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Avis et rapport d'expertise collective; Les dernières recommandations françaises concernant les glucides ont été émises en 2001 (AFSSA, 2001). Pour les glucides totaux, les apports recommandés étaient alors de 50 à 55 % de l’apport énergétique total, sans qu’une répartition précise entre les différents types de glucides ne soit proposée. Il était toutefois également recommandé de « limiter les sucres et produits sucrés à moins de 10 % de l’apport énergétique ».La majorité des organismes nationaux et internationaux ont proposé des valeurs de référence pour les glucides totaux (EFSA, 2010, WHO, 2015). La problématique des sucres totaux et/ou des sucres ajoutés est également systématiquement abordée, mais une recommandation chiffrée n’est pas toujours proposée. Lorsqu’une valeur seuil est proposée, elle s’élève en général à 10 % de l’AET et concerne les sucres libres (sucres ajoutés et jus de fruits). Cette recommandation a initialement été émise par l’OMS. Dans sa dernière actualisation, l’OMS maintient cette recommandation de 10 % de l’AET et propose une recommandation supplémentaire de limiter les apports de sucres libres à moins 5 % de l’AET qui présenterait des avantages supplémentaires sur la santé, notamment sur la carie dentaire. Cette recommandation de 10 % de l’AET correspond, sur la base des AET utilisés dans la méthode mise en oeuvre pour actualiser les repères du PNNS (ANSES, 2016), soit 2100 kcal chez la femme et 2600 kcal chez l’homme, à des apports de sucres ajoutés quotidiens de 52,5 g chez la femme adulte et de 65 g chez l’homme adulte. De même, la recommandation de 5 % de l’AET correspond à des apports de sucres ajoutés quotidiens de 26,2 g chez la femme et 32,5 g chez l’homme.Cette expertise vise à mettre à jour cette recommandation au regard des dernières données de la littérature sur les effets des différents types de sucres sur la santé, tout en prenant en compte les évolutions concernant l’approche scientifique avec laquelle les sucres sont étudiés (terminologie, définitions, classification).

The diagnosis of histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum is based on a direct examination identifying encapsulated yeast with narrow-based budding. Galactomannan antigenemia facilitates diagnosis, as well as the monitoring of patients receiving treatment. The case of a HIV-positive patient from Congo-Brazzaville with a disseminated form of African histoplasmosis highlighted the positive galactomannan antigen in this disease due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii. Galactomannan antigenemia remained high with a very slow decrease during antifungal therapy and slow regression of clinical lesions. African histoplasmosis is a rare disease that is difficult to diagnose and rarely described in immunocompromised patients, in whom differential diagnosis can be common. This observation underlines the importance of the galactomannan antigen assay in patients who have travelled to endemic areas. As in the case of Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum, the positivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan antigen is very useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of African histoplasmosis.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. A variety of species of animals have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of DR. However, the mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, which is an attractive model due to the genetic modifications which can be carried out, remains underutilized. In order to explain this discrepancy, we performed a review of the literature concerning various mouse models of diabetic retinopathy so as to define their advantages and disadvantages.We carried out a literature review using PubMed. We selected articles describing models of DR with pericyte loss, retinal capillary abnormalities and hyperglycemia. Articles not meeting these three criteria were excluded.Out of 25 articles, we found seven models of DR. For each of these models, we report the method of induction of DR and the electrophysiological and histopathological features.Models obtained through genetic manipulation appear the most interesting, since the diabetes and its complications present early without additional physiologic modifications. However, since these models differ frequently by sex, this is an important parameter that must be taken into account.

Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption (CGGM) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, which presents as a protracted diarrhea in early neonatal life. We describe the clinical history, diagnostic evaluation, and management of 7 children with CGGM in western France. There were 4 girls and 3 boys from 5 families, born between 1984 and 2010. The principal complaint was a neonatal onset of watery and acidic severe diarrhea complicated by hypertonic dehydration. The diarrhea stopped with fasting. In 2 cases, the family history supported the diagnosis. In the other cases, elimination of glucose and galactose (lactose) from the diet resulted in the complete resolution of diarrhea symptoms. In 2 cases, the H2 breath tests were positive. In 2 cases, the HGPO or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) demonstrated an abnormal curve with glucose and a normal curve with fructose. DNA sequencing was not used. When glucose and galactose were eliminated from the diet, the infants had normal growth and development. In conclusion, CGGM is a rare etiology of neonatal diarrhea; however, the diagnosis is easy to make and the prognosis is excellent.

The main objective of gene therapy via a systemic pathway is the development of a stable and non-toxic gene vector that can encapsulate and deliver foreign genetic materials into specific cell types with the transfection efficiency of viral vectors. In this way, lipid nanocapsules loaded with DOTAP/DOPE lipoplexes, named DNA LNCs were used. These vectors were post-inserted by with long poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, thanks to two kinds of amphiphilic polymers: DSPEmPEG2000 and copolymer F108. A physico-chemical study of the surface modification was realized. The association of DSPE-mPEG2000 chains in a brush conformation allowed to obtain a stealth vector able to accumulate significantly in tumor tissues by EPR effect. In parallel, a model of extracellular targeting of asialoglycoprotein receptors over-expressed on hepatocytes was envisaged. The grafting of galactose residues at the extremity of F108 PEG chains allowed the specific expression of a transgene in rat primary hepatocytes., A ce jour, l'objectif principal de la thérapie génique par voie intraveineuse est le développement de vecteurs pouvant encapsuler et délivrer des acides nucléiques au niveau de cellules cibles, avec l'efficacité de transfection des vecteurs viraux. Dans ce but, des nanocapsules lipidiques chargées en lipoplexes de DOTAP/DOPE, les LNC ADN, ont été utilisées. Ainsi, ces vecteurs ont été post-insérés avec de longues chaînes de poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG), grâce à l'utilisation de deux types de polymères amphiphiles : le DSPE-mPEG2000 et le copolymère F108. Une étude physico-chimique de la modification de surface a été réalisée. La présence de chaînes de DSPE-mPEG2000 en configuration brosse, a permis l'obtention d'un vecteur furtif aux yeux du système immunitaire capable de s'accumuler de manière significative au niveau des tissus tumoraux, grâce à un effet EPR. En parallèle, un modèle de ciblage extracellulaire du récepteur aux asialoglycoprotéines des hépatocytes a été envisagé. Le greffage de résidus galactose à l'extrémité des chaînes de PEG du copolymère F108, a permis l'expression spécifique d'un transgène au niveau des hépatocytes primaires de rat.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an emerging disease associated with high mortality. The diagnosis is difficult, based on a combination of elements that are clinical, radiological and biological. For early detection of cases of IPA, during 25 months, we have systematically carried out on the LBA (N=355) of immunocompromised patients (N=313) a determination of Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) by ELISA (PlateliaAspergillus, BioRad). We observed 14 cases of probable API. The sensitivity of GM compared to direct examination (DE) and culture is, respectively, 64% versus 29% and 57%. The determination of GM is definitely more sensitive than the ED. Excellent specificity (98%) allows its implementation as a screening test in patients at risk.

We report a case of a pulmonary histoplasmosis in an HIV-positive patient usually living in Cambodia, with a positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia resulting from a cross-reaction, that decreased after antifungal therapy. We discuss the potential interest of the detection of fungal DNA by PCR and Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, especially in countries where Histoplasma capsulatum antigen testing is not available.

Texte intégral accessible uniquement aux membres de l'Université de Lorraine; Non disponible/Not available; Les glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs) sont des hétéropolysaccharides linéaires pour la plupart liés à des protéines pour former des macromolécules appelées protéoglycanes (PGs). Composants structuraux majoritaires de la matrice extra cellulaire cartilagineuse, les PGs contribuent aux propriétés biomécaniques et fonctionnelles de l'articulation. Les glycosyltransférases (GTs) impliquées dans la biosynthèse des GAGs ont suscité un intérêt croissant ces dernières années en raison de l'importance biologique des PGs et de leurs implications dans divers mécanismes de régulation cellulaire majeurs. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés dans ce travail à la galactose-131,3-glucuronosyltransférase-I (GlcAT-I) qui catalyse la dernière étape de formation de l'amorce tétrassacharidique à partir de laquelle s'effectue la polymérisation des GAGs sur la protéine centrale des PGs et dont le rôle limitant a été suggéré dans cette étape. La caractérisation moléculaire de la GlcAT-I devrait donc s'avérer importante en terme de physiopathologie articulaire. Notre travail a été consacré à la caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de la GlcAT-I. Nous avons cherché à analyser son organisation membranaire, en particulier son état d'oligomérisation, et à définir les bases moléculaires de sa spécificité vis-à-vis de substrats donneurs et accepteurs par la recherche et l'identification des motifs peptidiques et/ou acides aminés structuraux et catalytiques. Notre travail a permis de démontrer que l'organisation homodimérique de la GlcAT-I résulte de l'établissement d'un pont disulfure impliquant les Cys33 de chaque monomère. Nous avons parallèlement mis en évidence le rôle crucial d'une autre cystéine (Cys301) dans l'activité de l'enzyme par des approches combinées de mutagenèse dirigée et de modification chimique. De la même manière, l'étude des acides aminés conservés de cette GT a permis de démontrer l'implication des résidus His308 et Arg277 dans la reconnaissance et la prise en charge du substrat donneur par l'enzyme. L'analyse du rôle des résidus acides carboxyliques du site actif a conduit à la mise en évidence du rôle catalytique du résidu Glu281, avancé suite à la première description de la structure cristalline de la GlcAT-I. De façon complémentaire, l'étude du motif DXD, une séquence signature des GTs, souligne l'importance de l'intégrité de ce motif acide pour la fixation du substrat donneur, en relation avec la présence des cations manganèse, indispensables à l'activité de la GlcAT-I. Les études cinétiques ont de plus permis de proposer un modèle d'interaction séquentiel associant l'enzyme au complexe [substrat donneur -cofacteur métallique]. La connaissance et le contrôle des étapes précoces de la biosynthèse des GAGs, en particulier celle catalysée par la GlcAT-I, contribuent à la caractérisation de nouvelles cibles pharmacologiques. Ces informations devraient conduire à la mise en place de nouveaux concepts thérapeutiques, en particulier dans le cadre du traitement des atteintes dégénératives du cartilage comme l'arthrose.

Classic galactosaemia is a rare aetiology of premature ovarian failure. It is caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency and leads to a severe disease in the newborn. This acute toxic syndrome will completely regress under a galactose-free diet, but some long-term complications, particularly hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in female patients, are frequently observed. Ovarian toxicity could be due to intracellular accumulation of galactose metabolites or to deficient glycosylation reactions. Moreover, the tremendous follicular decrease in the galactosaemic ovary could also involve programmed cell death (apoptosis). As the exact mechanisms of this ovarian injury are still unknown, there is no prevention of follicular loss, thus clinical management especially includes hormonal replacement therapy in order to prevent bone loss and cardiovascular risks and sometimes to allow patients to become pregnant.

Non disponible/Not available, Le phénotype floculant des levures K. bulgartcus est dépendant des sources de carbone et de leur concentration. Dans un milieu riche en glucose (2%), l'autofloculation apparaît dés le début de la croissance des levures et atteint un maximum d'intensité au début de la phase stationnaire. Dans un milieu plus pauvre en glucose (O,2%), l'expression du phénotype floculant est au contraire diminué de manière très sévère. Nous avons cherché à corroborer ces modifications d'intensité de floculation à une expression différentielle des protéines pariétales en relation avec la teneur en sucre du milieu de culture. Deux agents d'extraction de ces protéines pariétales ont été utilisés : l'EDTA et un détergent dérivé du glucose, l'Hecameg. La floculation des levures K. bulgaricus dans le milieu riche est corrélée à la présence d'au moins trois protéines pariétales extractibles par ces deux agents. La purification et la caractérisation biochimique de ces protéines révèlent des pourcentages d'identité élevés avec trois enzymes de la glycolyse : l'énolase, la glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate deshydrogénase et la 3-phosphoglycérate mutase. Ces trois protéines sont faiblement présentes dans la paroi des levures K. bulgaricus cultivées sur le milieu à 0,2% de glucose. Des cultures effectuées dans des milieux à base de lactose ou de galactose révèlent que ces protéines sont présentes dans les parois, mais les levures cultivées sur ces milieux semblent exprimer d'autres facteurs lectiniques non extractibles par l'EDTA et l'Hecameg. La teneur en glucose du milieu modifie le phénotype floculant : nous proposons un modèle hypothétique du mode d'action de cet ose sur, l'expression du phénotype floculant par l'intermédiaire d'une voie de transduction impliquant les protéines kinases dépendantes de l'AMPc. La cofloculation avec les levures S. pombe fait intervenir des lectines exprimées par les levures K.bulgaricus. Ces lectines semblent être indépendantes de celles impliquées dans l'autofloculation. Elles sont uniquement extractibles par un traitement au SDS à chaud. Une chromatographie d'affinité permet de séparer des protéines spécifiques du galactose mais dépourvues d'activité de refloculation. Ces protéines réceptrices sont vraisemblablement monovalentes contrairement à celles impliquées dans l'autofloculation. De plus leur expression semble être indépendante des conditions nutritionnelles. En conclusion, il semble exister à la surface de K.bulgaricus deux types de lectines spécifiques du galactose. Le premier type, vraisemblablement inductible selon les conditions de culture et exclusivement impliqué dans la floculation de levures Kluyveromyces, est faiblement lié à la paroi. Le second type, ancré plus fortement dans la paroi et dont l'expression est indépendante des conditions de culture, est dévolu aux mécanismes d'agrégation hétérotypique.

La formation d'esters d'acides gras et de sucre par voie enzymatique en milieu fondu est un procédé très recherché. Dans ce système, la synthèse d'esters de fructose et d'acide caprylique par une lipase immobilisée est possible mais avec apparition de différents produits (mono-, di-, tri- et tetraesters), chaque groupe d'esters etant constitué de plusieurs isomères. La solubilité du sucre dans l'acide caprylique est impérative, aussi, la synthèse d'un ester de saccharose, sous ces conditions, est impossible. Différentes synthèses enzymatiques sont réalisées pour obtenir des esters gras de disaccharides. L'estérification du saccharose par une lipase peut être menée dans un système biphasique (saccharose en solution et acide gras) ou en utilisant le saccharose adsorbé sur un support macroporeux en milieu fondu. L'éthérification ou la transéthérificatio n d'un monomère de sucre sur un monocaprylate de fructose est catalysée par des glucosidases. Mais le rendement en monoesters est très modeste. L'estérification enzymatique en milieu fondu n'est possible qu'avec un dérivé hydrophobe de glucose et elle donne de bons rendements. La libération de l'ester gras de glucose nécessite néanmoins une hydrolyse chimique du groupement hydrophobe du dérivé estérifié

Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is of utmost importance but difficult to achieve. Serological methods were developed mainly because all the other diagnostic approaches had major drawbacks. The detection of antibodies against Aspergillus antigens provided little interesting information, since anti-Aspergillus antibodies were commonly found in healthy people, while, on the other hand, immunocompromised patients often failed to raise antibodies. Several groups of investigators showed that the detection in serum or urine by RIA or ELISA of Aspergillus antigens, was a highly specific indication of invasive disease. The sensitivities of the techniques, however, were moderate, partially due to the low antigen concentrations and the transient character of antigenemia. The only commercially available test is a latex agglutination test detecting 15 ng/ml galactomannan. It has a high specificity but reported sensitivities varied between 42% and 94.7%. Results with an experimental double-sandwich ELISA detecting about 1 ng/ml galactomannan suggest that the improvement of detection limit also greatly increases the clinical value of the test: patients become and remain positive 2 to 10 weeks earlier. If these results are confirmed, antigen detection could become a essential element in the management of an immunocompromised patient population.

The radioimmunoassayable concentration of insulin in isolated whey fractions of mammary secretion of sheep (n = 28) was measured. The concentrations were high on the last 2 days of pregnancy (550 +/- 80 and 580 +/- 77 microU/ml, respectively), higher on the day of parturition (780 +/- 71 microU/ml) and lower on the next day (290 +/- 54 microU/ml). During the following 4 consecutive days the concentrations gradually decreased to an almost basal blood level (14 microU/ml). The high insulin concentration in the mammary secretion during the periparturient period might be the result of intensified transfer of insulin through the blood-mammary barrier and increasing needs for this hormone by developing mammocytes and probably for the newborn lambs (n = 42) adapting to extra-uterine life. Conversely to the consecutive decrease in insulin, progressively increasing concentrations of sugars in mammary secretions were observed (from 2.1 +/- 0.22% on the second day prior to parturition to 5.5 +/- 0.13% on the fifth day post partum.

P-type calcium channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of rat cerebellar mRNA. The FTX and omega-Aga-IVa toxins extracted from Agelenopsis aperta venom are known to inhibit the activity of this channel. The present results demonstrate that 8RN-DAGal is also a antagonist of P-type calcium channels. The inhibition of the current, obtained with Ba2+, as charge carrier, is voltage dependent.

Intestinal absorption of glucose plays a key role in water economy as attested by the congenital and selective glucose and galactose malabsorption which is expressed as severe watery diarrhea just after birth, leading to life-threatening dehydration. This syndrome, transmitted on an autosomal recessive mode, is the consequence of a functional defect of the glucose-sodium cotransporter at the luminal membrane of the enterocyte of the small intestine. In one family, this defect was associated with a misense mutation at position 92 of the SGLT1 gene coding for the cotransporter. The mutant RNA reproduced the transport defect after injection in xenopus oocytes. These results confirm the genetic origin of the congenital defect; in addition they indicate that the study of the relationship between phenotype and genotype of congenital defects of intestinal transport may help in the understanding of basic intestinal functions in relation with human nutrition.

Intestinal absorption of glucose plays a key role in water economy as attested by the congenital and selective glucose and galactose malabsorption which is expressed as severe watery diarrhea just after birth, leading to life-threatening dehydration. This syndrome, transmitted on an autosomal recessive mode, is the consequence of a functional defect of the glucose-sodium cotransporter at the luminal membrane of the enterocyte of the small intestine. In one family, this defect was associated with a missense mutation at position 92 of the SGLT1 gene coding for the cotransporter. The mutant RNA reproduced the transport defect after injection in xenopus oocytes. These results confirm the genetic origin of the congenital defect; in addition they indicate that the study of the relationship between phenotype and genotype of congenital defects of intestinal transport may help in the understanding of basic intestinal functions in relation with human nutrition.

The evidence of sorbitol excess in the crystalline lens of alloxan-diabetic rats has led to anticipate the role of the enzyme aldose-reductase in the pathogenesis of the diabetic cataract. In addition, a number of experimental works have more recently shown the involvement of myoinositol deficiency, which probably results from the sorbitol accumulation. These metabolic pathways are most likely implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and perhaps additionally in that of microangiopathy. The synthesis of several aldose-reductase inhibitors (AR inhibitors) confirmed experimentally these hypothesis. By reducing the activity of the enzyme aldose-reductase, these substances suppress the adverse metabolic consequences of polyol accumulation, myositol deficiency and dysfunction of the Na+/K+ ATPase dependent sodium activity. Although different experimentations showed that the AR inhibitors could prevent in animals the development of experimental cataract as well as the early functional or later anatomic abnormalities of the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, the clinical trials did not clearly support these experimental results in humans. On the other hand, the AR inhibitors were proved to exhibit some efficacy in the early stage of diabetic neuropathy and in incipient nephropathy where they delay the development of albustix positive proteinuria. However, the benefit of an early treatment with AR inhibitors should be confirmed by long term prospective studies, which could also assess the safety of these drugs in chronic administration.

The activity of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate : galactocerebroside sulphotransferase (PAPS - CST, EC 2.8.2.11), which catalyzes the synthesis of sulphatides, was measured in cloned cells (NIE 115) derived from mouse neuroblastoma C-1300. This activity was of the same order of magnitude as that observed in adult mouse brain. The cell density had no effect on the specific activity of the PAPS-CST.

Starting from whole individual ovine casein prepared according to the method of Shahani, K. M.Sommer, H. H. [J. Dairy Sci. 34, 1003-1009 (1951)], kappa-casein was isolated and purified by successive steps of chromatography on columns of dextran gel and hydroxyapatite. On filtration through Sephadex G-150 in a buffer containing urea, the bulk of the kappa-casein behaved as aggregates appearing in the void volume. Dissociation of these aggregates by reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds with 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by a second filtration step on Sephadex G-150 in the presence of both urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, resulted in retardation of the kappa-casein, with separation from a contaminant representing 10-12% of the material applied. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on hydroxyapatite which eliminated the alpha-s- and beta-caseins. The purified kappa-casein had a molecular weight of about 20000, an absorption coefficient (see journal for formula) at 280 nm of 10.85 and a sialic acid and phosphorous content of 0.3% (w/w) each. The sugar fraction liberated on acid hydrolysis of the caseinomacropeptide showed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and neuraminic acid in equimolar ratio. Neuraminic acid existed mainly as the N-glycolyl derivative. The polypeptide chain of the ovine kappa-casein was composed of about 170 amino-acids residues. Compared to bovine kappa-caseins, the most notable difference was the presence of one additional cysteinyl and four additional aspartyl residues. Starch-gel and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis clearly revealed the heterogeneity of ovine kappa-casein. Chromatographic fractionation of whole kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose also led to the separation of several fractions, the main characteristics of which are presented. Analysis of these fractions indicated that only those components which were firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose were glycosylated.

The structure of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K12, strain CR34 has been investigated. The lipopolysaccharide contains D-galactose, D-glucose, D-glucosamine, L-glycero D-mannoheptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipid A. The core region does not contain D-glucosamine but contains galactose, glucose, and heptose in the molar ratios 1:3:6. Methylations were performed on the lipopolysaccharide and on the degraded polysaccharide obtained after acetic acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide. It was found that galactose is in terminal position partly in the form of galactopyranose, partly in the form of galactofuranose. A part of the heptose was found as unsubstituted heptofuranose. A mole of glucose was 1 leads to 2 linked and another mole of glucose was 1 leads to 6 linked. Periodate oxidation of the lipopolysaccharide followed by borohydride reduction eliminates galactose and only a part of glucose and of heptose. A mole of heptose gave mannose and thus it is unsubstituted in C6 and C7. One mole of glucose and one mole of heptose were not degraded by periodate oxidation.

The binding protein-dependent galactose transport of Salmonella typhimurium has been reconstituted in proteoliposomes made from a partially purified protein fraction (containing the three membrane protein implicated in this transport and a lipoamide dehydrogenase activity) and soybean phospholipids. The reconstitution of galactose transport requires the addition of the purified galactose binding protein. Transport is energized either by reduced lipoamide and NAD or by the membrane potential and is inhibited by ATP.

In a standard growing medium, the specific activities of acid-phosphatase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase of Physarum polycephalum increase during the growth of the culture. The decrease of the pH of the culture medium during the growth has no effect on the variations of these hydrolase activities. In a glucose-starved medium, the specific activity of beta-galactosidase increases up to 350% of its initial value in 24 h, whereas the specific activities of acid phosphatase and beta-glucosidase stay near their minimal level.

Report of a case of galactosemia due to galactokinase deficiency. The author recalls the clinical (opacity of the lens) and biological features (important galactosuria, gallactiloluria, normal aminoaciduria, minimal hyperglycemia following galactose load). Since symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were present in this case, as in another one previously described, the commonly accepted statement that cataract is the only lesion in galactokinase deficiency must be reconsidered.

Adult rats are used to consume their diet within the space of 30 min. They are sacrified after fasting 2 hours or 30 to 90 min. after the end of meal. Blood sugars are determined. -- The administration of galactose (GAL group) at 40 p. 100 of the diet induces a high postprandial galactosemia (near 600 mg p. 100 ml) without glycemia change: the absorbed galactose is not converted into glucose. -- The consumption of glucose-galactose mixture (G-G group) don't induce postprandial hyperglycemia. However, galactosemia is about 250 mg p. 100 ml. In our conditions, glucose and galactose seem absorbed by two different systems. The galactose absorption would be favoured; otherwise, the absorbed glucose would be partly epimerized into galactose. Galatitolemia goes on 24 hours after the meal but it is not immediately modified by the galactose consumption. The galactosemia and galactitolemia variations are independent one of the others.

Authors describe an original procedure to prepare pure lactotransferrin from cow milk. Physicochemical properties of this lactotransferrin have been studied and compared with results from others. New data are presented: presence of fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine; C-terminal amino-acid identified with threonine. On the other hand, 4 fractions have been obtained by "DEAE-Sephadex" chromatography, study of which demonstrates that the microheterogeneity of the lactotransferrin depends on the carbohydrate moiety and especially on the N-acetylneuraminic acid content which varies from 0 to 2 residues.

Thyroglobulin (Tg), isolated from soluble iodoproteins by ammonium sulphate fractionation, was enzymatically deglycosylated in vitro and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and non-commercial RIA. Carbohydrate and iodine content was chemically determined. By PAAGE deglycosylated Tg (dTg) showed the appearance of a major band in the 12S region and three slower migrating bands corresponding to higher aggregates than 19S Tg. In immunodiffusion by testing native and deglycosylated Tg against anti-native Tg antiserum it was shown the appearance of a spur of native on deglycosylated Tg. By RIA of native and deglycosylated Tg against anti-deglycosylated Tg antiserum it was shown a minor binding capacity of the anti-deglycosylated antibody against native Tg at high dilutions. The results demonstrate that the enzymatic deglycosylation release almost all the carbohydrates of goiter Tg and that the removal of the carbohydrates of Tg produces a loss of antigenic determinants of the molecule.

Dichlorophenol-indophenol is reduced neither by D-glucose nor by the endogenous components of a particulate purified glucose-dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens, when these two classes of compounds acts individually. In contrast, the dye is quickly reduced by the endogenous components when the reaction occurs in the presence of glucose, without a direct participation of glucose in the reduction. In this effect D-glucose can be replaced by D-mannose, D-galactose or D-xylose, but not by D-fructose.

Induced galactosuria is characterized by the excretion in urine of large amounts of new oligosaccharides, the structure of which are in connection with blood-group phenotypes ABH, Lewis and Secretor: O group : O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D 2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose. A group: O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D galactopyranose. B group : O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose.

The carbohydrate composition of an human IgM myeloma protein (IgM Du) has been determined. Seventeen homogeneous glycopeptides are described and exhibit a very large microheterogeneity. They appear as two different groups : the first one contains only mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine, while the other contains N-acetyl-glucosamine, mannose, galactose, fucose, and sialic acid in variable amounts. One glycopeptide termed IX1, which contains 6 mannose and 1 N-acetylglucosamine residues is located on the terminal portion of the Fc fragment and its aminoacid sequence has been determined : Tyr-Asx-Val-Ser.

The green pigments from the fungi of the genera Trichoderma and Penicillium were partially extracted with formic acid. After two acid and one alkaline hydrolysis, the pigments of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma koningii were sufficiently purified to undertake the chemical studies. The elemental and functional analyses, the U. V. and visible spectra and the chromatographic observations showed that these pigments are polyphenolic in nature. Gel filtration on Sephadex G50 suggested, on the one hand, the homogeneity of the pigment of T. viride and, on the other, the heterogeneity of the pigment of T. koningii.