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Fare matematica implica tre livelli di manipolazione: manipolare l’astratto, manipolare i simboli e manipolare la logica. L’insegnamento della matematica passa quindi attraverso la proposta da parte del docente di situazioni in cui gli studenti possano esplorare una piccola parte della matematica attraverso queste manipolazioni. In questo modo, gli alunni lavorano sia sull'euristica che permette loro di confrontarsi con una vera e propria ricerca matematica sia sulle conoscenze in costruzione. Attraverso esempi di situazioni didattiche di problem solving, questo articolo intende mostrare come i problemi possano essere motori dell'apprendimento della matematica.

Many large cities rely on remote water resources for their drinking water supply. Projects to transfer water to urban centers have been contested in the past and are still a socio-political issue today. Half of the volume of drinking water distributed in Paris comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed since the end of the 19th century. This paper examines the oppositions to the project to divert the Voulzie River springs (department of Seine-et-Marne) between 1885 and 1929. It studies the discourses of the print media using a historical geography approach. The method is based on the content analysis of 367 press articles. First, it highlights the modalities of the media coverage of the water supply project. Then, it enables the identification of the actors and the characteristics of the discourses opposed to the diversion of springs. The results underline the importance of political power relations and geographical divides. They show that the protests did not focus solely on the economic or landscape impacts of water diversions. They called into question the city’s entire water supply system. This article proposes a new approach to the history of Paris’ water supply by giving greater importance to the territories on which water is collected. Furthermore, it sheds light on the historical underpinnings of current discourses on water diversions.

De 2009 à 2018, le Centre Chorégraphique de Rennes, renommé Musée de la danse par son directeur, le chorégraphe Boris Charmatz, a cherché à élargir le champ d’action et de réception de la danse en mélangeant les pratiques, les formes et les discours. Au fil d’expositions performées (expo zéro, 20 danseurs pour le xxe siècle, Fous de danse) actant le brouillage des frontières entre problématiques muséales et chorégraphiques, la parole – qu’elle soit pure improvisation, mise en contexte ou construction d’un dialogue – a servi d’outil réflexif permettant de situer le corps dansant, et de convertir en danse des pratiques et des discours qui ne se conforment pas à ses codes. En novembre 2018 a eu lieu au Théâtre National de Bretagne le dernier événement organisé par le Musée de la danse : La Ruée, une performance collective basée sur le livre Histoire mondiale de la France, dirigé par Patrick Boucheron. Performeurs, danseurs ou comédiens ont envahi les espaces du théâtre et activé une date, créant une constellation d’actions simultanées, construisant un nouage singulier entre révélation de zones méconnues de l’Histoire et actualisation de leur sens au présent. Avec cette question, comment faire passer l’Histoire dans les corps, la Ruée problématise la possibilité de performer un discours et permet d’interroger le statut de la parole mise en action par le Musée de la danse durant ses neuf années d’existence.

La compréhension des mécanismes de la collaboration constitue l’objet de cette étude. Le projet de recherche/formation mené entre partenaires français∙es et québécois∙es depuis 2016, FoRCE (Formation et Recherche Collaborative en Éducation), a pour but de formaliser les processus de collaboration dans une perspective de formation. Convoquant les concepts d’objet frontière, de brokering, d’activités collaboratives et de valuation, nos travaux de recherche théoriques et méthodologiques ont permis de proposer un cadre d’analyse soutenant la modélisation progressive des processus de collaboration. Une démarche itérative de validation des phénomènes repérés par l’analyse a été effectuée afin de dégager des pistes de formation pour les pilotes et animateur∙rices de travaux collaboratifs. Nous présentons ici le travail de recherche préparatoire à la conception d’une partie de cette formation. Il vise à comprendre comment les actions de brokering exercées spontanément par certains acteur∙rices s’articulent avec les valuations et en quoi ces actes de brokering peuvent avoir des effets régulateurs sur le travail collaboratif. Une analyse de contenu des verbatims de deux réunions de travail collaboratif impliquant chercheur∙ses et acteur∙rices de l’éducation est présentée. Les résultats indiquent qu’un repérage a posteriori de valuations pourrait fournir à un broker spontané des indices de discontinuité dans les échanges ; nous concluons cependant que ces indices ne peuvent générer une régulation que dans une compréhension plus large des objets frontière et des différents types d’activités de collaboration auxquelles elles réfèrent.

The implementation in France of a renewed approach reintegrating urban development within its environment, the Green and Blue Network (Grenelle law n° 2010-788, 12 July 2010), provides an opportunity to study the links between rivers and cities. The work presented here is the fruit of an analysis conducted in the metropolitan river areas of Lyon, Strasbourg and Nantes, on the role played by the Blue Network and landscape biodiversity in urban projects and, more specifically, in reconversion operations. To this end, a method was developed which combined a multidisciplinary field study, the consultation of planning documents, geomatics, and interviews. It appears that urban projects linked to watercourses contribute substantially to the improvement of the living environment in former industrial areas as well as to the development of leisure activities linked to water and amenities which are a part of the river landscape. Cartographic analysis makes it possible to identify profound evolutions in the urban landscape as well as a change in the population which has increased and become more affluent.

A modelação hidrológica, a avaliação do risco de inundação e a cartografia de áreas inundáveis tornam-se essenciais no planeamento local e regional associada à decisão-ação técnico-politica. Este trabalho pretende analisar o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia hidrográfica do rio Lima, a incidência histórica de inundações no centro histórico da vila de Ponte de Lima e os potenciais impactes, exposição e vulnerabilidade sobre o meio natural e humano bem como, a adaptação humana através do planeamento aos padrões das inundações.

At the interface between corpus linguistics and automatic speech processing, this study aims at increasing our understanding of spontaneous speech-related phenomena, based on 8 hours of television shows (L’heure de vérité) of French political interviews recorded in the early nineties. During each show, a political figure or a representative of civil society is interviewed by several journalists. The reported work focuses on the transcription, annotation and analysis of discourse markers, disfluencies and speech overlaps. Press-oriented (bona fide) transcripts available for these shows and the output of a speech recognition system were used and aligned to speed up the transcription process, in order to provide a fine-grained (verbatim) transcription of the audio data, including all audible speech events. Sibling corpora are very useful resources to facilitate hand corrections. A segmentation into multi-speaker speech portions was also performed manually by relaxing temporal anchoring constraints in the case of overlaps, because even the precise localisation of the beginning and the end of such events is not straightforward. The Transcriber software (trans.sourceforge.net/en/presentation.php) was customised accordingly to facilitate this task. Two situations were distinguished: (1) the overlap does not entail a speaker change (the primary speaker remains the same at the end of the overlap); (2) the primary speaker stops and the secondary speaker becomes the primary speaker of a new turn.Three types of disfluencies were distinguished: filled pauses, repetitions and false starts. Together with discourse markers, they were analysed by utterance, speaker and pattern types. Silent pauses and lengthening phenomena were also measured, but they are not addressed in this paper. Speech overlaps were annotated by using 4 tags: back-channel, turn stealing, anticipated turn taking, and complementary. Back-channels like “`hmm”s indicate that we follow our interlocutor, understand him/her, agree with him/her; they barely disturb the main speaker. On the opposite, turn stealings clearly interrupt the main speaker, even though the attempt may fail as any other speech act. Anticipated turn taking corresponds to the case where the incoming speaker seems to perceive cues indicating that the main speaker has finished (phrase or clause boundary, falling pitch, etc.). Finally, the complementary label was introduced for overlaps which aim at complementing the main speaker’s utterance: a possibly paraphrased repetition of the primary speaker’s statement, an explicit agreement or disagreement, a short anticipated answer, a precision forwarded or required, not only on the content but also on the form of the exchange (schedule, approached topic), a witty remark or the continuation of the utterance. This complementary label, contrary to the turn stealing one, is assigned to self-sufficient comments or utterances: the entering speaker does not take the floor to develop an argument. This type of overlap may be favoured by the situational context: beyond the speakers actively involved in the show, an actor may wish to provide additional information to the audience.Differences between overlap tags may happen to be subtle and give rise to diverging interpretations. A unique label assignment is not always straightforward. Even “hmm”s can have different communicative functions such as signalling that one is eager to jump in. From one extreme to the other, progressive transitions are common during long-lasting turns. Two shows were annotated by 5 annotators, and the reference resulted from harmonising the different annotations through first negotiation, then adjudication, for the disputed labels. The label distribution for the different annotators confirmed the intermediate nature of the complementary label, and showed a rather high confusion percentage (24%) between anticipated turn takings and turn stealings. Yet, the manual annotation of the corpus based on the four overlap types gave a good inter-annotator agreement (Kappa measures around 0.7). This first result allowed us to study the distribution of overlaps and their interplay with disfluencies and discourse markers.In non-overlapping speech, each disfluency type (as well as discourse markers) accounts for about 2% of the corpus. Among disfluencies, hesitations (transcribed as euh in French) can be found almost anywhere. More precisely, 35% of filled pauses occur at a sentence boundary indicated by a full stop (14%) or at a major phrase boundary indicated by a comma (21%) in the bona fide transcription. In the middle of a sentence, hesitations frequently precede a determiner or a preposition and they rather follow a conjunction or a preposition. This asymmetry suggests that hesitations are avoided within noun phrases, especially between a determiner and a noun. In this situation, other mechanisms such as final lengthening or repetitions are preferred. Repetitions and false starts exhibit some features in common: first, they both involve 1 or 2 words on average, and there is a high correlation (0.8) among speakers between their numbers of repetitions and false starts: speakers who produce many repetitions also tend to make many revisions. Second, most frequent repetitions and false starts tend to be monosyllabic function words: de ‘of’, le (corresponding to the determiner ‘the’ far more often than the pronoun ‘him’), etc. Interestingly, le outweighs la in both repetitions and false starts: it may be considered not only as the masculine form but also as the neutral form of the determiner. By contrast, the conjunction et ‘and’ hardly lends itself to revisions, and it is only found among repetitions. It may also be considered as a discourse marker: as such, it is even more frequent than alors ‘so’ in the corpus.Our study then focused on overlaps, which are frequent (3-4 per minute on average) even if they are short (2.5 words compared to 30-word speaker turns on average). Their cumulative duration represents less than 5% of the data. Non-intrusive overlaps such as back-channels, which encourage a fluid interaction, are particularly short. Figures are comparable for active and passive speakers (i.e. incoming speakers who produce the overlap situation and floor holding speakers who are interrupted). However, active speakers in the turn stealing situation tend to speak faster (they produce more words) than their passive competitors.Overlaps generate twice as many disfluencies as non-overlapping speech portions. The disfluency rate increase mainly concerns repetitions, in particular for active speakers in intrusive overlap situations such as turn stealings. More repetitions and discourse markers are observed for active speakers than for passive speakers, which can also be explained by the turn-start position. Our study showed that disfluencies and discourse markers occur at the beginning rather than at the end of utterances.Passive (primary) speakers become dramatically disfluent within complementary comments brought by their interlocutors. This corroborates the intrusive nature of these complementary overlaps which do not aim at a speaker change but may disturb the main speaker due to their length and informational content. By contrast, back-channels do not increase the disfluency rate of passive speakers. This rate is even lower than it is in non-overlapping speech. Finally, interesting differences are observed between journalists and interviewees, whose roles are asymmetric. Even though their disfluency rates are on the whole comparable, journalists show higher disfluency rates when they are passive speakers in intrusive (turn stealing or complementary) overlap situations. In this case, there seems to be an exchange of standard roles (active interruption for journalists and passive overlaps for interviewees). Enriched and more accurate models are necessary for both talk-in-interaction analysis and speech recognition. We think that drawing up a descriptive inventory of discourse markers, disfluencies and speech overlaps may contribute to the design of a pragmatics model and may be profitable to improve automatic conversational speech transcription, whose performance is still poor as compared to prepared speech recognition.

In this work, we discuss the preliminary results of the effectiveness of the hemorrhoidal artery ligation under control Doppler as a new technique for the treatment of hemorrhoids. We report the results of patients with hemorrhoids we have followed over a period of one year who were treated with HAL Doppler. The intra-and postoperative complications were monitored. Patient follow-up was established on the immediate postoperative period, after one month, six months and one year of evolution. Monitoring parameters were both objective (prolapse) and subjective (pain, discomfort, bleeding, satisfaction). 120 patients, all stages combined, were treated with HAL Doppler. The pain is easily controlled with painkillers. Residual rectal bleeding was noted in 3% of the cases. In addition, there was one case of recurrent prolapse which underwent reoperation. After one month, 86,5 % patients were satisfied. The hemorrhoidal artery ligation under control Doppler is an easy technique, well accepted by patients who are increasingly demanding it. It is less invasive, less painful and gives fewer complications. It is not only effective for stage III and IV hemorrhoids for which the effect is spectacular but also for stages I and II symptoms, which can expand its indications.

Hydatid cyst may involve any organ or any part of the human body. The disease occurred more frequently in liver and lungs [1]. Mesenteric hydatid disease is usually secondary to spontaneous or iatrogenic rupture of liver or splenic cyst. His primitive form is an exceptional condition. We report an unusual case of primary mesenteric hydatid cyst and discuss mechanism, diagnosis difficulties and therapeutic management of this disease.

Le lymphome primitif du sein est une entité histologique très rare du cancer du sein. Les aspects cliniques et radiologiques ne présentent pas de spécificités particulières. Le diagnostic est souvent retardé. Le traitement se base essentiellement sur la chimiothérapie. Le pronostic est globalement péjoratif. Nous rapportons un cas de lymphome malin non Hodgkinien primitif du sein chez une patiente de 38 ans. Parallèlement une revue de la littérature est entreprise évoquant les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, histologiques et thérapeutiques de ce néoplasme.

Over the last twenty years, natural disasters have occupied an important place in our minds and in the media. These disasters have been considered in the past as the manifestation of divine anger or fate, but scientific progress has brought a rationalization in ways of thinking, making us less tolerant towards them. While many studies have focused on the characterisation of the physical processes that lead to these phenomena, few studies have sought to produce a global estimation of the exposure of the different countries across the world to natural hazards, exploring different approaches to vulnerability. The aim of our paper is to present a comparative study of risk exposure for each country, combining two approaches to their vulnerability (social and economic), and a probabilistic approach to hazards. This work highlights the fact that, using a social approach to vulnerability, great inequalities are observed between “rich” countries and “poor” countries where the latter present higher levels of exposure to risk, while using an economic approach to vulnerability, “rich” countries present the highest levels of exposure to risk. Keywords: map, natural hazard, vulnerability, hazard, inequality