was auf den ersten Blick wie eine recht unübliche Frage wirkt – sind es doch traditionell immer die Zielstaaten, die in ihrer Souveränität über die Zulassung von Migration entscheiden –, ist bei näherem Betrachten nicht so offenkundig. Ist es denn überhaupt sinnvoll, dass eben diese Zielstaaten dieses Recht quasi automatisch zugeteilt bekommen?

Este artigo pretende discutir a tríade comunicação, racionalidade e experiência estética no contexto do Lebenswelt (mundo-da-vida), que é essencial para a condição social do ser humano e sua cultura. Enquanto a racionalidade tem sido um dos grandes temas da filosofia desde o início da antiguidade grega – e o termo latim ratio traduz, em conjunto com oratio, o grego λόγος(lógos) -, a atenção dada à comunicação e à experiência estética, como em Alfred Schütz e William James, é mais recente, assim como a racionalidade comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas. O texto tenta desenvolver enfrentamentos e uma discussão entre esses autores e outros como John Dewey, Ernst Cassirer e Vilém Flusser, baseada numa perspectiva pragmatista e fenomenológica do Lebenswelt, que é visto como uma rede produzida pelas trocas simbólicas e comunicativas.

The aim in this study is to reflect on the impasses that exist in the relationship between the Portuguese teacher and the literary reading. To accomplish such intention, the methodology of this work is done through a theoretical discussion using many authors who address issues related to the nature and function of literary texts, the concept of reading and reader, beyond the way in which it seeks to work these texts in the classroom. It also addresses the impasses posed by the relationship between teacher and Portuguese literary text. It’s possible to notice that these impasses experienced by Portuguese teacher with regard to the literary text are two: the balance between fickle nature of literature and school bureaucracy; possible reader insufficient training of the teacher as reader that leads to assume a metalinguistic posture when it uses literary texts in the classroom.

Este artigo aborda aspectos pontuais da escalada de abstração das mídias apresentada na obra de Vilém Flusser a partir da imagem técnica, conceito que engloba os diferentes tipos de imagens que são marcas de culturas midiatizadas. Para isso, traçamos uma linha evolutiva da xilogravura como imagem técnica dentro do contexto midiático brasileiro, analisando sua produção imagética desde a concepção artesanal, passando pela perda dos suportes tradicionais, até a imersão de suas imagens em meios eletrônicos e digitais.

(Primeiras linhas do texto) "Las Casas pôde estar em Valladolid em 1550 para confrontar-se com Sepúlveda porque tinha regressado à Espanha pela última vez em 1547 com a idade de setenta e três anos, depois de quase meio século de experiência com negócios indígenas, cujo climax foram seus serviços como bispo de Chiapa no Sul do México (...)"

Vilém Flusser´s well-known concept of pós-história (post-history), used for the first time in 1967 and benaming a book from 1982, is not identical with postmodernity, the concept developed by Jean-François Lyotard in 1979, that became quite popular in the early eighties. Nevertheless, after visiting the inaugural exposition of the Centre Pompidou in Paris in 1985 on new technologies, organized by Lyotard, Flusser integrated the concept of postmodernity into his theory. The three published articles on the topic did not receive propper attention. The relevance for communication theory is also provided by the fact that Lyotard´s exhibition, as an underlying structure, made use of Lasswell´s famous formula (Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?). This enriches Flusser´s reflections on new technologies by an additional aspect.

Este artigo trata da “comunicologia”, ciência da mí­dia e da comunicação, de Vilém Flusser, um dos pioneiros dessa área no Brasil, criador do primeiro curso da comunicação em São Paulo na década de 60. Apresenta a sua história biográfica e institucional, as linhas de influência intelectual assim como um panorama teórico e caracterí­sticas da sua obra, sendo estas cunhadas pela semiótica, fenomenologia e cibernética. Palavras-chave teoria da comunicação, comunicologia, Vilém Flusser Abstract This article is about the so-called “communicology”, science of media and communication, as developed by Vilém Flusser, one of the pioneers of this area in Brazil, who also founded the first course in communications in São Paulo in the 1960s. After presenting his biographical and institutional history, the lines of intellectual influence are sketched and an overview of his theory as well as characteristics of his work are presented, these being coined by semiotics, phenomenology and cybernetics. Key words communication theory, communicology, Vilém Flusser

In readin g th e historica l literatur e o n th e Renaissanc e an d th e Reformation, on e get s th e impressio n tha t Spai n an d Portuga l ha d relatively littl e t o offer , an d tha t theolog y particularl y wa s a learne d enterprise tha t flourishe d onl y i n certai n soils , particularl y thos e nea r Rome. America n experienc e an d American problems receive d almos t no attentio n a t th e Counci l o f Tren t (1545-1563) , tha t grea t ecume - nical gathering of bishops which was probabl y the mos t thoroughgoing reform in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Th e Council was principally concerned t o launch a theological attack on the Protestants , and the powerfu l Jesuit s ha d no t ye t develope d muc h interes t i n Ne w World problems.

(Conclusão) "TODOS OS POVOS DO MUNDO SÃO HOMENS" .

(Primeiras linhas do texto) "Escritos recentes, sôbre a conquista espanhola da América bem ilustram o velho axioma que o trabalho do historiador nunca está pronto e que a história do passado precisa ser constantemente revista. (...)"

Johann Eck (1486–1543) has been introduced to modern scholarship as a prominent figure of the pre-Tridentine Counter-Reformation. As part of the curricular transformations of the University of Ingolstadt, he wrote commentaries on logical and scientific works by Aristotle and Peter of Spain. Utilising a variety of sources, the two volumes dedicated to physics and natural philosophy published in 1518 and 1519 were self-contained textbooks including annotated translations of the texts and quaestio-commentaries. These developed the doctrines of the Oxford Calculators mediated through Continental sources, reproducing their conceptual and mathematical apparatus, including the famous middle degree theorem and Bradwardine’s law.