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The Burkinabe economy is characterized by a structurally deficit trade balance. The main export products are gold, cotton, cashew nuts, zinc and sesame seeds. In order to balance imports and exports, actions must be taken to promote national production by strengthening the competitiveness of economic units. The promotion and development of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) seems to be a solution to the structural transformation of the Burkinabe economy. An economy that will now be anchored in the territory by valuing all the potentialities of which the country abounds. Thus, the SEZs are spaces endowed with a set of infrastructures and services which, combined with tax and customs incentives, offer favourable conditions for the growth of competitive companies for development in line with specific needs of populations. This article assesses the feasibility and impact of the establishment of an SEZ in Burkina Faso by analysing the criteria of these economic zones. According to the analyses, mines and agricultural products are resources that can be subject to special treatment in an SEZ. The cities of Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso and Dori, in view of the availability of infrastructures and their geographical positions, are authorized to host SEZs. This choice is made taking into account the availability of critical infrastructure such as electricity, water and transport. The establishment of SEZs in these cities will have a fairly significant impact on the flow of foreign direct investment, export earnings and the efficiency of the productive apparatus. This dynamism will lead to job creation and the strengthening of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows, from the point of view of heuristic governance analysis, that the shortage of specialists in education and the inappropriate management of existing human resources in this field in Cameroon favour the intrusion of specialists in foreign disciplines in the supervision of the dissertations of students in education sciences. The incompatibility of the academic profiles of dissertation supervisors in search of satisfaction of their self-actualization need leads to inadequate research approaches and epistemological postures that are detrimental to the quality of the work of these students, which contributes to compromising the chances of expansion and emancipation of the educational sciences and makes the prospects of this discipline uncertain. To remedy this, a change in mental patterns, the pooling of available resources, a policy of promoting doctoral training, a regular compliance audit and the professionalization of research management practice are recommended to improve quality management in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of dropping out of school in Cameroon has so far only focused on primary and secondary education (Ngoufo Yemedi, 2004; Noumba, 2008; Ntouda Betsogo, 2011). This study examines the factors that may be related to dropping out of university studies in the country. Its objective is therefore to examine the link between socioeconomic factors and dropping out of studies in the first cycle of FALSH at the University of Yaounde I. The study is based on a quantitative research estimate calling for the questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The results obtained were interpreted on the basis of the social theory of Baudelot and Establet (1971) and Mballa Owono (1986) and the economic theory of human capital of Becker (1964). These results show the existence of a relationship between three factors (father's level of education, socio-professional level of the father, time spent by the student in a paid job during studies per week) and dropping out of undergraduate studies of FALSH at the University of Yaounde I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Plusieurs études de type coût de la maladie ont montré que les pertes de productivité pouvaient représenter la plus grande part du coût de maladies chroniques ou invalidantes. Pourtant, les pertes de productivité restent très peu évaluées au sein des évaluations médico-économiques (EME) en France. Les pertes de productivité font partie des coûts dits « indirects ». La Haute autorité de santé (HAS), à travers le Guide des choix méthodologiques pour l'évaluation économique à la HAS , recommande de ne pas intégrer dans l'analyse de référence les coûts indirects dans les ratios différentiels coûts/résultats des EME. Cependant, les coûts indirects peuvent faire l'objet d'une analyse complémentaire. Le manque de données nécessaires à la valorisation des coûts indirects, le manque de consensus quant au choix d'une méthodologie pour la valorisation et la perspective de l'évaluation sont des raisons de l'absence de valorisation des pertes de productivité dans les EME. L'objectif de cet article est d'accompagner les acteurs de l'évaluation économique en santé (économistes, médecins, pharmaciens, étudiants...) dans la valorisation des pertes de productivité en mettant à disposition les informations nécessaires à travers la présentation des méthodes de valorisation, des exemples de pathologies avec valorisation détaillée et la présentation de résultats dans la littérature. Several cost-of-illness studies have shown that productivity losses could represent the largest part of chronic and disabling illness. However, productivity losses are not widely valued in medico-economic valuations (EME) in France. The French national authority for health (HAS) does not recommend to include productivity losses in the cost effectiveness/utility ratios of EME. Nevertheless, it is possible to value productivity losses in a secondary analysis. Lack of necessary data and valuation method consensus to value productivity losses may be reasons for the absence of productivity losses in medico-economic studies. The objective of this article was to support all the stakeholders involved in economic health assessment (physicians, pharmacists, student, etc.) in valuing losses in productivity by providing the information necessary to value these losses through the presentation of methods of evaluation, examples of pathologies with detailed evaluation and the presentation of results in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present article addresses the question of interactions between FDI and economic development for the specific case of WAEMU's countries. This research aims to analyze the explanatory factors of FDI while looking for their effects on the economy of the countries of the WAEMU's zone. In other words, it aims at the point of evolution of the integration process on the basis of foreign direct investment entering these countries. Using panel data on the countries of WAEMU with the exception of Guinea Bissau for the period 1980 to 2016, a fixedeffect model for the countries of WAEMU has been estimated. The macroeconomic analysis conducted consists of estimating a simultaneous equation structural model on panel data using a complete information estimation method, the Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML). Based on the results of the estimates, it appears that economic growth, human capital, exports, rent on natural resources, degree of openness and debt are the determinants of FDI in the WAEMU's zone. This indicates, to this effect, that FDI entering the WAEMU's space would have a significant and positive direct effect on economic growth, human capital, domestic investment, exports and therefore on the economy as a whole. However, only human capital and exports would be able to positively and significantly affect economic growth and thus constitute the transmission channels through which FDI would affect the economic growth of the WAEMU's countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides new insights into the vegetation of the black continent (Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Gabon, Nigeria, Mali and Burkina Faso). It particularly explores the relationship between Africans and trees through the prism of colonization. The regions studied have suffered successive waves of occupation. Each newcomer had a specific relationship with the tree. Today, the result is an unstable balance between the environmental constraints that shape the background of the plant capital, the needs and means of the populations, all guided by cultural habits and pre-colonial and colonial heritage. These inheritances, which are diametrically opposed, are under tension in African societies, with the public administration acting as moderator. With little financial and human resources, it tries to preserve the wooded heritage, especially since we now know it is important in times of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Face à une très forte demande de dons de gamètes, sperme et ovocytes, les centres sont souvent confrontés aux difficultés pour recruter des donneurs en nombre suffisant. Pour développer ce recrutement, il faut des moyens financiers et humains pour les accueillir dans de bonnes conditions, une information et une promotion forte pour motiver les démarches de dons et diversifier les modes de recrutement. Le don en France vient de couples qui ont des enfants et il est gratuit. L’ouverture du don aux hommes et femmes sans enfant ainsi que la rémunération de ces dons sont discutés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectifs: Documenter le métier d’enseignant en activité physique adaptée (APA) dans les établissements de soins de suite et de réadaptation (SSR) et proposer des pistes d’améliorations afin de mieux structurer cette profession et le service rendu dans les établissements SSR. Actualités: Les enseignants en APA interviennent dans les trois principaux axes de prise en charge proposés par les SSR (réentraînement à l’effort, éducation thérapeutique et soutien psycho-comportemental), ce qui constitue une caractéristique motivant leur recrutement pour les services des ressources humaines. Perspectives et projets: Ce métier présente encore un certain nombre de limites organisationnelles, de problèmes de reconnaissance institutionnelle, et une hétérogénéité dans les formations universitaires diplômantes. Conclusion: Si les enseignants en APA font partie intégrante de l’équipe pluridisciplinaire, il apparaît urgent d’inscrire ce métier dans les conventions collectives des établissements de santé et d’utiliser une seule dénomination pour définir ce métier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A competency profile for teachers of Computer Science in Cameroonian secondary education - In 1998, the Cameroonian government decided to introduce Computer Science as a school subject. To implement this decision, it began to train teachers of Computer Science according to the same training model used for teachers of other disciplines. Despite the consensus that seems to be emerging from the scientific community regarding the need to give priority to a cross-disciplinary use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in primary and secondary education, some countries, such as Cameroon, have opted to teach Computer Science. While such a political choice might in principle appear to be inappropriate for the development of students' ICT skills, the article shows that it nevertheless introduces teachers into the system who have a predisposition to act as catalysts for the pedagogical integration of ICT. Such a development could occur provided these teachers are trained in a range of additional skills - those proposed in the article - which would enable them to contribute effectively. If this approach were implemented, sub-Saharan countries such as Cameroon would, in their Computer Science teachers, have access to human resources capable of quickly generalising the cross-disciplinary use of ICT in the education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the labor market in Quebec, Canada from 1970 to 2006, with a focus on the impact of language skills and bilingualism on employee and worker salaries. Topics include the finding that bilingualism positively impacts labor income for all language groups; the historical advantage of native English-speakers in the province of Quebec; and the socioeconomic aspects of one's first language in the labor market. The role of language is examined as an ethnic attribute which adds value to human capital.

Using critical theory, this paper first confronts critically the relationship between education and performance in light of globalisation and its underlying neo-liberal ideology. This comparison reveals that there is a definite compatibility between them, but it is fully slanted towards efficiency logic and human capital production. Then, adopting a critical attitude, the paper questions this direction, in the name of the emancipation and citizenship prospects, which brought the school system reorganisation by democratic nation-states. The current choices have distorted these objectives and have redirected them towards utilitarian learnings and an increasingly therapeutic socialisation. Finally, the paper stresses the inseparability between the performance issue, the social equity issue and the education/teaching effectiveness issue in order to highlight the need for taking into account qualitative dimensions, which stem from the background and the pupils, so as to focus much more on learning processes, rather than on learning outcomes themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are education and development related in the very special case of Cuba? This is the only country said to be "in transition" that, though faced with international recommendations and pressures, has managed to maintain a level of public expenditures on social services and education that has placed it, despite serious problems during the 1990s, among the countries ranking high on the human development index. Dissatisfied with the ahistorical, economistic approach to studying the impact of education on economic growth, the author formulates the hypothesis that the relation between education and growth can be reversed with regard to the one postulated by economists who resort to the theory of human capital. Cuban education is a thought-out, multi-dimensional means of action on structures, contributing with its complementarities and contradictions to the country's development. Changes in the Cuban economy since the early 1990s are then examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

À l'aide d'une approche multidisciplinaire, on a, dans le présent article, analysé brièvement les répercussions socioéconomiques des projections démographiques de Statistique Canada pour le Canada en 2017. Cette analyse est suivie d'un exposé abordant trois défis auxquels sera confronté le pays au cours de la prochaine décennie : le défi démographique, le défi du capital humain et le défi de la citoyenneté et de la question identitaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 20 years of applying programmes of stabilisation and Structural Adjustment, and pursuing ‘responsible’ macroeconomic policies, the countries of Central America now find themselves confronting a difficult dilemma: although for brief periods it seemed that things were pointing in the right direction, their macroeconomic stability continues to be precarious and their growth rates are, even in the best cases, mediocre. Moreover, the capacity to create formal sector employment seems to be limited at most to half the labour force. Accompanied by the low formation of physical and, above all, human capital, these factors all point to the closing of a vicious circle of what could be termed a ‘low level equilibrium’. To resolve this situation, the author proposes the strengthening and reorientation in the institutional capacity of the state to provide the necessary investments in physical and human capital. Après vingt ans de programmes de stabilisation et d'ajustement structurel et de politiques macroéconomiques «responsables», les pays d'Amérique Centrale se trouvent maintenant confrontés à un dilemme: bien que par moment, les choses semblent aller dans la bonne direction, leur stabilité macroéconomique reste précaire et leur taux de croissance sont, dans le meilleur des cas, médiocres. De plus la capacité à créer des emplois dans le secteur formel semble être limitée au mieux à la moitié de la force de travail. Joint à une faible formation du capital humain et physique, ces facteurs bouclent le cercle vicieux de ce qui pourrait être appelé un équilibre de bas niveau. Pour résoudre le problème, l'auteur propose de renforcer et réorienter les capacités institutionnelles de l'Etat afin de procurer les investissements nécessaires en capital humain et physique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Des comparaisons entre villes canadiennes et américaines doivent se faire avec prudence. L'obstacle principal reste la comparabilité des séries statistiques. Nous proposons une analyse intégréede l'ensemble des 90 régions métropolitaines nord-américaines de 500 000 habitants et plus, dont neuf canadiennes. Suiteà une revue de divers classements, nous situons les 90 régions urbaines sur sept indicateurs, dont des variables portant sur le capital humain et le secteur tertiaire intensif en savoir, suivi d'une analyse de corrélation mettant en relation les indicateurs pour trois univers de villes (sans et avec des villes canadiennes). Nos résultats confirment le bon positionnement sur plusieurs indicateurs de métropoles américaines comme San Francisco-Silicon Valley et Boston, mais aussi de villes comme Raleigh (research triangle) et Austin, connues pour leurs activités de recherche. Les villes canadiennes se classent plutôt bien, notamment les cinq plus grandes. Cependant, c'est moins vrai pour des villes comme Winnipeg ou Hamilton. L'analyse de corrélation fait ressortir la relation positive entre dotation en capital humain et poids du tertiaire intensif en savoir, mais ne révèle aucune relation significative avec l'indicateur de qualité de vie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La question de la mesure du bien-être a ceci d'intéressant qu'elle oblige les géographes à pousser leur réflexion sur les modalités de l'interconnexion entre données objectives et données subjectives. Malgré le regain d'intérêt pour le concept sur la scène publique, peu d'efforts systématiques ont cependant été entrepris dans cette perspective. Notre article vise à pallier cette lacune en comparant une mesure objective de la qualité de vie de la population vieillissante de l'Outaouais (Québec) avec des données sur son bien-être obtenues par voie d'enquête. Le capital résidentiel, le capital social et le capital humain sont les trois grands facteurs du bien-être qui ont retenu l'attention. L'effet de milieu sur la relation du bien-être objectif au bien-être subjectif a été un important fil conducteur de la recherche. L'étude montre que, si les deux ensembles de mesures convergent assez bien, elles ne se superposent pas entièrement. Les mesures objectives de la contribution de l'environnement social au bien-être traduisent mal les satisfactions telles que révélées par l'enquête qui illustrent par ailleurs le besoin de tenir compte du sexe, du revenu et de la scolarité dans le bien-être perçu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the factors influencing exit from welfare or social assistance has usually focussed on beneficiaries "human capital" deficits. The results of the research presented here are founded on the hypothesis that, for long-term welfare recipients, it is rather social capital that plays the determining role in their exit from welfare. Social capital is defined as the resources that are potentially accessible through participation in social networks. The hypothesis is tested by reconstructing the social networks of 216 randomly chosen long-term welfare recipients and ex-long-term-beneficiaries, and by examining their network characteristics in relation to their probability of having exited welfare. The analyses show that, for this sample, social capital constitutes the most significant resource for predicting welfare exit, even when controlling for the effect of human capital and both socio-demographic and situational characteristics of the subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]