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The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea Phipps 1774) is a rare seabird found in the Canadian High Arctic. The Seymour Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary has supported the core colony for ivory gull research since the 1970s, but by the 2000s, survey work was extended across the species’ range in Nunavut, prompted by growing Indigenous concerns of population declines, which led to regular monitoring of colonies. We found marked declines in numbers of ivory gulls since the 1980s, especially in the southern part of the range, leading the Canadian Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada to recommend uplisting ivory gulls to Endangered under Canada’s Species At Risk Act, which the federal government did in 2009. This resulted in the development of a national Recovery Strategy that outlined research and monitoring needs. Canadian results prompted international concern and led to coordinated, international research and monitoring on this iconic Arctic species, which collectively suggested worldwide declines in the species’ numbers. Despite our efforts, the future of monitoring, and indeed of ivory gulls in Canada, remains unclear.

Integrating airborne laser scanning (ALS) forest attributes with photo-interpreted forest stand age and species attributes can provide managers with the best information to drive estate planning, growth and yield projections, and forest operations. Photo-interpreted forest inventories provide certain forest attributes that are difficult to measure with ALS, yet are subjective and irregularly updated. ALS is objective and provides detailed estimates of forest structure attributes, but poorly estimates age and species composition. We used Generic Region Merging segmentation and k-nearest neighbor imputation to integrate photo-interpreted and ALS-derived forest attributes into a contemporary stand-based forest inventory. We first segmented gridded ALS attributes into forest stand polygons across a ∼630,000 ha managed forest in Ontario, Canada. We next applied imputation to a photo-interpreted inventory, assessing the influence of model parameters and imputed vs. observed values of age and species using leave-one-out cross-validation. Compared to the photo-interpreted inventory, the optimal imputation model estimated age with a mean absolute and mean bias difference of 16.06 and −0.14 years, and classified leading species with 65.46% accuracy. We lastly integrated imputed age and species attributes into the automatically segmented forest stand polygons, finding similar age and species distributions across the landscape when compared to the photo-interpreted inventory.

The research station at Prince Leopold Island (PLI), initiated in 1975, was the first seabird monitoring site created in the Canadian Arctic. The island supports 150 000 breeding pairs of seabirds, principally thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia Linnaeus 1758), black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla Linnaeus 1758) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis Linnaeus 1761), along with ∼70 pairs of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus 1767) and several thousand black guillemots (Cepphus grylle Linnaeus 1758). Baseline observations of seabird breeding biology were made during 1975–1977. Subsequent monitoring has taken place in 22 of the 47 seasons, with work during 2001–2003 replicating the original baseline studies. Population trends of breeding seabirds have shown kittiwakes (sharply) and murres (gradually) increasing, while gulls (definitely) and fulmars (likely) have declined. The most striking scientific findings from PLI were related to the effect of annual ice break-up on seabird phenology, clutch size, and reproductive success. For contaminant research, PLI has become one of the core monitoring sites in Canada and internationally, documenting dramatic changes in concentrations of various contaminants in the Arctic marine environment. Given the international impact of research and monitoring at PLI for almost five decades, the continuation of seabird research at PLI, the most important seabird colony in the Canadian Arctic, is essential.

The Coats Island field station in northern Hudson Bay, Canada, was established by the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1984 to monitor the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia, akpa, [Graphic: see text]) population in the context of harvest management and federal responsibilities under the Migratory Birds Convention Act. The long-term monitoring program has continued annually for 34 of the last 39 years, making it the most frequently monitored seabird colony in the Canadian Arctic. In the 1990s, the focus of efforts at the site shifted from population monitoring and harvest management to long-term monitoring of murres as an indicator of environmental change. In addition to informing harvest management of murres in Canada, long-term monitoring and research at Coats Island have helped to establish thick-billed murres as an indicator species for Arctic seabirds, identified major shifts in the marine prey communities of Hudson Bay, enabled the assessment of international agreements on reducing contaminants in Arctic wildlife, and improved the understanding of the effects of climate change on Arctic marine birds. Coats Island has developed into an essential research site for all aspects of murre ecology and served as a training site for new generations of Arctic ecologists.

IntroductionCommunication is vital for effective and precise public health practice. The limited formal educational opportunities in health communication render professional development opportunities especially important. Competencies for public health communication describe the integrated knowledge, values, skills and behaviours required for practitioner and organizational performance. Many countries consider communication a core public health competency and use communication competencies in workforce planning and development. MethodsWe conducted an environmental scan and content analysis to determine the availability of public health communication professional development opportunities in Canada and the extent to which they support communication-related core competencies. Three relevant competency frameworks were used to assess the degree to which professional development offerings supported communication competency development. ResultsOverall, 45 professional development offerings were included: 16 “formalized offerings” (training opportunities such as courses, webinars, certificate programs) and 29 “materials and tools” (resources such as toolkits, guidebooks). The formalized offerings addressed 25% to 100% of the communication competencies, and the materials and tools addressed 67% to 100%. Addressing misinformation and disinformation, using current technology and communicating with diverse populations are areas in need of improved professional development. ConclusionThere is a significant gap in public health communication formalized offerings in Canada and many of the materials and tools are outdated. Public health communication professional development offerings lack coordination and do not provide comprehensive coverage across the communication competencies, limiting their utility to strengthen the public health workforce. More, and more comprehensive, professional development offerings are needed.

IntroductionLa communication est essentielle à une pratique efficace et précise en santé publique. Les offres limitées de formation formelle en communication dans le domaine de la santé rendent les programmes de perfectionnement professionnel particulièrement importants. Les compétences en communication dans le domaine de la santé publique portent sur les connaissances, les valeurs, les compétences et les comportements intégrés requis pour un bon fonctionnement des professionnels et des organisations. De nombreux pays considèrent la communication comme une compétence de base en santé publique et utilisent les compétences en communication dans la planification et le perfectionnement de la main d’oeuvre. MéthodologieNous avons effectué une analyse contextuelle et une analyse de contenu pour cerner les offres de perfectionnement professionnel en communication en santé publique disponibles au Canada et vérifier dans quelle mesure elles permettent l’acquisition des compétences essentielles liées à la communication. Trois cadres de compétences pertinents ont été utilisés pour évaluer à quel point les programmes de perfectionnement professionnel contribuent à l’amélioration des compétences en communication. RésultatsAu total, 45 offres de perfectionnement professionnel ont été incluses : 16 « programmes formels » (offres de formation telles que cours, webinaires, programmes de certification) et 29 « documents et outils » (ressources telles que trousses d’outils, guides). Les programmes formels traitaient d’entre 25 % et 100 % des compétences en communication et les documents et outils en abordaient entre 67 % et 100 %. La lutte contre la mésinformation et la désinformation, l’utilisation des technologies actuelles et la communication avec des populations variées sont des domaines dans lesquels il faudrait améliorer le perfectionnement professionnel. ConclusionOn constate une lacune importante dans les programmes formels de communication en santé publique au Canada, et bon nombre des documents et des outils disponibles sont désuets. Les offres de perfectionnement professionnel en communication en santé publique ne sont pas coordonnées et ne couvrent pas l’ensemble des compétences en communication, ce qui limite leur utilité pour le personnel en santé publique. Des offres de perfectionnement professionnel plus nombreuses et plus complètes sont nécessaires.

Temporal variation in resource availability, physiological demands, and other factors are associated with many phenotypic changes in organisms. For example, there are often predictable stages of atrophy and hypertrophy in animals’ organs to accommodate changes in diet. Timing of stages may differ by sex given differences in life histories (e.g., egg-laying versus male–male competition). In this context, we quantified changes over the annual cycle in 153 long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) carcasses. We also tested whether timing of changes differed by sex. Total body mass was lowest in February and highest in November, whereas livers, spleens, kidneys, and salt glands were lightest in the middle of breeding seasons. Reductions in kidney and salt gland masses coincided with switches to using freshwater from marine habitats. Generally, timing in patterns of body mass change did not differ by sex. This was unexpected, and could arise from the compressed breeding season. We were also interested in evaluating whether changes in masses of tissues or organs were more dramatic for a species that breeds at such high latitudes than for species that breed at lower latitudes, but were unable to glean this information from the literature. We present coefficients of variation to facilitate future comparisons.

Background: Despite known benefits of breastfeeding and challenges medical trainees face lactating at work, research specific to Canadian surgical trainees is lacking. Our objectives were to examine existing breastfeeding and lactation policies, query experiences and opinions of surgical trainees and program directors, and propose a comprehensive policy for programs nation-wide. Methods: A multi-disciplinary team developed this two-part study. The scoping review used database and grey literature searches to find North American policies covering surgical residents. The survey study queried lactating Canadian surgical trainees and program directors about experiences and barriers, support provided, and interest in a breastfeeding and lactation policy. Results: Ten policies were found. None comprehensively addressed lactation space and supplies, break times, supports, and resident responsibilities. Among ten PD survey respondents: 60% were female, 70% had lactating trainees during their tenure, 40% discussed lactation accommodations, and all were willing to instate a policy. Among 24 trainees: 45% met breastfeeding goals, 74% stopped breastfeeding prematurely due to work barriers, and 88% had little workplace support. Almost all trainees (96%) wanted a policy. Conclusion: There is opportunity and appetite for a more comprehensive breastfeeding and lactation policy for Canadian surgical residents. Our policy highlights important areas where trainees can be better supported to meet breastfeeding goals.

There is a breathlessness to Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks. Fanon leaves us in no doubt that he is an author with a great deal to say about matters, among which racism, colonialism and the effect of both on the black body and psyche are his preeminent concern, that are politically urgent. As they are. Such is Fanon’s urgency that he uses every resource at his disposal – works of literature that turn on the colonial condition, psychoanalysis (from Freud to Lacan with the likes of Mannoni in between), as well as the occasional philosophical invocation (Hegel is a presence if by no means a fleshed-out one; although, it must be said, it is Jean-Paul Sartre who is called to do duty most often). Although Fanon suggests that he considered presenting Black Skin, White Masks as a doctoral thesis, one finds it difficult to imagine such a prospect, in no small measure because the project is so stylistically incoherent. Black Skin, White Masks is an admixture of the anecdotal (Fanon has no trouble extracting political or psychoanalytic conclusions from his personal encounters; a tendency which applies as much to his Martinican past as to his experience of living in France; a tendency that extends to making deductions based on his observations in colonized Algeria), the psychoanalytic, the implicitly philosophical and the rhetorical. That is, the rhetorical in the sense that this is how Fanon structures his argument: through the declarative, through declamation. A scientific work Black Skin, White Masks is not.

This article explores the results of a study on media participation on Twitter in 2018/2019 perceived as contributing to far right and Islamist radical ideologies, in 7 European countries. By combining online ethnography and big data approaches, we see that online far right extremism in Europe is active and ranks are growing, while Islamist extremism has been incapacitated in sharing controversial forms of expression. We describe how the far right uses Twitter as a means for political activism, while Islamist extremists offer lifestyle information, related to local branches of faith, using Twitter as a storefront that re-routes users to other platforms. We consider resources for action, notably on the far right. World leaders influence followers online and support a global conversation between users that paves the way to a far right European milieu thriving on Twitter. To conclude, we delve into the notions of radicalisation and political participation to emphasise the asymmetry between the two forms of media participation in respect to academic discourses and big tech and States’ practises.

In recent years, rubber consumption has surged due to factors like global automobile industry growth, infrastructure development, industrial expansion, and the push for a circular economy. This research investigates the impact of incorporating waste rubber as a coarse aggregate substitute on concrete's compressive strength. This addresses concerns about rubber waste disposal and its potential as a sustainable construction alternative. Experiments vary rubber proportions (0%, 2%, and 5%) in concrete mixes to assess compressive strength. The results indicate that using rubber as coarse aggregate reduces concrete's compressive strength, Therefore having an amount of less than 2% is the best performance of the optimum rubber proportion. This is because rubber lacks chemical reactivity with cement during hydration, resulting in poor adhesion and bonding. This highlights the limitations of incorporating waste rubber in concrete mixes, cautioning against its use in high-stress structural areas. Engineers and architects interested in sustainability and innovation in construction should consider these findings, as they have practical implications for the industry.

Este artículo examina una característica lingüística a menudo olvidada en la polémica cristiana sobre Muḥammad en la Iberia medieval: la transliteración de fórmulas islámicas del árabe al latín. Tras esbozar un marco para evaluar estas expresiones dentro del contexto multilingüe más amplio de al-Andalus, examina dos polémicas latinas de la región que contienen transcripciones sustanciales de fórmulas similares. En primer lugar, se examina la transcripción de la declaración de fe islámica en el Liber scale Mahometi, del siglo XIII, e identifica un patrón de vernacularización y distorsión en la presentación de frases árabes en el texto. En segundo lugar, analiza una transliteración del Tultusceptru de los siglos IX-X, considerada corrupta por estudiosos anteriores, y evalúa los datos fonológicos de la frase. Este artículo defiende una lectura novedosa que, a su vez, indica una mayor conciencia y sensibilidad del pensamiento islámico por parte del polemista. Por último, estas lecturas son corroboradas comparando las interpretaciones de los textos del takbīr.

Background: Training future doctors in the skills of evidence-based medicine (EBM) is clearly important. Journal club (JCs) are well-recognized educational interventions for teaching EBM. In contrast to postgraduate medical education, JCs use in undergraduate medical education (UME) has not been adequately explored. We conducted a realist review of the effectiveness of JCs in UME to unpack the underlying mechanisms by which the intervention works (or fails) in teaching EBM. Methods: The scope of review was the evaluation of the effectiveness of JCs in UME settings. We searched major bibliographic databases - MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, PSYCInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science and found fifteen articles eligible for inclusion. Data was extracted aided by a modified Kirkpatrick framework and presented in evidence tables. Themes and chains of inference were identified, and finally, we formulated new hypotheses on how and why JC intervention works. Results: Mandatory vs. voluntary JC did not differentially impact attendance of JC in UME settings though JC duration beyond two hours decreased attendees’ self-reported satisfaction. Coupling lectures to JCs positively impacts knowledge gain and retention. Coupled Mentorship or using critical appraisal worksheets helped the achievement of manuscript writing skills and a positive attitude towards EBM. Conclusions: Journal clubs are effective interventions to teach EBM in UME settings and are well-received by learners. They improve specific learning outcomes of knowledge gain and retention, skills of manuscript writing and critical appraisal. However, we found no evidence that these translates to the practice of EBM nor impacts patient outcomes.

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are increasingly used to inform sustainable forest management practices. Information about species composition is needed for a range of applications; however, commonly used area-based summaries of LiDAR data are limited to accurately differentiate tree species. The objective of this study was to map dominant species groups across a large (>580,000 ha) boreal forest by combining area-based and individual tree metrics derived from single photon LiDAR data with multispectral information derived from Sentinel-2 imagery. Classification of the forest into jack pine (Pinus banksiana), black spruce (Picea mariana), mixed conifer, mixedwood, and hardwood species groups resulted in an overall accuracy of 67.8% compared with field data. A more generalized classification into softwood, hardwood, and mixedwood had an overall accuracy of 83.2%. The reflectance in the red edge region of the electromagnetic spectrum (λ = 740 nm), the area and volume of tree crowns, and the cumulative distribution of LiDAR returns in the canopy were particularly important variables to discriminate between species groups. Wall-to-wall predictions of species groups based on remotely sensed data—as derived herein—could provide a spatially-detailed alternative to stand-level species composition information traditionally derived from photo-interpreted aerial imagery.

The advent of CubeSat constellations is revolutionizing the ability to observe Earth systems through time. The improved spatial and temporal resolutions from these data could assist in tracking forest harvesting by forest management companies or government organizations interested in monitoring the sustainable management of forest resources. However, differing characteristics of individual satellites in each constellation requires study into geometric and radiometric normalization of the imagery and tuning parameters for change detection algorithms. In this study, a method for the spatial and temporal detection of forest harvest operations using images from the PlanetScope constellation was developed and implemented for a managed forest in Ontario, Canada. Temporal smoothing was applied on Landsat-normalized PlanetScope values of the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), and change points were detected based on the first derivative of the NDVI trend. Detected changes were compared to known locations of harvesting machines. Results indicate that 80–90% of harvested areas were detected, with temporal errors of approximately 9–10 days for two sites. Overall, this study demonstrated that forest harvesting can be detected with relative accuracy, deriving previously unavailable levels of spatial and temporal detail and enhancing the ability of forest stakeholders to monitor the sustainable use of forest resources.

After four decades of the HIV epidemic, women from sub-Saharan Africa remain at a differentially high risk of acquisition. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) statistics show that the majority of HIV infections occur in this population and region. Evidence from previous humanitarian crises demonstrated adverse maternal consequences as a result of neglect for the provision of essential maternal, sexual and reproductive health services. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a similar effect, including an additional risk of HIV acquisition amongst women in sub-Saharan Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the risk of sub-Saharan Africa women to HIV infection because of a multitude of factors including child marriages, teenage pregnancies, dropping out of school, increase in incidence of sexual and gender-based violence and reduced access to preventive and treatment services for HIV and sexually transmitted infections. These include provision of care for rape and sexual and gender-based violence victims and provision of pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxis for HIV and other STIs. Failure to urgently restore and maintain robust HIV prevention and treatment during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a risk of reversing the gains made over the years in reducing the incidence and morbidity from HIV amongst the population of sub-Saharan Africa women. There is need for an urgent and robust discourse to formulate effective interventions for protecting women and girls living in sub-Saharan Africa from an aggravated risk of HIV infection during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other future humanitarian crises.

Not available.

Background: Chronic pain affects one in five persons and is a leading contributor to years lived with disability and high health care costs. In 2016, the government of Ontario increased public funding for pediatric and adult hospital-based interprofessional chronic pain clinics (HICPCs) in Ontario, Canada, expanding the role of physiotherapy in chronic pain management in the province. This role has yet to be described in the literature. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore physiotherapy practice within HICPCs in Ontario. Methods: We conducted an interpretive description qualitative study based on semistructured interviews with physiotherapists employed in pediatric and adult HICPCs in Ontario. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and reviewed for accuracy. We analyzed interview data using thematic analysis. Results: Ten physiotherapists who practiced in pediatric and adult HICPCs (n = 4 pediatric; n = 6 adult) in Ontario were interviewed between February and April 2020. We constructed five themes related to physiotherapy practice in this setting. Themes included (1) contributing a functional lens to care; (2) empowering through pain education; (3) facilitating participation in physical activity and exercise; (4) supporting engagement in self-management strategies; and (5) implementing a collaborative approach to whole-person care. Conclusions: Our results illuminate how physiotherapy practice within HICPCs in Ontario focuses on providing a collaborative and whole-person approach to care, with an emphasis on supporting patients to increase their functional capacity by promoting engagement in active chronic pain management strategies.

After the end of formal apartheid, a number of South African feature films have explored queer white men in conservative social settings, with a particular focus on Afrikaans-speaking gay men. These films have reflected strict heteropatriarchal values within white Afrikaner culture where homosexuality is still often seen as a taboo topic. In this article I discuss two feature films with gay white male protagonists, Kanarie (2018) by Christiaan Olwagen and Moffie (2019) by Oliver Hermanus. These films both feature young men conscripted to fight in the South African Border War in the 1980s, but differ greatly in terms of genre, plot, and style. I argue that, while many scholars discuss whiteness as a general construct that affords privilege, the films demonstrate a split whiteness that is effected through the composition of particular shots and scenes as well as through the films’ processes of production and reception. Whiteness is split into an invisibilised, assumedly critical perspective on the one hand, with transnational links to the Global North, and a hypervisibilised, reified, and criticised racial identity on the other hand, located specifically in the heteropatriarchal Afrikaner male. Queer characters in both films are able to split their identities and dissociate from uncomfortable parts of their whiteness, taking on an assumed criticality that highlights their own oppression and exclusion. The films thus dismiss the protagonists’ complicity in white supremacy, and allow audiences to dissociate from their own complicity in anti-black violence and oppression.

In response to the crisis of confidence in psychology, a plethora of solutions have been proposed to improve the way research is conducted (e.g., increasing statistical power, focusing on confidence intervals, enhancing the disclosure of methods). One area that has received little attention is the reliability of data. We note that while it is well understood that reliability of measures is essential to replicability, there is a failure to apply some measure of data reliability consistently, or to correct for chance when assessing agreement. We discuss the problem of relying on Percent Agreement between observers as a measure of reliability and describe a dilemma that researchers encounter when assessing contradictory indicators of reliability. We conclude with some pedagogical strategies that might make the need for reliability measures and chance correction more likely to be understood and implemented. By so doing, researchers can contribute to solving some aspects of the crisis of confidence in psychological research.

Schelling’s Naturphilosophie was, from the outset, more concerned with ontogeny than ontology, i.e. not on what nature is but on what it does: ubiquitous creation. Therefore, the processes articulated in the Philosophy of Mythology remain instances of a philosophy driven by what might be called a post-naturalist naturalism. The two aims of this paper are, firstly, to demonstrate this nature-philosophical continuity throughout Schelling’s so-called Protean philosophical projects in order, secondly, to re-prepare Schellingian themes for current debates concerning ontology. To this end, I draw on the worldmaking and abundance postulates of Goodman and Feyerabend, respectively, to demonstrate the persistence of Schellingian ontogenetic pathways for remodelling process metaphysics for contemporary philosophy. Finally, the paper argues that the logical form of the hypothesis (antecedent and consequent) is itself consequent upon the ontogeny it hypothesises.

Contemporary climate change is predicted to expose some species to altered predation regimes. Losses of Arctic sea ice are causing polar bears to increasingly forage on colonial seaduck eggs in lieu of ice-based hunting of marine mammals. Although polar bear predation of bird eggs has now been widely documented, it is unclear whether this change in predator behavior is having population-level consequences for Arctic breeding birds. In this study, we tested whether changes in the number of common eider nests on 76 islands in Hudson Strait, Canada, were related to variation in polar bear presence. We found that polar bear sign detected during eider breeding surveys was strongly correlated with spatial patterns of polar bears observed during aerial surveys. However, changes in eider nest count did not appear to be clearly related to polar bear sign at either the island scale or the island-cluster scale. This results of this study, therefore, suggest that the spatial overlap between eiders and polar bears varies across the landscape, but patterns of polar bear spatial variation do not seem to have driven large-scale redistribution of nesting common eiders.

No abstract available.

Drawing on a combination of survey data, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, this article explores the main forms of restructuring that have taken place within Québec’s voluntary sector in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It centres on three main shifts: the designation of certain voluntary activities as “essential services” by politicians; the im- plementation of new approaches to soliciting, matching, and retaining volunteers; and the institutionalization of a new health-centric rationality within the supervision of volunteer work. The article concludes by calling for recognition, in theory and practice, of the essential role that volunteering plays with regard to socio-territorial resilience. RÉSUMÉ Mobilisant les données d’un travail de veille portant sur l’impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur le secteur de bienfai- sance au Québec, cet article explore les principales restructurations qui se sont opérées au sein du secteur bénévole. Nos enquêtes nous ont permis d’en dégager trois : la qualification, par le politique, de certaines activités bénévoles en « services essentiels » ; la mise en œuvre de nouvelles approches en matière de sollicitation, de jumelage et de rétention des bénévoles ; l’obligation pour les organismes d’encadrer le travail des bénévoles en fonction d’une « rationalité sanitaire ». L’article se clore avec une discussion où nous appelons à reconnaître, tant en théorie qu’en pratique, le rôle incontournable du bénévolat en matière de résilience socio-territoriale.

Durant leur collaboration de 1972 à 1992, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari ont développé un corpus de travaux théoriques qui s’inscrit dans la lignée du poststructuralisme français. A travers leur œuvre, un ouvrage en deux volumes intitulé « Capitalisme et schizophrénie », ils s’interrogent sur la nature du désir, les schémas organisationnels de la société ainsi que la structure métaphysique du monde. Cependant, malgré leur affirmation d’avoir produit un projet parfaitement égalitaire, leurs travaux sont sujets à une variété de développements d’exclusion et de limitations culturelles. Cet essai tente de combler ces lacunes par le biais d’hypothétiques mises en relation écologiques et théologiques avec l’œuvre de Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Dans un premier temps sera abordé le développement de la « théologie schizoanalytique», une application de leur notion de schizoanalyse qui bouleverse les conceptions transcendantales de la divinité pour ancrer la spiritualité dans la créativité du désir et la variabilité des processus écologiques. Vient ensuite l'exploration des théories d'Édouard Glissant, un théoricien francophone de la Martinique, dont le travail, fortement influencé par Deleuze et Guattari, se concentre sur le développement d'une ontologie cohérente avec les expériences culturelles des colonisés. L’interprétation que donne Glissant à l’œuvre de Deleuze et de Guattari, ainsi que sa divergence par rapport à cette dernière, est étudiée afin de mieux comprendre comment leur théorie peut être corrigée et reformulée pour tenir compte des nuances de perspectives à la fois des minorités et de la crise écologique. L’essai se termine par un dialogue entre la théorie de Guattari de «l'écosophie» et les conceptions socioculturelles de Glissant sur l'écologie, montrant ainsi la mise en œuvre et l’adaptabilité de la question de la schizoanalyse à diverses crises modernes qui trouvent leur point culminant dans la dégradation de l'environnement. Deleuze, Guattari, Glissant, crise écologique, théologie

The members of the Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk First Nation based in Cacouna would like to be able to harvest and consume the blue mussels that are abundant on the shores of the St. Lawrence Estuary in their ancestral territory. However, federal laws communicated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada posters prohibit their harvesting. A pilot project was therefore created between the First Nation and the collective Manger notre Saint-Laurent to help them reopen a blue mussel harvesting area in a sustainable and safe manner. The objectives were to identify the issues associated with mussel harvesting in the scientific documentation and to co-develop a decision tree to guide the First Nation in the eventual reopening of a shellfish harvesting area. Depending on the results, mussel harvesting may be compromised by resource conservation and/or safety issues. For harvesting to be sustainable and safe, it is important to validate that the resource is sufficiently abundant and productive (biomass, density, productivity rate) to ensure the sustainability of the resource despite harvesting, to verify the proximity of certain human facilities to reduce the risks of contamination, and to monitor certain contaminants (fecal coliforms, marine biotoxins) to ensure the safety of the harvest. Once these steps have been completed, an area can be opened up for harvesting by communicating regulations and good harvesting practices (minimum pick size, daily quotas, etc.) to contribute to the sustainability of harvesting. When blue mussel harvesting is practiced in a sustainable and safe manner, it brings community members closer to the food resources of the St. Lawrence River (Province of Quebec, Canada).

Women of reproductive age are a key population for the control of COVID-19 owing to their levels of socio-economic activities and central role in the upkeep of stable families. Therefore, adequate vaccination uptake in this population is critical. However, this may be negatively affected by circulating rumours regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and subfertility and pregnancy and breastfeeding concerns that have circulated widely on diverse social media. Urgent public health interventions are required to deal with vaccination hesitancy and promote uptake in this key population. This calls for concerted, multidisciplinary and multistakeholder consultative public health forums, public health research and action in the shortest possible period.

INTRODUCTION: Women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. In 2019, they constituted 59% of new infections; thus, they remain a key population for control. Public health interventions to prevent acquisition of HIV in this high-risk population are urgently needed. Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (TFV-PrEP) has been shown to reduce HIV infections in other key populations. However, comprehensive evidence regarding TFV-PrEP effectiveness in women living in SSA has not been determined. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of tenofovir-1% (TFV-1%) vaginal gel, oral tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) pre-exposure prophylaxis for primary acquisition of HIV in at-risk women living in SSA. METHODS: OVID Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Clinical Trials.gov were searched for eligible studies from 1st January 2020 to 31st July 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in women living in SSA were included. Measures of effectiveness (hazard ratios (HR), incidence rate ratios (IRR)) were extracted from individual studies to determine the effectiveness of TFV-PrEP in preventing HIV infection among at-risk women living in SSA. RESULTS: from 2002 non-duplicate articles, four RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of one or more of the interventions against placebos were included. TFV-1% vaginal gel, oral TDF or TDF-FTC were not effective in preventing the acquisition of HIV infection in women living in SSA. However, poor adherence by study participants could have confounded the true effectiveness of TFV-PrEP in this high risk population. Meta-analysis was not conducted given the limited number of eligible studies identified from the search. CONCLUSION: the current evidence does not support the effectiveness of TFV-PrEP for HIV in SSA women. More studies aimed at addressing factors driving low adherence to HIV interventions in this high risk population are urgently needed in order to improve the design of future RCTs leading to the determination of more reliable estimates of TFV-1% vaginal gel or oral TDF or TDF-FTC effectiveness. Protocol registration: this systematic review was not registered in PROSPERO.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to healthcare for women, including disruption of cervical cancer screening services. Zimbabwe is a high cervical cancer burden country, with the cancer being the leading malignancy among women. The disruptions in screening could have long-term negative impacts on cervical cancer burden reduction in Zimbabwe. Factors related to institutions, policy, clients and healthcare workers have contributed to the decline in screening and need to be addressed urgently to restore this essential service.

Despite numerous public interventions introduced by the Zimbabwean government, the COVID-19 burden continues to grow. The number of confirmed cases increased from less than 600 to over 6000 in a period of two months, and the fatalities now exceed 150. The source of infection has significantly changed from imported cases to community transmission. The greatest burden of COVID-19 is in the country’s two biggest provinces, Harare and Bulawayo, and differentiated approaches are urgently required to curb further transmissions whilst allowing other aspects of the population’s livelihood to continue. We discuss some of the pitfalls and challenges for COVID-19 control, and the possible drivers of SARS-CoV-2 community transmission in the country. An urgent multi-sectoral intersection to effectively address with these caveats is required, and political commitment to deal with the crisis remains an indispensable variable.

El presente trabajo ofrece una síntesis de los conocimientos arqueológicos e históricos sobre el poblamiento andalusí mediante un inventario de hallazgos funerarios en Cataluña, con la provincia de Castellón como referente de comparación. Se presentan nuevos datos relativos a hallazgos aún inéditos de los yacimientos de Plà de Almatà (Balaguer) y la Vall d’Uixó (Castellón). Cataluña formaba parte de la Frontera Superior de al-Andalus, por lo que desarrolló unas características de poblamiento diferentes al resto del šarq al-Andalus, representado por la provincia de Castellón. Para investigar estas características, la arqueología funeraria y la antropología física aportan herramientas de gran utilidad. Aunque los aspectos tafonómicos y las oportunidades de excavación han influenciado el registro funerario disponible, los procesos históricos no deben desvincularse. Para este trabajo, se ha realizado un inventario exhaustivo y un análisis de los datos disponibles de estas regiones con el objetivo de interpretar el registro disponible y ofrecer una síntesis útil para las investigaciones futuras.

This article brings together five emerging and established Canadian critics and academics to reflect upon the CATR (Canadian Association of Theatre Research) Digital Criticism Pedagogies Workshop held in August 2020. The article discusses such hot topics in Canadian theatre criticism as embedded criticism, performative allyship and activism from Canadian theatre companies, and remuneration for emerging critics.

Heavy menstrual bleeding is a frequent occurrence among adolescent girls due to immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Attending physicians usually focus on defining the aetiology and managing the medical complications, neglecting the psychosocial manifestations. We present the case of a 15-year-old teenager who presented with heavy menstrual bleeding requiring repeated blood transfusions. Assessment revealed florid psychosocial symptoms, diagnostic of adolescent major depression according to the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders fifth edition. The patient was lost to follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, we hope to continue following her up for linkage with psychiatrists to make sure she is appropriately helped. This case is presented to illustrate the diagnostic and management gaps existent in adolescent girls with menstrual disorders. Longitudinal studies to further understand the psychosocial implications of heavy menstrual bleeding in adolescents are required. A holistic, concerted multi-disciplinary team approach is critical to successfully manage adolescent girls with heavy menstrual bleeding and attending clinicians must routinely incorporate assessment for psychosocial manifestations.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rare acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, affecting 1.2-1.9 per 100000 women in pregnancy. Whilst the condition is rare, delays in diagnosis and management are associated with poor maternal and perinatal outcomes. We present and discuss a case of 33-year old woman who presented at Harare Central Hospital Maternity Unit with acute flaccid paralysis in late pregnancy following a bout of diarrhoea. We discuss the diagnosis and management of pregnant women with the condition, as well as maternal outcomes.

Acute appendicitis is the commonest non-gynaecological surgical emergency in pregnancy. However, the concurrent occurrence of acute appendicitis with a heterotopic pregnancy is a rare event and presents diagnostic challenges to unsuspecting clinicians and sonographers. We present a case of a woman who had a heterotopic pregnancy and was noted to have a gangrenous appendicitis at laparotomy, illustrating how a diagnosis of acute appendicitis could easily be missed in pregnancy. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman in the first trimester of pregnancy who had a missed diagnosis of acute appendicitis after she had complained of vague abdominal symptoms for three weeks. She presented to a gynaecologist with vaginal bleeding for three days and was noted to have a heterotopic pregnancy on ultrasound scan. At laparotomy, she was noted to have a gangrenous appendicitis with pyoperitoneum concurrent with a ruptured left fimbrial ectopic pregnancy. Left salpingectomy and saline lavage were done and she had uneventful post-operative recovery. Unsuspecting clinicians, in patients without risk factors, can miss both heterotopic pregnancy and acute appendicitis. As assisted reproductive techniques become widespread, the possibility of heterotopic pregnancies must always be considered and any patient who presents with vague abdominal symptoms must be suspected to have the possibility of acute appendicitis. Because of the unreliability of laboratory investigations and clinical predictive scores in pregnancy, sonographers must be specifically asked to scan for heterotopic pregnancy and appendicitis in suspected cases.

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The musicology of war and collective violence is a relatively young field, and appropriate theoretical frameworks for this research are still emerging. Here, an approach is outlined which, in keeping with the programme for music sociology outlined by Christian Kaden, is both systematic and historical in its approach. Perspectives from the sociology of violence (Randalls Collins, Charles Tilly) can help us understand the dynamics of collective violence, and thus the role of music within it. War is a cultural rather than natural phenomenon, and music plays significant roles in the rituals which enable wars to happen.

The role of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in the prevention and mitigation of the Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in concrete materials and structures is becoming increasingly significant and relevant in the civil engineering. The use of SCMs in South Africa is limited to Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash (FA) as they are readily available. With recent advancements in concrete technologies, it has been found that calcined clays such as Metakaolin (MK) have been useful in concrete to improve the chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of concrete material. Deposits of MK have been found in some regions of South Africa and are now available for consumption with various applications but have not yet been widely accepted as conventional SCM within the concrete ready-mix industry. This article aims to summarise state-of-the-art and existing knowledge gaps in the application of SCMs in concrete material and identify the feasibility and benefits of extending the use of SCMs with MK in a comparative study with FA Class F and SF. The performance of MK with respect to the key variables such as exposure conditions, reaction mechanisms and pore solution composition in the prevention of ASR in concrete material relative to the mentioned SCMs is discussed.

Research in remote locations is more expensive than similar activities at sites with easier access, but these costs have rarely been compared. Using examples from seabird research, we show that conducting research in the Arctic is typically eight times more expensive than pursuing similar studies at a southern location. The differences in costs are related principally to the much higher expenses of travel and shipping (typically 4–10× higher for Arctic work), as well as the good practice of meaningful engagement with northern communities (4%–25% of project costs). Although there is some variation in costs among Arctic countries, we hope that the consistent pattern of relatively higher Arctic costs allows policy-makers and funding agencies to better plan for research support, especially for this region that is experiencing rapid environmental change.

Extreme climate can negatively affect survival through increased physiological demands or by reducing prey availability. This can have significant population-level consequences for organisms with low reproductive rates, such as seabirds. As an Arctic-breeding trans-equatorial migrant, Sabine’s gull (Xema sabini) is exposed to a profound variety of climate regimes during the year. Therefore, its annual survival may be affected by broad-scale teleconnection patterns that influence regional climate variability. We used Program MARK to estimate apparent survival and resighting probabilities from 2007 to 2013 for adult Sabine’s gulls breeding at a High Arctic colony. We then combined capture–mark–recapture data for the High Arctic colony with those previously published from a Low Arctic colony (1998–2002) to examine influences of climate variability on survival. Mean ± standard error apparent survival estimated for the High Arctic colony was 0.90 ± 0.03, similar to that previously reported for the Low Arctic colony. We found a negative relationship between survival and the Tropical/Northern Hemisphere pattern, an atmospheric mode that is associated with the Pacific jet stream. Our study suggests that although Sabine’s gull survival was generally high and relatively constant over time, adult mortality may increase during years of extreme climate events in regions far beyond their Arctic breeding grounds.

During the Second World War, hundreds of thousands of American soldiers of Italian origin were enrolled in the US Armed Forces. Among those who fought in the Italian Campaign (1943-1945), many used their leaves to visit the country and its natural and artistic sights, but foremost to travel to their places of origin. Their visits home, often lasting some days, established stable and continuous contacts in the post-war period as part of root tourism or war tourism. This essay analyzes the visits home of these Italian-American soldiers as a particular form of diaspora tourism, focusing on the way which homecoming engraved on their sense of identity and ethnic-cultural belonging.

Prehispanic South American pastoralism has a long and rich, though often understudied, trajectory. In this paper, we analyze the transition from a generalized to a specialized pastoralism at two geographical locations in the Andes: Antofagasta de la Sierra, Southern Argentina Puna, and the Ancash Highlands, Peruvian North-central Puna. Although at opposite ends of the Andes this herding specialization commences during the same moment in time, A.D. 600-1,000, suggesting that a similar process was at work in both areas. Moreover, this was a process that was irrevocably tied to the coeval development of specialized highland agriculture. From a perspective of political ecology and structuration theory we emphasis the time-depth and importance that Andean pastoralism had in shaping highland landscapes. Taking into consideration risk-management theory, ecology and environment as crucial factors in the development of a specialized pastoralism we nevertheless emphasis the importance of the underlying human decisions that drove this process. Based broadly within the field of political ecology we therefore emphasize how human agency and structure impacted on these landscapes, society and animal husbandry. Our article covers such aspects as the human and animal use of resource areas, settlement location, herding patterns, selective breeding, and human-induced alterations to pasturage. Keywords: Andes, pastoralism, political ecology, Southern Andes, Central Andes

An ecosystem model, ecosys, has been used to examine the effects of recent warming on carbon exchange in higher latitudes of North America. Model results indicated that gradual warming during the past 30 years has increased net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and leaf area index (LAI). Spring increases in LAI advanced by 2.3 days decade−1 and decreases in autumn were delayed by 5.0 days decade−1 from 1982 to 2006. These advances and delays were corroborated by similar trends observed in the normalized difference vegetation index. NEP modelled during this period increased at an average rate of 17.6 Tg C decade−1. Increasing carbon losses modelled with soil warming in autumn, when thaw depth was greatest, offset 34% of increasing carbon gains modelled in spring. If autumn warming continues, carbon losses in this season may further offset enhanced carbon sequestration in spring.

Abstract Background In polytocous livestock species, litter size and offspring weight act antagonistically; in modern pig breeds, selection for increased litter size has resulted in lower mean birth weights, an increased number of small piglets and an increased number of those affected by varying degrees of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR poses life-long challenges, both mental, with morphological brain changes and altered cognition, and physical, such as immaturity of organs, reduced colostrum intake and weight gain. In pigs, head morphology of newborn piglets is a good phenotypic marker for identifying such compromised piglets. Growth retardation could be considered as a property of the dam, in part due to either uterine capacity or insufficiency. A novel approach to this issue is to consider the proportion of IUGR-affected piglets in a litter as an indirect measure of uterine capacity. However, uterine capacity or sufficiency cannot be equated solely to litter size and thus is a trait difficult to measure on farm. Results A total of 21,159 Landrace × Large White or Landrace × White Duroc piglets (born over 52 weeks) with recorded head morphology and birth weights were followed from birth until death or weaning. At the piglet level, the estimated heritability for IUGR (as defined by head morphology) was low at 0.01 ± 0.01. Piglet direct genetic effects of birth weight (h2 = 0.07 ± 0.02) were strongly negatively correlated with head morphology (− 0.93), in that IUGR-affected piglets tended to have lower birth weights. At the sow level, analysis of the proportion of IUGR-affected piglets in a litter gave a heritability of 0.20 ± 0.06, with high and negative genetic correlations of the proportion of IUGR-affected piglets with average offspring birth weight (− 0.90) and with the proportion of piglets surviving until 24 h (− 0.80). Conclusions This suggests that the proportion of IUGR-affected piglets in a litter is a suitable indirect measure of uterine capacity for inclusion in breeding programmes that aim at reducing IUGR in piglets and improving piglet survival.