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This report aims to show the results of the second excavation campaign at Dvin/Dabīl (Armenia), conducted by the Italian-Armenian research group in Autumn 2022. The excavations involved three areas in distinct sectors of the city: the southern portion of the Lower Fortress, where the 2021 square was deepened and enlarged; the so-called ‘Market’ area, where the 2021 excavations were expanded and a micro-stratigraphic trench was opened; the area southeast of the central district, where an exploratory trench was dug to investigate the archaeological evidence at the site of the future building of the Dvin Museum. Additionally, the last paragraph shows the chemical analysis of pottery samples carried out between 2021 and 2022.

This paper aims to show the preliminary results of the first excavation campaign at Dvin/Dabīl (Armenia), conducted by the Italian-Armenian research group in Autumn 2021. The excavations involved two areas in distinct sectors of the city. While the Armenian team re-opened the investigation in the so-called Market, the Italian group opened a new digging area in the south portion of the citadel, the South Tower area. Preliminary documentation of the material contexts and laboratory analysis of ceramic samples were included in this mission. Chemical analysis of pottery aims to define the origin of the raw materials used and, hopefully, provide some information about the places of production.

Introduction. Tartrazine is an azofood additive widely used in the pharmaceu-cal, cosmetic, food, and other industries. Objective. To assess the effects of tartrazine on the attitude to move and to eat, and histological changes in digestive, and renal sys-tem, after an acute treatment on a biological model the snail Helix aspersa. Material and Methods. Snails were exposed orally, and by contact to flour contaminated with this dye for 24 hours. Adult snails were divided into two groups of 20 animals each. The control group fed flour alone. The experimental group was administered orally with flour treated with tartrazine (200mg/g flour). Results. The observation of behaviour revealed inhibitory effects of tartrazine on locomotion, and nutrition of snails. Histolo-gical examination of intestines, hepatopancreas, and kidney of treated animals showed altered tissue structures, with advanced degeneration of digestive tubules, connective tissue, and smooth muscle fibers of the walls surrounding the three organs, in response to tartrazine, compared to controls. Conclusion. This study suggests that acute exposure to tartrazine may lead to disorders in locomotor, and nutritional behavior, in addition to tissue alterations. Therefore, this study on behavior, supported by histological changes in H. Aspersa can be used as potential biomarkers of exposure to other azodyes.|Introduction. La tartrazine est un additif alimentaire azoïque largement utilisé dans les industries pharmaceutique, cosmétique, alimentaire et autres. Objectif. Evaluer les effets de la tartrazine sur l’attitude à se déplacer et à se nourrir et les altérations histologiques au niveau de l’appareil digestif et rénal, après un traitement aigu, sur un modèle biologique l’escargot Helix aspersa. Matériel et Méthodes. Les escargots ont été exposés par voie orale et par contact à la farine contaminée par ce colorant pendant 24 heures. Ils sont répartis en deux groupes de 20 animaux chacun. Le groupe témoin a été nourri avec de la farine seule et le groupe expérimental avec de la farine traitée à la tartrazine (200mg/g de farine). Résultats. L’observation du comportement a révélé des effets inhibiteurs de la tartrazine sur la locomotion et la nutrition des escargots. Dans un 2ème temps, l’examen histologique des intestins, de l’hépatopancréas et des reins des animaux traités a montré des structures tissulaires altérées avec une dégénérescence avancée des tubules digestifs, du tissu conjonctif et des fibres musculaires lisses des parois entourant les trois organes par rapport aux témoins. Conclusion. Cette étude suggère qu’une exposition aiguë à la tartrazine peut entraîner des troubles du compor-tement (locomoteur et nutritif), en plus des lésions tissulaires. Par conséquent, l’étude du comportement, appuyée par l’examen des altérations histologiques chez H. aspersa peuvent être utilisés comme des biomarqueurs potentiels d’exposition à d'autres colorants azoïques.]

Tigranakert in Artsakh was founded at the end of 90s BC by the Armenian King Tigranes II the Great (95–55 BC) and in the Early Christian period continued to play a role of an important military-administrative and religious center. As аresult of excavations the Early Christian square of the Central district with two churches, remains of a monumental stela witha cross, as well as an Early Christian underground reliquary and a graveyard were unearthed. The sepulchre-reliquary was opened under the floor of the small church of early Christian Square. It has only the eastern entrance. As had been shown by further excavations Saint Grigoris’s sepulchre-reliquary in Amaras also had an eastern entrance. Saint Stephanos’s reliquary in Vachar also has only an eastern entrance. All these three structures are dated from 5th–6th centuries. In early Christian East the only tomb that had an only eastern entrance is Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Analysis of the data on Vachagan the Pious (end of 5th–early 6th centuries), king of Albania (which included since the middle of 5th century the eastern provinces of Greater Armenia – Artsakh and Utik), allows us to conclude that at the end of the 5th century the king initiated theecclesiastical reform, trying to link the origin of the Albanian church to Jerusalem. One ofthe manifestations of this reform was the creation of the legend of the Apostle Yeghisha arriving to Albania from Jerusalem. Comparative analysis of archaeological, architectural and written data leads to the conclusion that all three tombs with the single east entrance are the result of the reformist activity of Vachagan, and the idea of single eastern entrance, most likely, was taken from the tomb of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. A new approach to the localizations of Early Christian sanctuaries in and near Tigranakert allows to compare this sacred area with early Christian sacred topography of Jerusalem.

En este artículo se analiza un grupo de errores en el aprendizaje del maya (Península de Yucatán, México), obtenidos en un medio escolarizado. Se establece una clasificación basada en sus características lingüísticas, la modalidad de producción (oralidad, audición, escritura), su frecuencia y su aceptación social. Se propone, igualmente, una comparación entre el nivel de familiaridad que tiene el estudiantado con la lengua, ya que para algunos de los individuos es una lengua de herencia (Polinsky y Kagan, 2007), en estadios diferenciados, tanto fuera como dentro del territorio en el que se habla. Se sugiere que se presenta una interacción jerárquica entre niveles, que si no es atendida, el error no será productivo. Se advierte que este tipo de estudios (centrados en una lengua indígena) son escasos e importantes para los contextos en los que se implementan medidas que contribuyen al mantenimiento y fortalecimiento de lenguas en una condición de minorización.

In the article the modern state of completely new direction of electromechanical science such as combined inductive-capacitive electromechanics is considered. The wide spectra of its possible practical applications and prospects for further development are analyzed. A new approach for mathematical description of transients in dualcon jugate dynamic systems is proposed. On the basis of the algorithm differential equations for inductive-capacitive compatible electromechanical energy converters are derived. The generalized Lagrangian theory of combined inductively-capacitive electric machines was developed as a union of generalized Lagrangian models of inductive and capacitive electro-mechanical energy converters developed on the basis of the basic principles of binary-conjugate electrophysics. The author gives equations of electrodynamics and electromechanics of combined inductive-capacitive electric machines in case there are active electrotechnical materials of dual purpose (ferroelectromagnets) in the structure of their excitation system. At the same time, the necessary Lagrangian for combined inductive-capacitive forces was built using new technologies of interaction between inductive and capacitive subsystems. The joint solution of these equations completely determines the dynamic behavior and energy characteristics of the generalized model of combined machines of any design and in any modes of interaction of their functional elements